HRT 3M1 Exam Review PDF

HRT 3M1 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR MISS -Do we have to know the four stages of life in hinduism -How much should we know about Ghandi? -Path Of Devotion? - Format of Exam: Multiple Choice​ 15 True/False​ ​ 20...

HRT 3M1 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR MISS -Do we have to know the four stages of life in hinduism -How much should we know about Ghandi? -Path Of Devotion? - Format of Exam: Multiple Choice​ 15 True/False​ ​ 20 Matching​ ​ 15 Types of worship Ie Mosque, Church. Festivals ex: Yam Cappour, Eid. Founders ex Sadutha Gojam, Muhammed Sacred Scriptures Short Answer​ (2X10)​20 (Review Major Teachings: Four Noble Truths; Five Pillars of Islam; introduction to world religions and why it’s important to study world religions for Short Answer questions) ​ Be in deph on explanation, refrain from yapping Application Written Response (3X10) =30 Review the major themes about creation(cosmolgy) , humanity, Indigenous teachings/connections to nature; Sacredness of Humanity/Brahman; Meditation and mindfulness; Prayer (Shema) and sacred land (Western Wall/Jerusalem); Hajj/Pilgrimam ​ No Christianity questions willll instea d be replaced with indigenous religons ​ Only pick 3 Exam time: 2 hours UNIT ONE: Introduction to World Religions and Indigenous Spirituality ​ What the religions have in common ​ Places of worship ​ Scriptures ​ Dates of when they began ​ Founders/leaders ​ Value of studying world religions ​ Spirit of God in all religions ​ Seven Grandfather teachings ​ Symbols and values ​ Honourable Harvest What the Religions Have in Common ​ Origin Story ​ Formation of the Faith Community ​ Creed ​ Code ​ Cult Places of Worship ​ Christianity: Church, cathedral. ​ Islam: Mosque. ​ Judaism: Synagogue. ​ Hinduism: Temple (Mandir). ​ Buddhism: Temple or monastery. ​ Indigenous Traditions: Nature as sacred space; sweat lodges and sacred circles. Scriptures ​ Christianity: Bible. ​ Islam: Qur'an. ​ Judaism: Torah, Talmud. ​ Hinduism: Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad-Gita. ​ Buddhism: Tripitaka (Pali Canon), Mahayana Sutras. ​ Indigenous Traditions: Oral stories, legends, and teachings. Dates of When They Began  ​ Hinduism: ~2000 BCE (world’s oldest major religion). ​ Judaism: ~1800 BCE. ​ Buddhism: ~6th century BCE. ​ Christianity: ~1st century CE. ​ Islam: ~7th century CE. ​ Indigenous Spirituality: Prehistoric, ancient traditions passed orally. Founders/Leaders ​ Hinduism: No single founder; based on ancient practices. ​ Judaism: Abraham and Moses. ​ Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha). ​ Christianity: Jesus Christ. ​ Islam: Prophet Muhammad. ​ Indigenous Spirituality: Elders, shamans, and spiritual leaders. Value of Studying World Religions ​ Promotes tolerance, understanding, and respect for diverse beliefs. ​ Fosters an appreciation for the common humanity across cultures. ​ Encourages dialogue about ethical and moral issues. ​ Deepens awareness of global history, art, and literature influenced by religion. Spirit of God in All Religions ​ Many traditions emphasize the universal presence of God or the divine in all beings and things: ○​ Hinduism: Brahman pervades all existence. ○​ Buddhism: Inner Buddha-nature in all beings. ○​ Christianity: Holy Spirit within believers. ○​ Indigenous: Spirit is present in nature, animals, and people. Seven Grandfather Teachings ​ An important framework in Indigenous Spirituality, focusing on values for living a good life: 1.​ Wisdom 2.​ Love 3.​ Respect 4.​ Bravery 5.​ Honesty 6.​ Humility 7.​ Truth Symbols and Values ​ Christianity: Cross (salvation and sacrifice). ​ Islam: Crescent and star (faith and guidance). ​ Judaism: Star of David (protection and identity). ​ Hinduism: Om (universal sound). ​ Buddhism: Dharma wheel (teachings and path). ​ Indigenous: Medicine wheel (balance and harmony). Honourable Harvest ​ A teaching in Indigenous Spirituality emphasizing respect for the Earth: ○​ Take only what you need. ○​ Use everything you take. ○​ Share what you can. ○​ Give thanks and replenish what you take. UNIT TWO: Hinduism ​ Brahman/Atman: ​ Ahimsa ​ Gandhi (Mahatma) ​ Main Gods/goddesses ​ Upanishads, Vedas, Bhagavad-Gita ​ Caste System ​ Dharma, samsara, karma, moksha, mantra Brahman/Atman ​ Brahman: The ultimate, unchanging reality, or universal soul. ​ Atman: The individual soul; realizing unity with Brahman is the ultimate goal. Ahimsa ​ Principle of non-violence toward all living beings. Gandhi (Mahatma) ​ Advocated for non-violent resistance based on ahimsa. Played a key role in India’s independence. Main Gods/Goddesses  ​ Brahma: Creator. ​ Vishnu: Preserver. ​ Shiva: Destroyer. (Of ignorance) Upanishads, Vedas, Bhagavad-Gita ​ Vedas: Oldest sacred texts, include hymns, rituals, and philosophies. ​ Upanishads: Philosophical texts explaining the Vedas and focusing on the nature of reality and the self. ​ Bhagavad-Gita: A key part of the Mahabharata, teaches devotion and duty (dharma). Caste System ​ Social hierarchy based on karma and dharma: ○​ Brahmins: Priests/scholars. ○​ Kshatriyas: Warriors/rulers. ○​ Vaishyas: Merchants/farmers. ○​ Shudras: Laborers/servants. ○​ Dalits (Untouchables): Outside the caste system. Dharma, Samsara, Karma, Moksha, Mantra ​ Dharma: Duty or righteousness. ​ Samsara: Cycle of rebirth. ​ Karma: Actions and their consequences. ​ Moksha: Liberation from samsara, union with Brahman. ​ Mantra: Sacred chant or sound, e.g., “Om.” Buddhism ​ The four sights ​ The Four Noble Truths ​ The Eightfold Path ​ Meditation ​ Mandala ​ Three Jewels ​ Nirvana/Samsara The Four Sights 1.​ Old Man: Represents the reality of aging.  2.​ Sick Man: Symbolizes the inevitability of illness. 3.​ Dead Body: Highlights the certainty of death. 4.​ Monk: Shows the path of renunciation and spiritual peace. ​ These sights inspired Siddhartha Gautama to leave his princely life and seek enlightenment. The Four Noble Truths ​ Life is suffering (Dukkha): Suffering is a part of life. ​ The cause of suffering is desire (Tanha): Attachment and craving lead to suffering. ​ Ending desire ends suffering: Letting go of cravings leads to liberation. ​ The Eightfold Path is the way to end suffering: A practical guide to achieving enlightenment. The Eightfold Path ​ Wisdom (Prajna): ○​ Right View: Understand the Four Noble Truths. ○​ Right Intention: Commit to ethical and selfless intentions. ​ Ethical Conduct (Sila): ○​ Right Speech: Speak truthfully and kindly. ○​ Right Action: Behave ethically and avoid harm. ○​ Right Livelihood: Choose work that does not harm others. ​ Meditation (Samadhi): ○​ Right Effort: Strive to improve yourself. ○​ Right Mindfulness: Be present and aware. ○​ Right Concentration: Meditate to achieve mental focus. Meditation ​ A core practice in Buddhism, focusing on mindfulness, awareness, and concentration. ​ Helps cultivate inner peace, clarity, and insight into the nature of reality. Mandala ​ A symbolic, intricate geometric design representing the universe.  ​ Used in meditation to focus the mind and as a tool for spiritual growth. ​ Often destroyed after completion to symbolize impermanence. Three Jewels ​ The Buddha: The enlightened teacher and example. ​ The Dharma: The teachings of the Buddha. ​ The Sangha: The community of followers who practice together. Nirvana/Samsara​ ​ Nirvana: Liberation from samsara; the ultimate goal in Buddhism, ending the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. ​ Samsara: The continuous cycle of life, death, and rebirth driven by karma and desire. UNIT THREE: Judaism ​ Festivals and celebrations Rosh Hashanah (New Year) ​ Celebrates the Jewish New Year, marking the beginning of the High Holy Days. ​ Focuses on introspection, repentance, and renewal. ​ Traditions include blowing the shofar (ram's horn) and eating sweet foods like apples dipped in honey for a sweet new year. Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) ​ The holiest day in Judaism, observed 10 days after Rosh Hashanah. ​ A day of fasting, prayer, and repentance, seeking forgiveness for sins. ​ Concludes with the blowing of the shofar and signifies spiritual cleansing. Sukkot (Feast of Tabernacles) ​ Celebrates the Israelites' 40 years of wandering in the desert after the Exodus. ​ Observed by building and dwelling in a sukkah (temporary hut), symbolizing God's protection.  ​ Includes waving the lulav (palm branch) and etrog (citron fruit) as part of rituals. Hanukkah (Festival of Lights) ​ Commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after the Maccabean revolt. ​ Celebrated for 8 days, symbolizing the miracle of the menorah oil lasting eight days instead of one. ​ Traditions include lighting the menorah, playing dreidel, and eating fried foods like latkes and sufganiyot (jelly doughnuts). Purim (Festival of Lots) ​ Celebrates the salvation of Jews from Haman’s plot to destroy them, as told in the Book of Esther. ​ Traditions include reading the Megillah (Book of Esther), wearing costumes, and giving gifts of food and charity. ​ Eating triangular pastries called hamantaschen is also customary. Passover (Pesach) ​ Commemorates the Israelites' freedom from slavery in Egypt. ​ Marked by the Seder meal, where symbolic foods are eaten, and the story of the Exodus is retold. ​ Observers avoid leavened bread (chametz) to honor the unleavened bread eaten during the Exodus. Shavuot (Festival of Weeks) ​ Celebrates the giving of the Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai. ​ Occurs 50 days after Passover. ​ Traditions include studying the Torah, reading the Book of Ruth, and eating dairy foods like cheesecake and blintzes. ​ Worship and Prayer ​ Origin Story and History ​ Shema/Siddur  ​ Exodus ​ Passover/Seder ​ Holocaust ​ Shabbat ​ Symbols Worship and Prayer ​ Worship: Conducted in a synagogue, led by a rabbi or cantor. ​ Prayer: ○​ Recited daily, with morning (Shacharit), afternoon (Mincha), and evening (Maariv) prayers. ○​ Tefillin (phylacteries): Small boxes containing scripture worn during weekday prayers. ○​ Mezuzah: Small case containing scripture placed on doorposts, reminding Jews of God's presence. Origin Story and History ​ Patriarchs: Begins with Abraham, the first to enter a covenant with God. ​ Exodus: Central story of Moses leading the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt to the Promised Land. ​ Temple History: ○​ First Temple built by King Solomon (~957 BCE). ○​ Second Temple destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE, leading to the Jewish diaspora. Shema and Siddur ​ Shema: Central prayer, affirming monotheism. Begins with: "Hear,OIsrael:TheLordourGod,theLordisOne.""Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is One." ○​ Recited in morning and evening prayers. ​ Siddur: The Jewish prayer book, containing daily and holiday prayers. Exodus ​ Story of Moses leading the Israelites from Egyptian slavery. ​ Includes the 10 Plagues and the parting of the Red Sea. ​ Culminates with receiving the Torah at Mount Sinai. ​ Celebrated during Passover. Passover and Seder ​ Passover (Pesach): Commemorates the Exodus. ​ Seder Meal: Ritual meal held on the first two nights. ○​ Foods on the Seder Plate symbolize parts of the Exodus story (e.g., bitter herbs for suffering, unleavened bread for the haste of departure). ○​ Recitation of the Haggadah, retelling the story of the Exodus. Holocaust ​ Tragic event during World War II when six million Jews were murdered by the Nazis. Shabbat (Sabbath) ​ Weekly day of rest from Friday evening to Saturday evening. ​ Begins with lighting candles and reciting blessings. ​ Includes special prayers and meals, such as challah bread and wine. ​ Prohibits work and emphasizes spiritual reflection, family, and rest. Symbols ​ Star of David: Represents Jewish identity and protection. ​ Menorah: Seven-branched candelabrum, symbolizes light and wisdom. ​ Chai: Hebrew word meaning "life." ​ Mezuzah: Placed on doorposts to remind of God's presence. ​ Tallit: Prayer shawl with fringes, symbolizing commandments. ​ Kippah: Skullcap worn to show respect and reverence for God. Christianity ​ History - Constantine; Great Schism; Protestant Reformation ​ Branches - Presbyterian, Baptist, Pentecostal, Lutheran, Anglican etc… ​ Ecumenism  Constantine (4th Century): o​ Roman emperor who legalized Christianity with the Edict of Milan (313 CE). o​ Convened the Council of Nicaea (325 CE) to unify Christian doctrine. ​ Great Schism (1054 CE): o​ Split between the Roman Catholic Church (West) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (East). o​ Key issues: Authority of the Pope and differences in practices. ​ Protestant Reformation (1517): o​ Led by Martin Luther, who opposed abuses in the Catholic Church (e.g., indulgences). o​ Resulted in Protestant denominations, emphasizing faith and scripture over tradition. Branches ​ Presbyterian: Governance by elders; emphasis on predestination (inspired by John Calvin). ​ Baptist: Belief in adult baptism by immersion. ​ Pentecostal: Emphasis on the Holy Spirit, speaking in tongues, and miracles. ​ Lutheran: Founded by Martin Luther; stresses salvation by faith alone. ​ Anglican (Episcopal): Established by King Henry VIII; blend of Catholic and Protestant traditions. Ecumenism ​ The effort to promote unity and collaboration among Christian denominations. ​ Focuses on shared beliefs (e.g., Jesus as Savior) while respecting doctrinal differences. UNIT FOUR: Islam ​ Shahada ​ Muhammad - Seal of the prophets; Night of Power and Excellence ​ Mecca, Medina ​ Hajj ​ Five Pillars (SHORT ANSWER) ​ Hijab ​ Ramadan, Eid ​ Qur’an, Allah ​ Kaaba ​ Shahada (Declaration of Faith) ​ Central statement of Islamic faith: "ThereisnogodbutAllah,andMuhammadistheMessengerofAllah.""There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.""ThereisnogodbutAllah,andMuhammadistheMessengerofAllah." ​ Reciting it sincerely makes one a Muslim. Muhammad ​ Seal of the Prophets: Muhammad is the final prophet in Islam, bringing the complete message of Allah. ​ Night of Power and Excellence: The night when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Qur’an from Angel Jibreel (Gabriel). Mecca and Medina ​ Mecca: Holiest city in Islam; birthplace of Muhammad and location of the Kaaba. ​ Medina: Second holiest city; where Muhammad established the first Muslim community after the Hijra (migration). Hajj (Pilgrimage) ​ Pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, required once in a lifetime if financially and physically able. ​ Includes rituals such as walking around the Kaaba (Tawaf). Five Pillars of Islam (Short Answer) 1.​ Shahada: Declaration of faith. 2.​ Salat: Prayer five times a day facing Mecca. 3.​ Zakat: Giving alms (charity) to the needy. 4.​ Sawm: Fasting during Ramadan. 5.​ Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca. Hijab ​ A head covering worn by many Muslim women as a sign of modesty and faith. ​ Reflects the broader concept of haya (modesty) in Islam. Ramadan and Eid ​ Ramadan: Holy month of fasting from dawn to sunset, commemorating the revelation of the Qur’an. ​ Eid al-Fitr: Celebration marking the end of Ramadan, characterized by feasting and charity. ​ Eid al-Adha: Commemorates Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son for Allah, observed during Hajj. Qur’an and Allah ​ Qur’an: The holy book of Islam, revealed to Muhammad. Considered the literal word of Allah. ​ Allah: The one and only God in Islam; absolute, eternal, and compassionate. Kaaba ​ A sacred cube-shaped structure in Mecca, believed to be built by Abraham and Ishmael. ​ Muslims face the Kaaba during prayer, symbolizing unity and submission to Allah.