Reading and Writing Past Paper PDF

READING AND WRITING Roared: Describes the loud S.Y. 2024-2025 noise of the engine starting. Or "She gave him a cold look." SESSION 1: READING:...

READING AND WRITING Roared: Describes the loud S.Y. 2024-2025 noise of the engine starting. Or "She gave him a cold look." SESSION 1: READING: Multiple Meanings of "Cold": Temperature: Lacking warmth. A complex cognitive process of Emotional Tone: Unfriendly or distant. decoding symbols to construct or derive meaning. Interpretation: The word "cold" in this context describes the emotional tone of the look, Reading can be complex because it involves: meaning unfriendly or indifferent, rather than referring to temperature. 1. understanding words; vocabulary Imagine you’re reading a passage from a book, DECODING – translating the encoded and it includes the sentence: “The archaic message into a language that can be tome was filled with esoteric knowledge that understood by the receiver. After receiving the fascinated the scholars.” message, the receiver interprets it and tries to Archaic: This means something old or understand it. outdated. Tome: This refers to a large, heavy TEXT- book. Esoteric: This means something A text is a collection of written words or intended for or likely to be understood symbols that convey information, by only a small number of people with ideas, or messages to communicate specialized knowledge. something to a reader. Fascinated: This means to be A group of ideas put together to make a intensely interested in. point or one central idea. Considered as written material, So, if you’re reading this sentence and don’t especially longer pieces of writing as in understand these words, you might really a book, a letter or a newspaper. struggle to grasp the full meaning of the passage. To be considered a text, it should have a meaning. It will only be considered a text 2. their meanings once you get the main idea of the message or This involves interpreting the meanings of construct a meaning out of it. Because, the words in the context of the sentence or purpose of text is to communicate passage. Sometimes words have multiple information or ideas, so it needs to be meanings, and understanding the right one is understandable to its intended audience. crucial. Even if the meaning is not immediately clear, For example, as in the case of codes or encrypted "He turned the key, and the engine messages, there should be a purpose or roared to life." context that provides meaning to those who know how to interpret it. If you misinterpret "roared", the DISCOURSE: sentence makes no sense. Text with distinct features and purpose. Conveys meanings, propels actions Understanding Meanings: and provokes specific response. Key: A small metal object used to start a car. Discourse: A written or spoken? Both. piece is a form of discourse that Written Discourse: It focuses on how presents a subjective perspective, these written forms interact and supported by reasoning and evidence. convey meaning in context. It often aims to persuade or engage the Spoken Discourse: This includes audience with the author’s personal spoken communication such as stance on a particular issue. conversations, speeches, and Research Articles - To present original interviews. It examines how people research findings, analyze data, and use language in real-time interactions, contribute new knowledge to a including tone, pauses, and context. particular field of study. Research articles are a form of In essence, discourse refers to the broader academic discourse that use of language, whether it's in writing or involves systematic speech. investigation and presentation of findings. Examples: Journal Diary - Writing certain TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE happenings, or events in life. This a type A text is a connected discourse, of discourse because it involves the which means that all ideas in use of language to express and reflect text must be related in the sense on personal experiences and thoughts that they would express only within a specific context. one main idea, or that the text News Articles - Articles that you read must have unity by combining all from newspapers, websites, and social ideas to emphasize central idea. media. It is a form of discourse because they use language to inform A piece of writing that presents and engage the public within a specific ideas in a logical and coherent context, shaping and reflecting how way. information is communicated and Written text acquires the characteristics of understood. connected discourse when: Anecdotes - Short review and 1. Its ideas are linked logically. observation towards something. To 2. There is logical organization and illustrate a point, entertain, or provide development of the theme. insight through a short, personal story. 3. There is use of repetition, reference, Procedures - Procedures are conjunctions, connectives, and other considered a form of discourse transitional devices. because they involve the structured 2. Sentences are linked together to form a use of language to communicate a coherent and cohesive whole. series of steps or instructions. Critiques - To analyze and evaluate a Example: work (such as a book, film, artwork, or “There are three reasons I don’t have a credit performance) and provide an informed card. The first reason is that using a piece of judgment. This type of discourse is plastic instead of cash makes it too easy for intended to offer insights and me to buy things I can’t afford. For instance, evaluations based on evidence and last week I saw a 4,000.00 php pair of pink reasoning. sandals in my favorite shoe store. Of course, I Opinion Piece - To express a personal don’t need pink sandals, nor I can afford viewpoint or argument on a current them. With a credit card, however, I would issue or topic, often aiming to influence now own those sandals and be worrying public opinion or provoke thought. This about how to pay for them. The second reason I don’t have a credit card is that I would Could answer questions, “What end up in debt like my friend Sara, the does it look like?” or “What are shopaholic. Sara got a credit last year, and its characteristics?” she already owes 30,000.00 php. She buys Readers can visualize and grasp things that she doesn’t really need such as the appearance of a concept or jewelry and designer sunglasses. She will be situations without difficulty. in debt for years. The third reason I don’t have Examples: a credit card is the difficulty in understanding the fine print in the credit card contract. If I “The day was beautiful, the sky without don’t read the fine print, I can be surprised. a cloud, and the air so pure that the For example, some credit companies will world seemed to be a thousand miles raise my interest rate if I make payment even wider than usual.” one day late. To sum up, credit cards may be “She was homely. A very broad a convenience for some people, but for me, forehead gave her face an unpleasant, they are plastic ticket to financial disaster.” masculine look. Her eyes, which were small, slanted at the corners and made Explanation: The author directly states the many of her acquaintances wonder if central theme of the paragraph in the first perchance she had a few drops of sentence which is further develop by the celestial blood in her veins. Her nose following sentences. Also, the author uses was broad and flat, and its nostrils transitional devices to logically link liked the were always dilated, as if breathing ideas in the paragraph: “first”, “second”, were an effort. Her mouth, with thick “third”, and “To sum up”. Furthermore, the lips, was a long, straight; gash across author use repetition to keep the readers to her face made angular by her unusually the theme: “The first reason…”, “The second big jaws.” reason…”, and “The third reason…” “The night was pure as the day had SESSION 2: been all the sky throbbed with stars; and the white River of Heaven TYPES OF DISCOURSE shimmered with unusual splendor. The 1. Description - This pattern of village slept; — the silence was broken development in writing involves putting only by the noise of a little brook, and the image of an object, person, place, by the far-away barking of peasants' scene, or event into words. It appeals dogs.” to the reader’s senses and allows them to experience what is being described Types of Description by the writer in terms of sight, smell, Objective hearing, touch, and/or taste. This type is informative, scientific, technical, and factual. Hence, it is Descriptive paragraphs often use sensory denotative in nature and no opinions or details, figurative language, and vivid emotions are injected in this type of adjectives to paint a picture in the reader's description. mind. firmly sets a specific object’s Examples: “My friend and I went to Sabang Beach, appearance into the reader’s one of the famous tourist spots in Baler. minds by going through into Sabang Beach is a landform alongside a details. body of water that the people usually visit to go sunbathing, swimming, or surfing. purpose of this type of paragraph is to The water there is not as clear as the water engage the reader and provide them on the other beaches, but the waves there with a clear understanding of what are continuous and high which attract a lot happened. of tourists especially those who are professional surfers and enthusiasts Telling a story, whether real or fictional, is alike.” what you do in narrative writing. You use your memory and imagination to not just "The cafeteria is on the first floor and has create stories, but also to interpret them. a food area with options like pizza and Any narrative must have vivid description sandwiches. There are long tables for of details, consistent point of view, and about 300 students to sit at. It’s open from verb tense, and a well-defined point or 11:30 AM to 1:30 PM and has vending significance. machines and a drinks counter." Narrative paragraphs often include Subjective sensory details and dialogue to create a This type is suggestive or opinionated. vivid picture for the reader. Hence, it is connotative in nature and the most basic pattern of development reveals the personal views and emotions describes HOW, WHEN, and WHERE of the writer. an event or occurrence happened. The narration virtually constructs the Examples: world as the reader sees it from the My friend and I went to Sabang Beach, one text. of the famous tourist spots in Baler. Sabang Beach is a beautiful place. A lot of For a narrative text to be effective in people go there to have fun and take holding the readers’ interest: photos with their friends and family. It is a 1. First, the description of events should great place to relax and enjoy relieving be as vivid as possible. Appeal to all the stress from work. Children and adults senses in describing the happenings to alike take surfing lessons on the beach, make the readers feel as if they have and they look like they are having a lot of witnessed the events firsthand even fun despite falling of surfboards a few though they were not present during times. that time. 2. Second, include the four basic "The cafeteria is always buzzing with elements of a story in your narration energy. The smell of pizza and the sounds which are the character/s, plot, of students talking create a lively conflict, and theme. atmosphere. The colorful walls and lively chatter make lunchtime feel like a fun, 3. Lastly, begin and end your narration everyday event." with a bang. The readers’ decision on whether to read the entire text 2. Narration - This type of discourse is depends on the introductory like storytelling. It recalls events paragraph, so it must catch their chronologically. It is told in the first-, attention right away to keep them second-, or third-person point of view. reading. This goes the same with the Moreover, its structure may be linear or concluding paragraph. It is where the nonlinear. A linear structure follows a theme of the text is explained and typical format: beginning, middle, end, where the conflict is resolved, which is while a nonlinear structure may start the most awaited part of the readers. from the end or in the middle. The  Thus, this part should be able to satisfy Detailed Narration - This is also known as the readers and answer the questions “paced narration”, where the writer writes formed in their mind while reading. about each event and provides specific details about what happened. This type of narration is very vivid and complete. Example: THE STORY OF STACEY Example: As a young girl, Stacey had always been a Brief – “I woke up from a nightmare. It bit shy and reserved. She struggled to make was about me trying to get home then I friends and often felt isolated and alone. ended up getting held tightly by a man. However, when she entered high school, she After that, I found myself awake. decided to take a chance and join the drama club. Initially, she was terrified to audition for Detailed: “I woke up from a nightmare the school play, but with encouragement from this morning. I was so scared because it the drama teacher, she decided to give it a felt so real. There I was, passing in a dark shot. and narrow alley on my way home. There To her surprise, she landed a lead role and were no lights on, the moon was dark, the soon found herself surrounded by a place was so quiet, and only the sounds supportive group of peers who shared her made by frogs and crickets can be heard. passion for acting. Through her involvement in I was very terrified, but I courageously drama club, Stacey’s confidence grew, and continued walking until I realized that I she developed close friendships that she count not see, to find our home. I was treasured. Looking back, Stacey recognizes shaking out of fear and panic, so I brought that her experience in drama club not only out my phone to call for help. However, it helped her to overcome her shyness but also fostered a lifelong love of the arts. ran out of battery already, so I could not THE CROW AND THE HUNGRY DOG use it at all. Then, a man suddenly “He had not tasted anything except appeared and held my hands tightly. water, for several days. One day as he was After that, I found myself awake, tired, all walking lightlessly and staggeringly under the sweaty, and crying.” trees, he saw by chance a crow that had a piece of meat in her beak. Looking up, the dog 3. Exposition - This aims to inform, sat on his legs and prayed to the crow to give clarify, and explain a phenomenon. It him a piece of her meat. defines what something is and The dog said: “Hey, good friend, please provides an in-depth discussion about give a piece of your victual for I am very, very topics that are usually less explored. hungry.” The crow hearing this remark of the Moreover, it gives reader instructions dog, opened her beak, and laughed. But when on how something is done. she opened her mouth, the piece of meat which she had, fell to the ground. The hungry Examples: dog greedily picked it up and he now had the How to set up an email account occasion to laugh at the poor crow. 1. Choose the web host. 2. Look for the sign-up button. Click it. Types of Narration 3. Provide the required information. Brief Narration - This is also known as 4. Think of a unique username and a “clipped narration”, where the writer only password. (Tip: For the password, writes the most important event and gives the general picture of what happened. This type type in uppercase or add of narration is concise yet informative. characters.)  5. Start using the newly setup email position or viewpoint that is supported account. by evidence. For example, a claim might be, "Online This is an example of Expository discourse learning is more effective than traditional that aimed to explain or inform, by providing classroom learning. “ step-by-step instructions on how to do Counterclaim: This is a statement that something, or in this case, set up an account. opposes or refutes the original claim. It presents an alternative viewpoint or Other examples: evidence that contradicts the claim. Informing about Benefits or Importance For instance, a counterclaim could be, Example: The Benefits of Reading Regularly "Traditional classroom learning offers This essay informs the reader about the better social interaction and hands-on positive impacts of reading. experiences than online learning." Informing by Explaining a Process Examples: Example: The Water Cycle A recent study confirmed that playing This paragraph informs by explaining the video games may cause children to stages of the water cycle. become violent. However, this is only Informing by Providing Instructions true for some children. Dr. Charlotte Example: How to Bake a Chocolate Cake Cooper and Dr. Markey Vitasa of ABC This set of instructions informs the reader by University explained that children who providing a clear process to follow. manifest a combination of three personality traits―high neuroticism, While they all share the goal of informing, disagreeableness, and low levels of each does so in a different context: explaining conscientiousness―are more likely to a concept, providing guidance, or offering be aggressive toward others after step-by-step instructions. These variations playing video games. highlight the diverse ways exposition can be Explanation: To convince the readers, the used to inform an audience. author of the passage mentioned a study to support his or her claim about video 4. Argumentation - In this type of discourse, games. The author did not simply state the writer aims to persuade the audience that video games may cause children to or readers. He or she presents valid claims become violent; he or she proved it by or counterclaims, each supported by citing two experts. evidence, to prove a point. In proving Students often face significant stress claims, the writer presents studies, from excessive homework, which can experts’ opinions, and statistical data, lead to burnout and reduced overall among others. Moreover, an well-being. A "No Homework Week" argumentative discourse should appeal to can provide a much-needed break and logic or reason instead of emotion. help students recharge. To persuade the audience to accept a Evidence: Research by the Philippine Mental particular viewpoint or take a specific Health Association reveals that students who action. It relies on logical reasoning, experience high levels of homework stress evidence, and structured arguments. are more likely to report symptoms of anxiety and depression. A break from homework can Claim: This is a statement or assertion help alleviate these issues. that one argues to be true. It's a  1. Narration - from the root word SESSION 3: narrates, originated from the Latin word narrare— which means related or PATTERNS OF told. DEVELOPMENT It gives a written account of an event or story, - The logical arrangement of ideas. or simply, storytelling. The sequence of events is told in chronological order. Patterns of Development are used to arrange ideas to achieve the writer’s purpose in Narration is creating a world based on the writing the text. For example, when writers writer’s imagination. It is also revisiting a would like to define a term, that writer would world based on the author’s memory. In either be stating what the term means to them as case, the reader is aimed to be transported the central idea of the text. And then, in the from one’s real world to the reality of the story body of the text, writers would provide being read. examples, description, and many other facts Narration Paragraph simply tells what to support the definition of the term stated in happened and establishes facts. It is sharing the thesis. Even though, the text includes a of personal experiences that offer lessons description, the reader will still be able to tell and insights. It is more than just a that the writer intends to make the readers chronological sequence of events that realize that the text is primarily concerned happen to the different characters. It with defining a term and not merely visualize also contains elements of drama and tension. whatever the word signifies. A pattern of development determines the central idea of It has the following elements: the text. 1. Setting: It is the time and location in These patterns help you follow ideas easily which a story takes place. and understand a text better. Having the 2. Characters: The life-giving element of ability to recognize it will help you distinguish the story. major details from minor ones and predict 3. Plot: It is the logical series of events in ideas. There are different patterns by which the story. ideas are developed. In determining the The five essential parts of the plot are: pattern of development of ideas in a text, note a. Exposition: It is the part of the story the signal words used. These signal words where the characters and the may help you identify the pattern of setting are revealed. development, but it is more important that b. Rising Action. It is where the you understand the meaning of the text. events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the Patterns of Development in writing across story is exposed. disciplines: c. Climax. This is the highest point of 1. narration 2. description interest and the turning point of the 3. definition story. 4. exemplification / classification d. Falling Action: The events and 5. comparison and contrast complications begin to resolve 6. cause and effect themselves. 7. problem - solution e. Denouement: The final resolution 8. persuasion of the plot in the story.  4. Point of View. It is the perspective of the Philippines, more and more relief and the writer in narrating the story. rescue operations were conducted. a. First person point of view. 2. Description - Description gives The story is told by the information of what a person, an protagonist or one of the object, a place, or situation is like. characters using pronouns I, me, According to Dagdag (2010), there are two we. types of description: objective and b. Second person point of view. The subjective. Objective description is a author tells the story in second factual description of the topic at hand. point of view using the pronouns This relies its information on physical you, yours, and your. aspects and appeals to those who crave c. Third person point of view. The for facts. Meanwhile, subjective narrator is not part of the story but description allows the writer to explore describes the events that happen. ways to describe an emotion, an event, a The writer uses the pronouns he, thing, a place, or person, appealing to she, him, and her. emotions. Often, this is an artistic way of describing things, mostly from the The following signal words will help you in eye and perspective of the writer. identifying this pattern. Here is a word bank of sensory words to Signal words for Narration about before in the refer to when you want to add descriptive after during meantime details to your paragraphs: later SIGHT SOUND SEMLL TOUCH TASTE afterwards eventually meanwhile sparkling yelp musty sticky spicy as soon finally first next week gloomy shriek rotten grainy sweet as immediately next glossy whisper fragrant smooth sour tomorrow when presently until yesterday soon bright hiss fresh satiny bitter prior to second today dazzling screech pungent pointy bland then till at this/that cloudy chortle fruity clammy creamy point blurred sneeze stinky furry delectable Example: A descriptive paragraph basically provides Ondoy began to develop from an active details on the idea by using either a sensory or low-pressure area to a tropical cyclone on spatial pattern. Through a sensory pattern, September 24, 2009. The following day, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the PAGASA raised storm signals all over the five senses. A spatial pattern, on the other Philippine archipelago. At that point, signal hand, arranges ideas by location or physical no. 2 was raised in Catanduanes and other space. parts of Luzon. By Saturday morning, reports of flooding started to pour in. Meanwhile, The following signal words will help you President Arroyo declared a state of calamity identify such pattern. in Metro Manila. Immediately after President Signal words for Description Arroyo’s declaration, various government above around between agencies began the rescue and relief across away from beyond operations. As soon as Typhoon Ondoy exited adjacent to back of by  against behind down along below farther Look at this example of a definition: alongside beneath here amidst beside in - An owl is a bird with a large head, in front of onto near strong talons and has a nocturnal inside opposite to over habit. into outside off Owl – is the term to defined. on throughout under on top of to the right Bird – is the class where the owl belongs. with a large head, strong talons and has a nocturnal habit – are the Example: characteristics that distinguish the owl A laptop is one of the greatest inventions from the other birds. of the modern era. It is a lightweight device that can save a vast amount of information. The following are the different types of The screen, touchpad, speakers, keyboard, definitions: battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts of 1. Formal Definition- The definitions a laptop. The most noticeable part of a laptop provided in dictionaries. is its screen, which is responsible for 2. Informal Definitions- The three displaying information. Another major common informal definitions are component is the keyboard. On it are the keys operational definitions, synonyms, needed to enter data into the computer. Near and connotations. the keyboard you will find a smooth, a. Operational Definitions gives the rectangular surface which acts like a desktop meaning of an abstract word for computer mouse – this is the touchpad. At one time and place. the bottom part of this rectangular surface, b. Synonyms or words that mean the you will see buttons that operate like a mouse same as another word. button. Below the keyboard and touchpad, c. Denotation is the exact meaning of built into the laptop itself are the speakers the word. which allow you to hear sounds and music. d. Connotation is an idea or meaning Found at the back of the keyboard is the suggested by or associated with a battery; it serves as the lifeline of the word or things. computer. Finally, a laptop also comes with 3. Definition Paragraph- It is a definition an AC adapter which charges the battery and sentence which is extended into a serves as the source of electric power when paragraph by adding meanings, it is plugged in. descriptions, narrations, and other 3. Definition - explains a concept, term, kinds of paragraph development to or subject. Its main purpose is to tell make clear the term being defined. what something is. Signal words for Definition It consists of three parts: is defined means as defined refers to (1) the term, concept or subject to be to define to illustrate defined. (2) the general class to which it belongs; and Example: (3) the characteristics that differentiate Social engineering is defined as any it from the other members of its class. method which tricks people to share  personal information using technology. forced to move away from each other The ‘social’ component in this scheme resulting in a rift zone. The last type is called means that there is reliance on various the conservative plate boundary or transform psychological tricks and on the gullibility fault. During this type of earthquake, two of users rather than technical hacking. tectonic plates slide past one another. Social engineering also refers to various 5. Comparison and Contrast – A malicious acts online such as phishing, comparison and contrast pattern spamming, and pretexting. organizes ideas based on how the 4. Classification / Division – A events, places, people, things, and classification pattern organizes ideas concepts are similar to or different into categories or divisions based on from one another. There are two ways criteria and standards. This pattern on how ideas can be arranged: can be used when classifying people, separately, which involves describing things, places, and other items. one item first followed by the second item, or side- by-side, which means If the topic encompasses a large body of discussing both items based on each information, one effective way of point of comparison. elaborating it is through classifying things of distinct features into Signal words for Comparison groups/classes. Similar items are Also, as, both grouped into categories for the readers to Equally, in a similar fashion, better understand and analyze the in comparison material at hand. In the same way,like, likewise Similarly, to compare Signal words for Classification / Division another another kind classified as one kind the first the last Signal words for Contrasting category group although, and yet, as opposed to, but, final type the next part conversely ` Can be divided/ classified / categorized despite, even so, even though, in contrast, in spite of, in the meantime instead, however, nevertheless, Terms that signal classification nonetheless, on the contrary, on the aspects kinds qualities other hand traits areas levels systems otherwise, still, the fact remains, unlike, types whereas, yet Example: Earthquakes can be classified into three Example: main types based on the plate movements. Are you not sure yet which phone to buy? The first type is known as a convergent To help you decide, this review will inspect boundary. Also known as destructive plate the basic similarities and differences of the boundary, this type of earthquake happens flagship phones of two giant companies: when two tectonic plates move toward one Apples iPhone 6 and Samsung’s Galaxy S5. another and collide. The second type of Both brags to be the best smart phones in the earthquake is called divergent boundary. market to date. While these state-of-the-art During this type of earthquake, two plates are phones have similarities in the form of sleek design, multi-touch touch screen, and also posed a real threat to the merchandise of multimedia features, they have their local traders. Second, globalization affected distinctive features as well. First, Galaxy S5 the financial market. As a result, different has a larger screen at 5.1 inches as compared countries had more access to funds, and the to iPhone 6’s 4.7 inches. As for the operating exchange in national currencies dramatically system, iPhone 6 uses iOS(8x) while S5 uses increased. Finally, globalization also led the Android (5.0, 2.4.2). In terms of the camera, privatization of various facilities, such as S5 has a 2.1megapixel front-facing camera public health institutions. These institutions which is higher than iPhone’s 1.2 megapixels. were being privatized due to the idea that the Unlike S5, iPhone’s battery is not user - private sector can better manage and provide replaceable and has a shorter talk time, but health services. In consequence, health when it comes to built-in storage, iPhone 6 policies become more and more of a outperforms S5. Now that you know the basic commodity on a global scale. differences of the two phones, you can 7. Problem and Solution - A problem- decide! solution pattern organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions. The problem section usually includes 6. Cause and Effect - A cause-effect what, who, when, where, why, and pattern organizes details based on the how of the problem. The other part cause, the reason, and the result or then presents the major effects of the consequences of a certain problem and the possible solutions to phenomenon. This pattern may address it, as well as the steps in discuss both the causes and effects, implementing the solution. the causes only, or the effects only. - A cause is what makes a particular In composing this type of essay, you thing happen. must present an argument or stand and - An effect is what results from a support it with reliable evidence in order to particular situation, activity, or persuade the readers to make a particular behavior. move or action (Kemper et.al, 2016). Signal words for Cause and Effect According to Soles (2010), topics for for because problem-solution essays “are typically since due to framed in the form of questions.” Problem- so but solution essay can provide answers to 5W for this reason, as a result, and 1H (who, what, when, where, why, and consequently otherwise how) questions. Soles (2010) added that this therefore thus type of essay has essentially two parts: “a full explanation of the nature of the problem, Example: followed by an analysis of solutions and their likelihood of success.” The advancement in technology and economy has created major changes in Structure of paragraphs in a problem-solution modern society. One of these changes is essay: globalization. As we know globalization has Nordquist (1995) suggested the affected the world in many ways. First, it following structure of a problem-solution served as a catalyst t worldwide trading, thus paper that may serve as a guide on what to allowing countries to access foreign include in this type of essay: products. Although this had positive effects, it  1. Introduction. At the forefront of the implementing strict safety measures. The essay, the introduction must serve to capture second solution that governments can adopt the reader’s attention. This may contain is the enhancement of conservation efforts. the thesis statement wherein the problem To do this, governments need to make public or topic at hand is presented. This is more aware of the benefits of conservation, where the problem is defined, and the reason as well as ways of conserving energy, such as why it is significant to a specific group of recycling. Laws can also be passed to people (or the target audience). mandate the public and all stakeholders to recycle energy. 2. Problem Paragraph. This paragraph/s will dwell on the elaboration of 8. Persuasion - A persuasion pattern the problem, effectively conveying the organizes ideas to show how a set of importance of a solution. You may present evidence leads to a logical conclusion reliable sources and evidence to support your or argument. Specifically, this pattern stand. presents the issue, position, and the supporting evidence that supports the 3. Solution Paragraph. Present and position. describe a concrete solution to the problem. Explain how this solution is better A persuasive paragraph tries to convince than other probable solutions. the reader that a particular point of view is worthy of consideration. It wants you to 4. Conclusion. Conclude the essay with consider both sides of an issue, but it connection between the problem and its reveals a bias in favor of one side over proposed solution. another. Signal words for Problem and Knowing how to write a persuasive Solution but, first, second, nonetheless, one paragraph allows you to express your reason for the personal conviction or opinion about one solution is, one way is, the an issue or topic and make the problem, the solution readers agree with or adopt your conviction or opinion. Example: Today, most of the energy resources we have generated from coal, oil, and natural gas. However, these resources are limited. If continuously consumed at an alarming rate, fossils necessary for generating power to operate vehicles and factories will run out before long. Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved using alternative sources of energy and conservation efforts. First, using alternative sources of energy such as solar energy and fusion energy would lessen pollution. These alternatives are more Example: accessible and cost-efficient. Although there are some potential risks in using fusion Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a energy, these risks can be mitigated by widely debated issue. It is an act to end a person’s life to alleviate the suffering  brought about by a terminal or grave appears like headings and subheadings, illness. While it may be supported by bullet points or font emphasis. However, some, mercy killing is not only an unethical use this technique with discretion as medical practice, but also a crime. After improper or superfluous formatting can be all, on the most basic level, euthanasia confusing. still takes a life. In fact, majority of the Example: countries in the world, including those that have legalized it, consider it as homicide. Marxist ideology has three main Aside from being a crime, euthanasia is theories. Historical materialism purports that unethical in the medical context because all the features of society can historically be it violates the principle of “primum non no traced back to economic activity. Social core” which means “first, do no harm.” In class in capitalist societies is what produces their code of ethics, doctors have unjust structures of power that exist today. responsibility of saving lives, not Socialism would be the next rational step for destroying them, which is why euthanasia the development of human society. can never be acceptable. Explanation: The words in bold are the three Source: Academic Reading and Writing by Jessie s. Barrot PhD most important Marxist theories that the first sentence is referring to. By emphasizing these SESSION 4: words, the reader can identify the correct PROPERTIES OF A WELL term for the concepts along with their definitions; this would also aid in WRITTEN TEXT remembering the theories since they stick out When you have already gathered enough from the rest of the text. materials in developing your paragraphs or texts, the next step is to organize properly. 2. Signal words Then you need to determine which ideas Signal words are textual cues that readers should be used in the beginning, middle and can use to follow a text. They can “signal” the end of your texts—coherence and cohesion transition from one point to another, the should be considered in arranging your ideas. ordering of events and concepts, or the The mechanics of writing should be observed writer’s chosen text type (e.g., linear too, like capitalization, contractions, and narration, question, and answer) punctuation marks. Lastly, you need to determine the type of language you are going Example: to use for you to be able to communicate with Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club greatly your target audience. influenced me as a fictional writer. First, his Text organization is the way a text is use of the unreliable narrator fascinated organized that helps to guide the reader me, and I have written similar characters logically through it. This property makes a text in my works. Second, the theme of readable and its message clear. patriarchal oppression can also be found in Organization can be achieved through the the stories I write. Third, the novel’s stunning following techniques: twist is something that I have been trying to recreate. Thus, I am extremely grateful to 1. Physical format have encountered Palahniuk’s genius early in The format is an aspect of the organization my writing career. that is immediately apparent to the reader. Explanation: By using sequential signal words It is seen in how the text physically (first, second and third) before the beginning of every sentence, the reader can follow what arranged. Knowledge of the parts of a seems to be the writer’s list of three reasons composition is a great help in adhering why the novel influenced him. The word thus to the correct organization of ideas. The also signals the conclusion and the end of the sentences within a paragraph must list. also be organized logically. 3. Structure The structure provides the framework upon which the text is organized. It consists of the following: Beginning: introduction, thesis statement, hook Middle: supporting details End: conclusion, summary, final message Example: Ancient philosophies believe that a Well, let us go deeper on other techniques on person has an “aura,” this appears as a how to organize a paragraph so that it will rainbow of light around the body that become a well-written text. Here are the can be seen by individuals with techniques and their corresponding signal clairvoyant abilities. The colors change words: depending on one’s mood, health, and Sequential Order. It is a technique thoughts. Some scientists believe that the in arranging the text observing the existence of the aura has something to do chronological order or time, with the electromagnetic fields produced by process or sequence, and narration cells and tissues in the human body. Whether of events by using signal words like auras are real or not, the fact remains that first, second, third, initially, there are forces everywhere that are real even primarily, following, preceding, though we cannot see them. next, when, later, before, after, then, Explanation: Organization in this paragraph is until, not long after that, finally, not readily noticeable as it does not use cues lastly, at last, etc. like formatting or signal words. However, the Spatial Order. This is another text is organized in this way: technique in organizing the Beginning: Introduce topic of aura paragraph pertaining to space, Middle: Definition and evidence of position, or location of people or existence of auras things by using signal words like End: Ending message about forces in above, below, under, behind, the world. besides, beyond, alongside, nearby, in front of, inside, outside, on top of, PROPERTIES OF A WELL- etc. This is very suitable when describing about the geographical WRITTEN TEXT location of things or people. 1. Organization - is about the Complexity Order. This technique in arrangement of ideas, incident, details organizing compositions refers to evidence and order. It is achieved when the logical order from simple to ideas are logically and accurately complex, inductive to deductive,  cause and effect, and problem and It can readily be seen in a text through the solution to help the writers explain smooth flow of the sentences and the their ideas. This can also be done by connection of the ideas. Cohesion can be defining and illustrating. For cause- applied using three techniques. This can effect, you can use signal words like be achieved by using transitional for, because, since, as a devices, pronouns, subordinators and consequence, due to, etc. Signal coordinators, and lexical patterning. words like because, as a solution, Transitional Devices consequently, so that, therefore, Giving emphasis: indeed, etc. can be used for problem- importantly, in fact, furthermore, solution. When defining, and moreover. transitional devices such as is Stating contrast: in contrast, defined as, means, refers to, to conversely, compared to, illustrate, as defined, etc. can be another point. used. Summarizing: finally, overall, Listing Order. It means the ordering lastly, to sum up, and in of ideas following the alphabet conclusion (from A to Z). Examples of Giving examples: for instance, alphabetical order are the major for example, namely, such as cities in the Philippines presented in an article: Cagayan De Oro City, Adding similar points: similarly, Caloocan, Cebu, Davao City, likewise, again, and also Manila, Parañaque, Pasig, Quezon Pronouns City, Taguig, and Zamboanga City. Examples of pronouns are: he, she, This can also be done by it, they, them, their, etc. enumerating ideas through “People are excited to receive financial numbers in ascending order (e.g. assistance from the government. At least, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, etc.) and they have something to eat in times of descending order (e.g. crisis. “ 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2, and 1). Coordinators and Subordinators Examples of coordinators are: for, and, 2. Coherence and Cohesion are nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) while some of achieved when ideas are logically, the examples of subordinators are: when, clearly, and smoothly linked to one since, although, so that, until, before, another; without it, the reader may not unless, when, whenever, etc. be able to comprehend your composition. Although these two Lexical Patterning concepts are interrelated, they are On the other hand, lexical patterning distinct. means changing the function of the word into another part of speech. Coherence occurs when ideas are Here’s the example. connected at the conceptual level or idea level. It can be seen through well- Notice in the sentences below that the defended arguments and organized word “heroism” is a noun and related concept points. Unlike coherence, cohesion is the is used in another sentence “heroic” which connection of ideas at the sentence level. functions not as a noun but as an adjective.  “Heroism does not need to be recognized b. Avoid redundancies, wordiness, by all people nor becoming superior to others. cliches, and highfalutin One can do heroic deeds by doing small act language. of kindness to the needy even if nobody c. Avoid excessive use of “there” noticed it.” and “it” structures. d. Use precise vocabulary. Example: e. Be consistent with your pronoun’s point of view. f. Avoid sexist language. This issue can be addressed by using articles (a, an, the), using plural pronouns, using his or her instead of his, writing through a second person point of view, or using gender-neutral nouns. g. Use appropriate level of formality. The more formal texts use an academic tone while less formal ones usually use a personal or colloquial tone. 4. Mechanics refers to the conventions Explanation: The first one is using of writing which includes pronouns to refrain from using a specific capitalization, punctuation, spelling, word repeatedly. The second technique is numerals, abbreviations, acronyms, using transitional devices to connect and contractions. In academic and sentences with linked ideas. The last more formal texts, the following should technique employs a repetition of be observed. keywords to tie up the paragraphs subtly. a. Always use standard English. 3. Language Use refers to the acceptable b. Avoid contractions. (e.g., style of language for a particular form shouldn’t) of text. The way language is used is one c. Avoid exclamation marks unless of the clearest indicators of a well- they are part of a direct written text. It enables the writer to quotation. effectively communicate ideas without d. Mention the full name of an confusing the reader. Effective institution or organization with language used is achieved by observing the abbreviation in parenthesis, the following time-tested principles in first mention. Thereafter, use inwriting. the abbreviation. a. Use clear and concise e. Numbers from zero to ten should sentences. On average, a be spelled out while numbers sentence is 18words long. Note higher than ten should be written that this does not require every in figures. sentence to be composed of f. Generally, citations are used in exactly 18 words. academic and formal texts. However, they are sparingly used in business texts.  simple act of adding a comma completely changed the meaning of the statement. Capitalization Is the act of writing the first letter of a word in uppercase while the rest of the letters are in lowercase. There are rules in capitalization that one must remember. Below are a few examples of words that require capitalization: proper nouns - Luffy, Manila proper adjectives – Canadian days of the week - Sunday months of the year – January specific course titles - Theater 10 Spelling kinship names used in place of When you write, always make sure that personal names and are followed you are consistently using one standard by personal names: Grandma, Dad, regarding the spelling of your words. Aunt Paz, Uncle Alvina. Remember that there are slight differences in adjectives, verbs, adverbs, nouns, American English spelling and British English and pronouns in a title and the first spelling. and last word in a title: Through the Punctuation Looking-Glass, and What Alice Is the act of using a system of symbols Found There (literature) such as the comma, period, quotation historical periods, events, marks, question marks, etc. that are used to documents: Great Depression, the give structure to and organize a text. The use Renaissance, the Constitution of punctuation guides the reader regarding how the text should be read. SESSION 4: Examples: IDENTIFY CLAIMS OF FACT, I love to paint portraits I would paint POLICY, AND VALUE one every day if I had the time. When reading texts critically, it is imperative I love to paint portraits. I would paint that you identify the type of claims or the one every day if I had the time. This book is dedicated to my parents, approach to the topic, to see the main Noel and Corazon. argument. Although we focus on critical This book is dedicated to my parents, reading, it is useful to note that these claims Noel, and Corazon. may also be used when you write your own paper. To identify the claims, focus on the first Explanation: The first example does not and last sentences of the paragraph. The make use of proper punctuation marks, while details in each paragraph will also guide you the second example presents two as to whether a text supports or opposes a sentences that are correctly punctuated. certain claim or argument. In the third example, the sentence denotes that the author’s parents are Noel What are claims? and Corazon. In the fourth example, the use of Whenever you read something, you find the serial comma denotes that the book is yourself looking for the writer’s point or dedicated to four persons: the author’s mom, position regarding the chosen topic. That the author’s dad, Noel, and Corazon. The point is also known as the claim, or the central argument or thesis statement of the Is this statement true or false? How text. This claim is what the writer tries to can its truthfulness be verified? prove in the text by providing details, Is this claim controversial or explanations, and other types of evidence. As debatable? such, it is usually found in the introduction or Example: in the first few paragraphs of the text. Sometimes people use Facebook, The claim is the most important part of the Twitter, and other social media to bully one text. The quality and complexity of the reading another. depend on the claim because the claim defines the paper’s direction and scope. The Example: claim is a sentence that summarizes the It is wrong to use social media to bully people. most important thing that the writer wants to say as a result of his/her thinking, reading, or 2. A CLAIM OF VALUE argues that writing. something is good or bad, or right or Characteristics of a good claim wrong or that one thing is better than 1. A claim should be argumentative and another thing. Claims of value attempt debatable. to explain how problems, situations, or 2. A claim should be specific and focused. issues ought to be valued. 3. A claim should be interesting and engaging. 4. A claim should be logical. To discover these explanations, you may ask the following questions: Which claims endorse what is good TYPES OF CLAIMS or right? 1. A CLAIM OF FACT - makes an assertion What qualities should be about something that can be proved or considered good? Why? disproved with factual evidence. However, Which of these values contend with keep in mind the basic quality of claims, others? Which ones are more that they must be debatable, and offer an important, and why? assertion about an issue. So, a claim of fact for a logical argument cannot simply Example: consist of a statistic or proven fact. It It is wrong to use social media to bully needs, instead, to focus on an assertion people. which uses facts to back it up, but for which the evidence might still be 3. A CLAIM OF POLICY argues that debatable. In other words, if you make a certain conditions should exist, or that claim of fact, you show factual evidence something should or should not be (examples, data, research reports) that done, in order to solve a problem. prove your claim. Claims of policy defend actionable plans, usually answer “how” Claims of fact usually answers a “what” questions. question. When determining whether The following questions will be useful in something is a claim of fact, the following evaluating a claim of policy: questions are useful: Does the claim suggest a specific Is this issue related to a possible remedy to solve the problem? cause or effect? Is the policy clearly defined?  Is the need for the policy decisions. Also, notice that the last words in established? the poem rhyme: sigh, I, and by; hence and Is the policy the best one available? difference. For whom? How does the policy 2. Expressive – This type of discourse is solve the problem? commonly found in academic journals, Example: letters, diaries, and blogs. It is a personal There should be criminal charges narrative and is typically written in the first- brought against people who use social media person point of view. In the process, the writer to bully people. reveals something about his or her identity. In literary terms, expressive discourses are SESSION 5: referred to as creative nonfiction. LITERARY VS. ACADEMIC Example: The Diary of a Young Girl (An Excerpt) By Anne Frank Sunday, 21 June DISCOURSE 1942. Everyone at school is waiting to hear what happens next. Who will move up a LITERARY DISCOURSE class, and who will stay down? We’re all trying to guess! I think my girlfriends and I will A literary discourse is generally focused on be OK, though we’ll have to wait patiently to creative works, including nonfiction. Also, it find out. Most of my teachers like me, but old includes texts that are used strictly for Mr. Keesing gets angry with me because I business communication. The following are often talk too much! He made me do some the three types of literary discourse: extra homework and write about ‘Someone Who Talks Too Much.’ 1. Poetic – This type of discourse is Explanation: Based on the passage, the writer commonly found in creative works like is describing what she felt while waiting for poems, novels, short stories, and plays. It the big announcement in school. She focuses on how language is used to form describes what she is like in school— themes and convey ideologies. Some talkative—and how sociable she is as most of meanings in creative works are explicit, while her teachers like her. some are implied, especially in poems. Ordinary words, especially those used in a 4. Transactional – This type of discourse poem, are made appealing through sound is commonly found in instructional patterns. materials, advertisements, and editorial articles, among others. It is Example: The Road Not Taken (An Excerpt) By Robert Frost directive in nature as it provides I shall be telling this with a sigh detailed information on how something Somewhere ages and ages hence: is done or achieved. Moreover, it Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— encourages the reader to do something I took the one less traveled by, or to take action. And that has made all the difference. Example: How to Cook Chicken Tinola Ingredients: Explanation: In the text, the author used the 1/2 kg chicken wings roads as a metaphor for making life 1 red onion peeled and sliced. 1 clove of garlic, peeled and crushed. 1 small ginger peeled and julienned. 1 small green papaya, peeled and cut into Medea, although elicits pity from the wedges. audience during the first part of the play as an 1-2 stalks of malunggay 1 teaspoon of salt abandoned wife and mother, in the end, is 1 teaspoon of pepper feared and abhorred as she 3-4 cups of water proves to be aware of how wicked her deeds are and yet would not have it the other way Procedure: around: “I understand what evil I am about to 1. Prepare all the ingredients. do but my wrath is stronger even than my 2. Heat the pan in a medium flame. Add 2–3 thoughts…” (Euripides 27). tablespoons of oil. 3. Sauté garlic, onion, and ginger. Add chicken Explanation: The text is a review of Euripides’ wings and sauté for 3–4 minutes. famous play Medea. The critic, although 4. Pour 3–4 cups of water. Let it simmer. stating his or her insights of the play, writes in 5. Add the papaya. Simmer until the chicken an objective tone, using the third person point becomes tender. of view. Moreover, the review does not use a 6. Add the malunggay leaves. 7. Add salt and figure of speech or idiomatic expression to pepper to taste. 8. Serve and enjoy. describe, elaborate, or prove a point. Explanation: The recipe above shows the Structures or formats of academic instructions in cooking chicken tinola. It discourses may vary depending on the is a list that shows the step-by-step detail in approved or recommended style guide to use. coking the dish. Below is a general format. ACADEMIC DISCOURSE 1. Introduction – In this part, the writer states the significance of the topic - An academic discourse is expository or and the issues that need to be argumentative in nature. Sometimes, it addressed. Also, the writer presents an individual’s insights mentions the objectives of the regarding a concept or method in a discourse and how it may be scholarly way. beneficial or detrimental. 2. Body – In this part, the writer Unlike other discourses, an academic discusses the methods of gathering discourse uses formal language and the third information. He or she then person point of view; it maintains an objective presents the findings and interprets tone. It avoids using figures of speech and them. Moreover, he or she idiomatic expressions, including biased or formulates arguments and supports stereotyped and sexist language. Its them with evidence. examples include essays, journals, book 3. Conclusion – In this part, the writer reviews, synthesis, literature review, and reiterates the claims and asserts his research, among others. or her stand. He or she may include insights and recommendations for Example: Medea is portrayed as an further studies. empowered woman in the Euripides’ play. It is a far cry from how women were viewed and represented in the Ancient Greece. Women then were mainly portrayed as in charge of producing children, taking care of them, and being a mistress of the household. Medea’s character defies and challenges conformities. Her deeds, though evil in nature, stem from the strength of her mind… REFERENCES https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/santiago-high-school/english-unit-3/reading-and-thinking- strategies-across-text-types-adopted-from-adm-of-deped-credit-is-due-to-the-real-owner-of-this- adm/22447443 https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/eastern-visayas-state-university/bs-entrepreneurship/reading-and- writing-skills-q3-m2/51975915 Reading-and-Writing-Skills-11-Daily-Lesson-Plan-Second-Semester-Third-Quarter-1.pdf https://www.academia.edu/34256187/READING_AND_WRITING_First_Quarter_Period_PROPERTIES_OF_A_ WELL-WRITTEN_TEXThttps://www.slideshare.net/KatrinaClaireLandich/properties-of-a-well-written-text- 88147656https://prezi.com/no9hl-ogy538/properties-of-a-well-written- text/https://quizlet.com/168734194/properties-of-a-well-written-text-flash -cards/54 Retrieved on: August 29. 2024