Renewable Energy System PDF - B20EE0701 - REVA University

Established as per the Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956 Approved by AICTE, COA and BCI, New Delhi Renewable Energy System...

Established as per the Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956 Approved by AICTE, COA and BCI, New Delhi Renewable Energy System - B20EEO701 School of EEE Dr. Aananda M H, Assistant. Professor, School of EEE, REVA University AY: 2024-25 COURSE FACULTY MEMBERS Dr. Ananda M H Assistant Professor, School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, REVA University [email protected] Contact: [email protected] , Ph: 9008098370 Ananda M.H, has 6 years of industry experience and has been teaching since 2012. Special fields of interest include Power systems, FACTS devices and their application to the power system, FOCS, Smart Grid, Micro Grid, Grid integration of renewable energy sources. OUTLINE Importance of Renewable Energy Sources Course Description Course Objectives Course Contents Learning Resources Additional Resources Real World Applications Renewable energy Related Companies in India Emmerging Technologies Job Roles in Industry Type of Assignments Quizzes Pedagogy Marks Distribution Course Delivery  IMPORTANCE OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES Remotest rural Renewable areas. resources This energy is abundant Eco-friendly. Power generation. low Eg: solar installation energy, wind cost. Automotive energy,. application. Free gifts of nature. COURSE DESCRIPTION The main emphasis is on fundamental concepts & operating principle of a range of non-conventional energy resources, materials used, characterization. The course explores the applications of solar, wind and other renewable energy sources This course provides knowledge of designing of solar PV Panels, WECS This course also emphasis on skill set required to renewable energy conversion technologies & storage Systems. COURSE OBJECTIVES The main objectives of this course are: CO1: CO2: CO3: CO4: To know about To study various To learn the design To Know MHD renewable energy renewable energy sources compared of Solar systems systems & Energy & WECS. conversion to fossil fuels. storage systems. technologies. COURSE OUTCOMES On successful completion of this course; student shall be able to: CO1: Identify the various CO2: Design of solar PV Renewable Energy Sources. systems & WECS. CO3: Assess renewable CO4: Analyze Magneto- energy conversion hydrodynamic system and technologies.. energy storage systems.  COURSE CONTENTS UNIT – 1: Objective: 1.To know about environmental and cost economics of using renewable energy sources compared to fossil fuels. Outcome: 1.Identify various renewable energy sources & Assess the environmental impacts. Total duration: 9 hours teaching + 2 hours discussion/repetition Introduction Energy and its Energy Energy Scenario: Energy efficiency: environmental Sources: impacts: Energy needs of India Energy efficiency – Renewable – Energy consumption Energy security Global energy sources patterns environmental and Prospects of concern – Kyoto renewable energy Protocol. sources.  COURSE CONTENTS UNIT – 2: Objective: 2.To learn about solar geometry & Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS).. Outcome: 2.Design of solar PV systems & list the various WECS.. Total duration: 9 hours teaching + 2 hours discussion/repetition Solar thermal Wind Energy Wind Energy: Conversion Solar Energy: Systems : Types of collectors – Energy available Systems: from wind, General Classification of Introduction, Solar Collection systems – formula, Lift and WECS, Parts of Constant, Basic Sun- Applications – Photo drag. Basic principles WECS, and Earth Angles Voltaic (PV) of Wind Energy. Derivation for Power technology in the wind. COURSE CONTENTS UNIT – 3: Objective: 3.To study various renewable energy conversion technologies.. Outcome: 3.Assess Renewable énergies conversion technologies.. Total duration: 9 hours teaching + 2 hours discussion/repetition Bio Mass Energy: Geothermal Ocean Energy: Energy: OTEC, Principle of Biomass conversion Sources of OTEC system, technologies bio Geothermal energy Methods of OTEC mass generation, Estimation of power generation,, classification of Bio Geothermal Power, Prospects of ocean Gas Plants, Factors Geothermal Power energy in India, – affecting Biogas Plants, Geothermal Principle of Tidal generation, Biomass energy in India and Power, Tidal Power program in India Prospects. Plant, Prospects in India. COURSE CONTENTS Objective: 4.To know the Magneto-hydrodynamic system and energy storage UNIT – 4: systems. Outcome: 4.Analyze Magneto-hydrodynamic system and energy storage systems. Total duration: 9 hours teaching + 2 hours discussion/repetition MHD (magneto Fuel Cell Energy: Energy Storage: hydrodynamic): Battery – Types – Principle and Equivalent circuit – Basic Principle of classification of fuel Performance MHD system, cell energy, hydrogen characteristics – advantages, Power as alternative fuel for Battery design – OUTPUT of MHD Generation of Charging and charge Generation, future Electrical Energy & regulators – Battery Prospects applications. management. LEARNING RESOURCES Text books: Chetan Singh Solanki, Solar Photovoltaics - Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications, Prentice Hall India Learning Private Limited; 3rd Revised edition (2015). G. D rai, solar energy utilization, khanna publishers, delhi, 13th reprint, 2018 LEARNING RESOURCES Reference Books & Journals: "D. P. Kothari, K. C. Singal & Rakesh “G.D. Rai. Solar Energy Ranjan, Renewable energy sources and Utilization, Khanna Publishers, emerging Technologies, Prentice Hall of New Delhi, 5th Edition, 2009. India pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2 nd Edition, 2008. “Domkundwar, Solar energy and non- conventional energy resources, “Non-Conventional Energy Sources by Dhanpat Rai & Co. (P) Ltd, New B.H.Khan, Tata Mc Graw-hill Publishing Delhi, 1 st Edition, 2010. Company, 2nd edition, 2013. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00908319 508946094 Web resources https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/n/non- conventional+energy+sources. https://www.mooc-list.com/course/exploring-renewable- energy-schemes-coursera MOOC resources https://www.mooc-list.com/course/renewable-energy- and-green-building-entrepreneurship-coursera https://nptel.ac.in/courses/121/106/121106014/ Certification courses https://www.classcentral.com/course/swayam-non- conventional-energy-resources-13039 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Competitive Exams https://gateoverflow.in/ GATE https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/gate-ee-notes-gq/ https://www.ias.edu/campus-resources/working-at-ias/computing/policies IAS https://iasgatewayy.com/information-technology-and-communications/ https://www.mbauniverse.com/cat/preparation CAT https://byjus.com/free-cat-prep/ DISCUSSION 5 MINUTES Applications !!!!! Certification Courses!!!!! REAL WORLD APPLICATIONS RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Wind Energy Applications Solar Energy Applications. Geo-thermal Energy application. Solar power for telecommunication networks.  RENEWABLE ENERGY RELATED COMPANIES IN INDIA Adani Green TATA Power Suzlon Energy ReNew Power Energy Limited solar Ltd Limited https://w https://en https://w https://re ww.tatapo.wikipedia ww.adani newpowe wer.com/.org/wiki/ greenener r.in Suzlon gy.com Azure Power Global Limited. Greenko. Solar Energy Corporation of https://w https://w India Ltd. https://w ww.azure ww.green ww.seci.c power.co kogroup.c o.in m om  JOB ROLES IN INDUSTRY Green Construction Manager. Renewable Energy Consultant. Solar Project Manager. Wind Farm Site Manager. TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED IN THE UNIT-I Introduction: Energy Sources and Energy Scenario: their availability, Energy needs of renewable energy India – Energy sources, Prospects consumption of renewable patterns energy sources. Energy security – Energy and its Worldwide environmental Potentials of these impacts – Global sources – Energy environmental efficiency concern – Kyoto Protocol. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Renewable resources provide energy in four important areas like : 1. Electricity generation 2. Water heating or cooling 3. Transportation or Mobility 4. Agriculture INTRODUCTION OF ENERGY Energy sources are the materials used to produce energy. ENERGY ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY: Electrical energy is the energy associated with the movement of electric charges. It is a fundamental form of energy that powers our homes, businesses, and industries. Measurement of electrical energy: Electrical energy is measured using a watt-hour meter. This device records the total electrical energy consumed over a period of time. The reading on the watt-hour meter is typically expressed in kilowatt-hours. Example: If a light bulb uses 100 watts of power and is left on for 5 hours, the total energy consumed would be: 100 watts * 5 hours = 500 watt-hours = 0.5 kilowatt-hours APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY: Powering devices: Electrical Lighting: Electrical energy is energy is used to power a used to produce light through wide range of devices, from various technologies, such as smartphones and computers incandescent bulbs, to appliances and industrial fluorescent lamps, and LED machinery. lights. Heating and cooling: Transportation: Electric Electrical energy can be used vehicles and trains are to heat or cool buildings and powered by electrical energy. spaces. Communication: Electrical energy is essential for communication technologies, such as telephones, computers, and the internet. ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION: Power plants: Electrical energy is generated in power plants through various methods, including: Thermal power plants: Burning fossil fuels to heat water and produce steam, which turns turbines to generate electricity. Hydroelectric power plants: Using the force of flowing water to turn turbines and generate electricity. Nuclear power plants: Using nuclear reactions to generate heat, which is then used to produce steam and generate electricity. Solar power plants: Converting sunlight into electricity using solar panels. Wind power plants: Using the force of wind to turn turbines and generate electricity. ENERGY SOURCES AND THEIR AVAILABILITY CLASSIFICATION Energy sources can be broadly classified into different categories: Conventional and Primary and Renewable and Non- non-conventional Secondary Energy Renewable. (renewable) energy Sources sources. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES These sources are naturally replenished and can be used indefinitely without running out. Solar Energy: Solar Photovoltaic (PV) cells Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Wind Energy: Wind turbines Hydropower: Dams Tidal power Wave power Biomass: Wood Agricultural waste Biofuels Geothermal Energy: Geothermal power plants Ocean Energy: Tidal power  NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES These sources are finite and will eventually be depleted. Fossil Fuels: Coal Oil Natural gas Nuclear Energy: Nuclear power plants Note: While nuclear energy is considered non-renewable due to the limited supply of uranium, it is often discussed separately due to its unique characteristics and environmental concerns.  CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL (RENEWABLE) The two main categories of energy sources are conventional and non-conventional (renewable) energy sources. Conventional energy sources include fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and nuclear energy, which have been the primary sources of energy for decades. These sources are finite and can have significant environmental impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions. Non-conventional or renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, geothermal, and ocean energy. These are naturally replenished and generally have a lower environmental impact. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES Conventional sources of energy Non-conventional sources of energy These sources of energy are not abundant, present in These sources of energy are abundant in nature, e.g. solar limited quantity, e.g. coal, petroleum, natural gas. energy, wind energy, tidal energy, biogas from biomass etc. They have been in use for a long time. They are yet in development phase over the past few years. They are not replenished continuously. They are formed They are replenished continuously by natural processes. over a million years. They are called non-renewable sources of energy. They are called renewable sources of energy. They can be exhausted completely due to over- They cannot be exhausted completely. consumption except for hydel power. They pollute the environment by emitting harmful gases They are environment-friendly, do not pollute the environment. and also contribute to global warming. They are commonly used for industrial and commercial They are used commonly used for household purposes. purposes. Heavy expenditure is involved in using and maintaining Using these sources is less expensive. these sources of energy. They are used extensively, at a higher rate than the non- They are not used as extensively as conventional sources. conventional sources. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN Criteria Renewable Sources Non-Renewable Sources Naturally replenished and virtually inexhaustible (e.g., solar, Availability Finite and will eventually deplete (e.g., coal, oil). wind). Produce little to no pollution, reducing environmental Major sources of pollution, contributing to Environmental Impact harm. environmental degradation. Replenished over short periods (e.g., sunlight daily, wind Resource Regeneration Take millions of years to form (e.g., fossil fuels). seasonally). Carbon Emissions Low or zero carbon emissions. High carbon emissions, contributing to global warming. Can be intermittent (e.g., solar depends on sunlight, wind Provide constant and reliable energy as long as Energy Production Consistency on wind speed). resources are available. High initial setup costs but low operating costs; costs Often cheaper to set up, but with ongoing costs and Energy Costs decreasing over time. price fluctuations. Concentrated in specific regions, leading to geopolitical Global Distribution More evenly distributed globally (e.g., solar energy). conflicts. Unsustainable, depletes over time and cannot be Sustainability Sustainable, can be used indefinitely. replaced. Requires advanced technology to harness efficiently (e.g., Traditional technologies are well-established but Technological Development solar panels, wind turbines). harmful to the environment. Lower impact on ecosystems, but some challenges (e.g., Higher ecosystem disruption due to mining, drilling, and Impact on Ecosystems hydropower). waste (e.g., oil spills). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCES Primary energy sources are those found in nature and extracted directly. They are the raw materials from which energy is obtained. Primary Energy Sources The energy sources which provide a net supply of energy are defined as Primary Sources. Examples are Coal, Oil, Natural Gas and Nuclear. The energy required to produce energy from these sources is very less as compared to the energy produced by them. Energy Yield Ratio of these sources is very high. Energy Yield Ratio is defined as the ratio of energy fed back by the material to the energy taken from the environment.  PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCES Secondary energy sources are derived from primary energy sources through various processes. They are often more convenient or efficient to use than primary sources. Secondary Energy Sources Examples: Electricity: Produced from primary sources like coal, natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind, and hydropower. Gasoline, Diesel, and Other Fuels: Derived from crude oil (a primary energy source). But due to low Energy Yield Ratio (as compared to the Primary Sources) they are not that efficient. In essence, primary energy sources are the raw materials, while secondary energy sources are the processed forms that we use in our daily lives. COMPARISON OR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ENERGY SOURCES ENERGY SOURCES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF AVAILABILITY. Renewable Energy Sources Non-Renewable Energy Sources These sources are naturally replenished and can be These sources are finite and will used indefinitely without running out. eventually be depleted. Solar Energy: Derived from the sun's rays. Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil, natural gas Wind Energy: Generated by harnessing the power Nuclear Energy: Uranium of the wind. Hydropower: Produced by utilizing the energy of flowing water. Biomass: Derived from organic materials like plants, wood waste, and agricultural residues. Geothermal Energy: Generated by tapping into the heat from the Earth's interior. Ocean Energy: Harnessing the energy from tides and waves.  ENERGY SOURCES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF AVAILABILITY. Renewable energy sources are generally abundant and widely available, but their availability can vary depending on geographic location and weather conditions. For example, solar and wind energy are more abundant in regions with high levels of sunlight and wind. Non-renewable energy sources are limited in supply and are concentrated in certain regions of the world. For example, the Middle East is a major source of oil and natural gas. ENERGY SOURCES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF AVAILABILITY. The availability of energy sources is crucial for several reasons: Economic Development: Energy is a fundamental input for economic growth. Industries, transportation, and other sectors rely heavily on energy to function. A reliable and affordable energy supply is essential for attracting investment, creating jobs, and improving living standards. Energy Security: A nation's energy security is its ability to meet its energy needs reliably and affordably. Dependence on foreign energy sources can make a country vulnerable to geopolitical risks and price fluctuations. Having access to diverse energy sources can help ensure energy security. Environmental Impact: The choice of energy sources significantly impacts the environment. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, have a lower environmental footprint compared to fossil fuels, which contribute to climate change, air pollution, and water pollution. Quality of Life: Access to energy is essential for basic human needs like cooking, heating, and lighting. It also enables access to essential services like healthcare and education. A reliable energy supply improves the quality of life for individuals and communities. Technological Advancement: Energy is a key driver of technological innovation. The availability of energy has enabled advancements in transportation, communication, and other sectors. A secure and affordable energy supply is essential for continued technological progress. ENERGY SOURCES AND THEIR AVAILABILITY: GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY Global Distribution and Availability: Renewable energy sources, on the other hand, are Fossil fuels are unevenly distributed, with more evenly distributed across the globe. For significant reserves concentrated in specific instance, solar energy is abundant in regions close regions such as the Middle East (oil), Russia to the equator, wind energy is prevalent in coastal (natural gas), and the United States and China and open plains, and geothermal energy is (coal). concentrated in tectonically active areas. This uneven distribution often leads to geopolitical tensions and energy security concerns. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Renewable energy is the energy derived from natural sources that replenish themselves over a short period of time. These sources are naturally replenished and can be used indefinitely without running out. Unlike non-renewable resources like fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are virtually inexhaustible. Here are examples of renewable energy sources: Solar energy: This is derived from the sun's rays and can be converted into electricity using solar photovoltaic (PV) cells or concentrated solar power (CSP) technology. Wind energy: This is generated by harnessing the power of the wind through wind turbines. Hydropower: This is produced by utilizing the energy of flowing water to turn turbines. Biomass: This refers to the energy derived from organic materials like plants, wood waste, and agricultural residues. Geothermal energy: This is generated by tapping into the heat from the Earth's interior. Ocean Energy: Ocean energy is a form of renewable energy that harnesses the power of the ocean's tides, waves, and currents. It offers a clean and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES ✓ This is the energy acquired from never ending sources of energy available in nature. ✓ The main feature of this is, it can be extracted without causing pollution. ✓ Example Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy SOLAR ENERGY: Solar energy is harnessed through photovoltaic (PV) cells, which convert sunlight directly into electricity, and concentrated solar power (CSP) systems, which use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight and generate thermal energy. Solar energy is a key renewable resource, especially in regions with high solar insolation. Recent technological advancements have significantly reduced the cost of solar PV, making it increasingly competitive with conventional energy sources. SOLAR ENERGY ✓ Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic's (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination.  WIND ENERGY: Wind energy is captured using wind turbines that convert the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy, which is then transformed into electricity. Wind farms can be located onshore or offshore, with offshore wind farms benefiting from stronger and more consistent winds but at a higher cost. Countries like Denmark and the United Kingdom have successfully integrated wind energy into their national grids. WIND ENERGY ✓ A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of moving air into mechanical energy that can be either Average wind speed 25 km/h used directly to run the machine (or) the Wind turbine speed 10 and 20 revolutions per minute Types based on Technology Vertical axis & Horizontal Axis generator to produce Type of electricity AC electricity. Type of generator Induction generator ✓ lifespan of wind Typical parts Rotor, gearbox, direct drive turbine, turbines is about 20 to generator Protect the turbine wheel against Stop operation (such as feathering 25 years. damage at very high wind the velocities blades) at cut out velocity HYDROPOWER: Hydropower generates electricity by using the energy of flowing water, typically through dams. While large-scale hydropower is a significant source of renewable energy, it can have substantial environmental and social impacts, such as ecosystem disruption and the displacement of communities. Small-scale hydropower offers a more sustainable alternative with fewer environmental concerns.  GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: Geothermal energy exploits the heat from the Earth's interior to generate electricity or provide direct heating. It is a reliable and consistent energy source, particularly in regions with high geothermal activity, such as Iceland and parts of the United States. However, its availability is geographically limited, and there are concerns about induced seismicity (earthquakes) in some areas.  GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ✓ Geothermal energy is heat derived within the sub-surface of the earth. Water and/or steam carry the geothermal energy to the Earth's surface. ✓ Depending on its characteristics, geothermal energy can be used for heating and cooling purposes or be harnessed to generate clean electricity. OCEAN ENERGY  OCEAN ENERGY: Ocean energy includes tidal, wave, and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). Tidal energy harnesses the gravitational pull of the moon and sun on the Earth's oceans, while wave energy captures the energy of surface waves. OTEC exploits the temperature difference between warmer surface water and colder deep water to generate electricity. These technologies hold significant potential for coastal regions.  BIOMASS ENERGY: Biomass energy is produced from organic materials such as wood, agricultural residues, and animal waste. It can be converted into electricity, heat, or biofuels through various processes, including combustion, gasification, and anaerobic digestion. Biomass is a versatile energy source, but its sustainability depends on how the biomass is sourced and managed. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: Other promising technologies include hydrogen fuel cells, which produce electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, and algae- based biofuels, which could offer a sustainable alternative to traditional biofuels without competing with food production. PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES : ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and hydropower generate electricity without emitting CO2, helping to mitigate climate change. Lower Air Pollution: Unlike fossil fuels, renewables do not produce harmful pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), improving air quality and public health. Energy Independence: Reducing reliance on fossil fuels can enhance energy security and reduce dependence on foreign energy sources. Reduced Energy Costs: Over time, renewable energy can become more cost-competitive with traditional energy sources, leading to lower energy costs for consumers. Conservation of Water Resources: Renewable energy technologies like wind and solar require minimal water for operation, conserving freshwater resources compared to water-intensive fossil fuel power plants. Biodiversity Protection: By reducing habitat destruction and pollution associated with fossil fuel extraction and use, renewable energy can help protect ecosystems and biodiversity. These benefits underscore the importance of the global transition to renewable energy as a key strategy for sustainable development and environmental protection. PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Technological Advancements Economic Viability Policy Support and Global Barriers to Adoption Initiatives PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Technological Advancements: Continuous improvements in technology are driving down the costs of renewable energy sources and increasing their efficiency. For example, advancements in solar PV technology have led to more efficient panels with lower production costs, while innovations in wind turbine design have resulted in larger, more efficient turbines that can generate more electricity. PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Economic Viability: Economic Viability: Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly cost- competitive with conventional energy sources. In many parts of the world, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for solar and wind is now lower than that of new coal or gas-fired power plants. This economic shift is making renewables an attractive option for investors and governments alike. PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Policy Support and Global Initiatives: Government policies play a crucial role in the adoption of renewable energy. Policies such as feed-in tariffs, renewable energy credits, and tax incentives have been instrumental in promoting renewable energy projects. Global initiatives like the Paris Agreement have also set ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the share of renewables in the global energy mix. PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Barriers to Adoption:Despite the positive prospects, several barriers still hinder the widespread adoption of renewable energy. These include the intermittency of wind and solar power, which requires backup power or energy storage solutions, the high initial capital costs, and public resistance to certain projects, such as wind farms or large solar installations. Overcoming these challenges will require continued innovation, supportive policies, and public engagement. ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA Current Energy Consumption: Growth Projections and Future Needs: Renewable Energy Potential: Challenges: ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA Current Energy Consumption: India is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, and its energy demand is increasing rapidly. The country’s energy mix is currently dominated by coal, which accounts for about 70% of electricity generation. However, this heavy reliance on coal has led to significant environmental and health issues, including air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA Growth Projections and Future Needs: As India continues to industrialize and urbanize, its energy needs are expected to grow substantially. The government has set ambitious targets to increase the share of renewable energy in the country’s energy mix, with a goal of achieving 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and 450 GW by 2030. ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA Renewable Energy Potential: India has vast renewable energy potential, particularly in solar and wind energy. The country receives abundant sunlight throughout the year, especially in states like Rajasthan and Gujarat, making it ideal for large-scale solar projects. Similarly, states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka have significant wind energy potential. ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA Challenges: Despite its potential, India faces several challenges in expanding its renewable energy capacity. These include the need for significant investment in grid infrastructure, land acquisition issues, and the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the grid. Additionally, ensuring energy access for rural and remote areas remains a critical challenge. CHALLENGES HINDERING THE WIDESPREAD ADOPTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Intermittency: Solar and wind energy are variable, making it difficult to integrate them into the grid without reliable backup power sources. Infrastructure Costs: Building and maintaining renewable energy infrastructure, such as solar panels and wind turbines, can be expensive. Policy and Regulatory Barriers: Lack of supportive policies and regulations can hinder investment and development in the renewable energy sector. Grid Integration Issues: Integrating large amounts of renewable energy into existing power grids requires significant upgrades and investments. ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ALTERING CONSUMPTION PATTERNS: ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA Current Energy Growth Projections and Renewable Energy Challenges: Consumption: Future Needs: Potential: ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA Current Energy Consumption: India is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, and its energy demand is increasing rapidly. The country’s energy mix is currently dominated by coal, which accounts for about 70% of electricity generation. However, this heavy reliance on coal has led to significant environmental and health issues, including air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA Growth Projections and Future Needs: As India continues to industrialize and urbanize, its energy needs are expected to grow substantially. The government has set ambitious targets to increase the share of renewable energy in the country’s energy mix, with a goal of achieving 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and 450 GW by 2030. ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA Renewable Energy Potential: India has vast renewable energy potential, particularly in solar and wind energy. The country receives abundant sunlight throughout the year, especially in states like Rajasthan and Gujarat, making it ideal for large-scale solar projects. Similarly, states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka have significant wind energy potential. ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA Challenges: Despite its potential, India faces several challenges in expanding its renewable energy capacity. These include the need for significant investment in grid infrastructure, land acquisition issues, and the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the grid. Additionally, ensuring energy access for rural and remote areas remains a critical challenge. ENERGY SCENARIO: CHALLENGES INDIA FACES IN MEETING ITS GROWING ENERGY NEEDS Increasing Energy Demand: The country's Energy Security: rapid economic growth, Dependence on imported industrialization and rising fossil fuels poses risks to population are driving up energy security. energy demand. Infrastructure Environmental Concerns: Development: Expanding The use of fossil fuels energy infrastructure, such contributes to air as power grids and pollution, climate change, transmission lines, is and other environmental necessary to meet growing problems. demand. ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ✓ The primary energy consumption in India grew by 2.3% in 2019 and is the third biggest after China and USA with 5.8% global share. ✓ The total primary energy consumption from coal (452.2 Mtoe; 55.88%), crude oil (239.1 Mtoe; 29.55%), natural gas (49.9 Mtoe; 6.17%), nuclear energy (8.8 Mtoe; 1.09%), hydro electricity (31.6 Mtoe; 3.91%) and renewable power (27.5 Mtoe; 3.40%) is 809.2 Mtoe ✓ India's net imports are nearly 205.3 million tons of crude oil and its products, 26.3 Mtoe of LNG and 141.7 Mtoe coal totaling to 373.3 Mtoe of primary energy which is equal to 46.13% of total primary energy consumption. ✓ India has one of the world's fastest growing energy markets and is expected to be the second-largest contributor to the increase in global energy demand by 2035, accounting for 18% of the rise in global energy consumption. ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY SCENARIO: ENERGY NEEDS OF INDIA ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS From above table we see that the non-commercial sources contributes a huge 8% of total energy demand This is 4 times the energy produced by Hydro and 60 times more than that of Nuclear energy. In developing nations the non-commercial sources play a significant role in energy supply, and this dependence is likely to grow continuously unless some alternate sources are adopted. ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS SECTOR-WISE ENERGY CONSUMPTION: Out of the total consumption of electricity in 2021-22(P), industry sector accounted for the largest share (41.16%), followed by domestic (25.77%), agriculture (17.67%) and commercial sectors (8.29%). ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN INDIA SECTOR-WISE ENERGY CONSUMPTION Sector-wise Energy Consumption Industrial sector: is the largest In the industrial sector, energy consumer of energy globally, is used for manufacturing, followed by the transport and processing, and production residential sectors. activities. Residential sector: Energy Transport sector: relies heavily consumption is primarily for on fossil fuels heating, cooling, lighting, and appliances. SECTOR-WISE ENERGY CONSUMPTION: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN INDIA ✓In India, of the 125 crore Indians, 86.3 crore live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stay in urban areas. ✓Energy availability, access and affordability are vital if our country is to keep its pace of development. ✓As of 4 January 2019, 211.88 million rural households are provided with electricity, which is nearly 100% of the 212.65 million total rural households ✓During 2018-19, the per capita energy consumption in India is 1181 kilowatt- hour (Kwh). ✓According to the official data the total installed capacity of the country stood at 3,71,052 MW, as on 30.06.2020 ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN INDIA WORLD ENERGY NEEDS 1. The world currently consumes about 100 million barrels of oil a day. 2. With the global population expected to increase by about two billion over the next two decades, and with improving standards of living, it is estimated the world will need about 47 million more megawatts of electricity than current consumption. 3. Global population growth of 1.7 billion and rising standards of living in developing and newly industrialized nations will drive growing energy demand. 4. global demand for natural gas is expected to increase by 36% by 2040, supplying 25% of total energy consumed worldwide, and global demand for oil will increase by 9%, supplying 28% of total energy consumed. WORLDWIDE POTENTIALS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy WORLDWIDE POTENTIALS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES WORLDWIDE POTENTIALS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Solar and Wind Potential Worldwide: Solar and wind are the most abundant and widely distributed renewable energy sources. Solar potential is highest in regions near the equator, such as the Sahara Desert and the Arabian Peninsula. Wind potential is strong in coastal areas and plains, like the Great Plains in the United States and the North Sea in Europe. The global potential for these resources far exceeds current energy demand, making them key components of a sustainable energy future. WORLDWIDE POTENTIALS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Hydropower Potential and Constraints: Hydropower is the most established form of renewable energy, with significant potential in regions with large river systems, such as the Amazon Basin in South America and the Mekong River in Southeast Asia. However, the environmental and social impacts of large dams, including ecosystem disruption, displacement of communities, and siltation, have raised concerns. Small-scale hydropower offers a more sustainable alternative, particularly for rural and remote areas. WORLDWIDE POTENTIALS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Biomass Availability and Usage: Biomass energy potential is closely linked to agricultural and forestry activities. Regions with abundant agricultural residues, such as India and Brazil, have significant potential for biomass energy production. However, the sustainability of biomass energy depends on careful management to avoid competition with food production, deforestation, and carbon emissions from land-use changes. GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION TRENDS: Global Energy Consumption Trends: Global energy consumption has been rising steadily, driven by population growth, economic development, and increased access to modern energy services. Historically, energy consumption has been dominated by fossil fuels, but there is a growing shift towards cleaner energy sources as countries strive to meet climate goals. GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION TRENDS: ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN DEVELOPED VS. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: Developed countries tend to have higher per capita energy consumption, but their energy demand is stabilizing or even declining due to improvements in energy efficiency. In contrast, developing countries are experiencing rapid growth in energy consumption as they industrialize and urbanize. This presents both opportunities and challenges for integrating renewable energy into their energy systems. ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ALTERING CONSUMPTION PATTERNS: Role of Renewable Energy in Altering Consumption Patterns: The increasing adoption of renewable energy is starting to shift consumption patterns, particularly in the electricity sector. For example, the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) is gradually reducing the demand for petroleum in the transport sector, while decentralized energy systems like rooftop solar are changing how electricity is generated and consumed at the residential level. These changes are helping to decouple economic growth from fossil fuel consumption. ENERGY EFFICIENCY Energy efficiency refers to the practice of using less energy to perform the same task, thereby reducing energy waste. It is a critical component of a sustainable energy strategy, as it helps to reduce overall energy demand, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance energy security. Energy efficiency is often referred to as the “first fuel” because it can provide significant energy savings at a lower cost than generating new energy. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF LED LIGHT BULBS LED (Light Emitting Diode) light bulbs are significantly more energy-efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs. This means they use less electricity to produce the same amount of light. Example: Let's say you have a 60-watt incandescent light bulb, it emits about 800 lumens of light and want to replace it with an LED bulb that produces the same amount of light. A typical 60-watt equivalent LED bulb actually uses only about 8-10 watts of power. Incandescent bulb: 60 watts LED bulb: 8-10 watts So, by switching to the LED bulb, you're using 85-87.5% less energy. This reduction in energy consumption can lead to significant savings on your electricity bill and a smaller environmental impact. ENERGY EFFICIENCY BENEFITS COMMON STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOMES AND BUILDINGS Efficient Appliances: Choosing LED Lighting: energy-efficient appliances can LED lights use less energy and last significantly reduce energy longer than traditional incandescent consumption. bulbs. Smart Thermostats: Smart Solar Panels: thermostats can optimize Installing solar panels can generate heating and cooling systems for renewable energy and reduce maximum efficiency. reliance on the grid. Buildings: improved insulation, energy-efficient windows, and smart thermostats can significantly reduce heating and cooling needs. COMMON STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRY & TRANSPORTATION In the transport sector, fuel- In the industrial sector, energy- efficient vehicles, electric efficient motors, boilers, and vehicles (EVs), and public process optimization can lead transportation systems can to substantial energy savings. reduce energy consumption and emissions. THE ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT, 2001 AND ITS FEATURES With the background of high energy saving potential and its benefits, bridging the gap between demand and supply, reducing environmental emissions through energy saving, and to effectively overcome the barrier, the Government of India has enacted the Energy Conservation Act - 2001. ▪ The Act provides the much needed legal framework and institutional arrangement for embarking on an energy efficiency drive. 1. Standards and Labeling 2. Designated Consumers 3. Certification of Energy Managers and Accreditation of Energy Auditing Firms 4. Energy Conservation Building Codes IMPACT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES ENERGY SECURITY Energy security is the ability to ensure a reliable and affordable supply of energy to meet the needs of a country’s population and economy. It encompasses both the availability of energy resources and the stability of energy supply, which can be threatened by factors such as geopolitical conflicts, natural disasters, and market fluctuations. It's important because it ensures economic stability, national security, and the well- being of citizens. HOW RENEWABLE ENERGY ENHANCES ENERGY SECURITY: Renewable energy sources, which are locally available and not subject to international market fluctuations, can enhance energy security by diversifying the energy mix and reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels. For example, countries like Germany and Denmark have increased their energy security by transitioning from imported fossil fuels to domestically produced renewable energy. Additionally, decentralized energy systems, such as microgrids and distributed generation, can improve resilience against grid failures and natural disasters. ENERGY SECURITY STRATEGIES FOR NATIONS: Enhancing Diversifying energy sources. energy Development of renewable energy security sources Investing in energy storage and grid requires a infrastructure. multifaceted Promoting energy efficiency. approach, International cooperation and energy trade. including ENERGY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Energy and environmental problems are closely related, since it is nearly impossible to produce, transport, or consume energy without significant environmental impact. The environmental problems directly related to energy production and consumption includes air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution, and solid waste disposal. The emission of air pollutants from fossil fuel combustion is the major cause of urban air pollution. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT ENERGY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Fossil fuels have Environmental Costs of significant Fossil Fuels: environmental costs, including air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, habitat destruction, and health impacts.  ENERGY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS: GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS Benefits of Renewable Energy for the Environment: Renewable energy sources have far lower environmental impacts compared to fossil fuels. Solar, wind, and hydropower generate electricity without producing greenhouse gas emissions or air pollutants. Biomass energy can be carbon-neutral if managed sustainably. Geothermal energy has a small environmental footprint, and ocean energy has minimal emissions. By replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air and water quality, and protect ecosystems and biodiversity. KYOTO PROTOCOL The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There were 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the protocol, effective December 2012)to the Protocol in 2020. KYOTO PROTOCOL The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to reduce the onset of global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to "a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (Article 2). The main goal of the Kyoto Protocol was to control emissions of the main anthropogenic (human-emitted) greenhouse gases (GHGs) in ways that reflect underlying national differences in GHG emissions, wealth, and capacity to make the reductions The Kyoto Protocol applied to the seven greenhouse gases listed in Annex A: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). Nitrogen trifluoride was added for the second compliance period during the Doha Round. KYOTO PROTOCOL KYOTO PROTOCOL flexibility mechanisms The Kyoto Protocol defines three "flexibility mechanisms" that can be used by Annex I Parties in meeting their emission limitation commitments. Clean Development Mechanism The flexibility mechanisms are International Emissions Trading (IET), the Clean Development Clean Development Mechanism Joint Implementation Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). The CDM and JI are called "project-based mechanisms", in that they generate emission reductions from projects. The difference between IET and the project-based mechanisms is that IET is based on the setting of a quantitative restriction of emissions, while the CDM and JI are based on the idea of "production" of emission reductions. The CDM is designed to encourage production of emission reductions in non-Annex I Parties, while JI encourages production of emission reductions in Annex I Parties.