Reading and Writing Skills PDF

Reading and Writing Skills iREBYU LESSON 1: GENRE AS TYPE OF LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF A WRITING WELL-WRITTEN TEXT Narrative Writing - Tells a story 1. Organization - Refers to how a logical Fictional Narrative - Story...

Reading and Writing Skills iREBYU LESSON 1: GENRE AS TYPE OF LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF A WRITING WELL-WRITTEN TEXT Narrative Writing - Tells a story 1. Organization - Refers to how a logical Fictional Narrative - Story from arrangement of ideas in a text can be imagination created. Nonfictional Narrative - Story from This is also known as an arrangement that actual events refers to the structural framework for writing. A text is considered organized when ideas What does an effective narrative look like? are accurately and logically arranged with a Has a clear focus or main point focus on the arrangements of ideas, Presents event in a chronological or time incidents, evidence, or details in a definite order order in a paragraph, essay, or speech. Has a well-developed plot Uses sensory details Text Structure Uses the elements of a narrative - Refers to the framework of a text’s Uses effective sentence structures beginning, middle, and end. Different narrative and expository genres have different purposes and different audiences, FORMS OF NARRATIVE WRITING so they require different text structures. Beginnings and endings help link the text Fictional Narratives - Literary texts that tell into a coherent whole. a story about imagined people, events, and ideas. Contains literary elements such as THREE MAJOR PARTS OF A TEXT character, setting, sequence of events, and a theme 1. Beginning - Also called as the lead or the Has well-developed conflict and resolution hook. It introduces the readers to the Has interesting and believable elements purpose of the writing by introducing Uses a range of literary strategies characters or setting (for narrative) or the Non-fiction Narratives - Stories about real topic, thesis, or argument (for expository people, events, and ideas. writing). Includes well-developed conflict and 2. Middle - The organization of the middle of resolution, interesting and believable a piece of writing depends on the genre. characters, and a range of literary Researchers have identified five basic strategies, such as dialogue and suspense. organizational structures: sequence,  description, cause and effect, compare and FORMS OF FICTION NARRATIVES contrast, and problem and solution. 3. End/Conclusion - It is the restatement of ​ Realistic Fiction - Portrays invented the thesis and major points, showing how the characters and events in everyday writer has proven his/her position. Possible situations. implications of what has been discussed and ​ Fantasy Stories - Highly imaginative writer’s conclusion may also be included. writing that contains elements not found in real-life. 2. Coherence and Cohesion - Refers how the concepts, details, and ideas are connected. ​ Historical Fiction - Imaginary people living in real times and places of history. Cohesion - Refers to connectivity in a text ​ Mystery Stories - Present unexplained Coherence - Refers to how easy it is to or strange events that characters try understand the writing to solve. A. Arrangement of details according to: ​ Myths - Explains actions of gods or the origins of the elements of nature. ​ Generally handed by word of mouth 1. Chronological Order - The details are for generations arranged in the order in which they happened. ​ Legends - Widely told stories about the past, one that may or may not 2. Spatial Order - The sentences of a have foundation in fact. paragraph are arranged according to ​ Usually contains fantastic details such as incredible feats of strength or geographical location, such as left-to-right, supernatural beings up-to-down, etc. ​ Science Fiction - Imaginary stories 3. Emphatic Order - Is when information that involve science or technology. found in a paragraph is arranged to emphasize certain points depending on the ​ Tall Tales - Tell stories about writer’s purpose. larger-than-life characters in real-life settings. B. Signal Devices - Words that give readers ​ The characters may perform amazing an idea of how the points in your paragraph acts of strength and bravery are progressing. 1. Transitions - Words that connect one idea FORMS OF NON-FICTION NARRATIVES to another, in order for our ideas to flow smoothly. Examples: since, because, then, ​ Personal Narratives - Tell true stories also, furthermore, moreover, though, about events in a person’s life.  however, yet, still, too, for example, ​ Biographical Narratives - Accounts of specifically, there, wherever, most a person’s life written by someone importantly, indeed, in fact, to be sure, so else. that, to sum up, in conclusion 2. Repetitions - Repetitions of main ideas ​ Diary and Journal Entries - Highly personal experiences, thoughts, and keep continuity and highlight important feelings. ideas. ​ The audience is private unless the 3. Synonyms - These are words similar in author chooses to share meaning to important words or phrases that prevent tedious repetitions. ​ Blogs - Online journals that may 4. Pronouns - Words that connect readers to include autobiographical narratives, reflections, opinions, and other types the original word that the pronouns replace of comments. 3. Language Use - Refers to the structures ​ Eyewitness Accounts - Focuses on used, rules, manner of written or spoken historical or other important events. language employed by the writer or the speaker. ​ Memoirs - Somebody’s meaningful scenes in his/her life and experiences. 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE ​ Reflective Essays - Personal LANGUAGE experiences that focus on sharing observations and insights while 1. Concrete and Specific Language - thinking about these experiences. Concrete language involves tangible qualities/characteristics and things we know ​ Descriptive Writing - Expresses ideas and feelings about real or imagined through our senses. Specific language people, events, and ideas. designates particular items or individual ​ Uses precise sensory expressions to cases. create vivid images and figurative language to express ideas in new, 2. Concise Language - It involves using the fresh, and interesting ways. most appropriate terms to get one’s point across. It means using a minimal amount of What does an effective descriptive essay look like? effective terms to convey one’s argument. To Has a clear focus and sense of purpose make sentences more succinct, writers must Uses sensory details and precise words avoid unnecessary words in their sentences. Presents details in a logical order 3. Familiar Language - It refers to FORMS OF DESCRIPTIVE WRITING words/terms that the reader easily ​ Travel Essays - Use sensory words to  describe a place recognizes and understands because they ​ Definition Essays - Describe use them regularly. something abstract, for example courage or friendship, drawn from the 4. Precise Language - Through the use of writer’s emotional experience. precise language, vocabulary of specific ​ Expository Writing - Intends to communicate ideas and information nouns and vivid verbs, you can construct ​ Relies on facts to inform explain clear mental images and avoid wordiness. ​ The introductory paragraph uses a Moreover, the use of precise language, using thesis statement which is the main the fewest possible words without sacrificing point to be developed; the body meaning, makes your writing more provides facts about the topic and understandable: uses transitions; and the conclusion sums up the ideas. 1. Constructive Language - Expresses a potentially negative in a positive way, while What does an effective expository text destructive language leads the reader to look like? blame and criticism, causing defensiveness. Contains detailed information and 2. Formality of Language - Should conform explanation about a specific topic to the formality of the situation and the Uses an effective introduction and relationship between the writer and the conclusion Has a well-organized structure reader. Uses a variety of sentence structures and transitions 4. Mechanics - Refers to the technicalities of Uses effective and error-free sentence the word or sentence structure that focuses structures on subject-verb agreement, prepositions, tenses, grammar, spelling, capitalization, FORMS OF EXPOSITORY WRITING abbreviations, and/or punctuation marks. ​ Analytical Essay - Explores a topic by supplying relevant information in the form of facts, examples, reasons, and LESSON 3: CLAIMS valid inferences. ​ Compare and Contrast Essay - What is a claim? Explores similarities and differences -​ A claim is a statement or assertion between two or more things for a that presents an idea, belief, or specific purpose. argument as true. It is the main point or proposition in an argument, and it ​ Cause and Effect Essay - Traces the serves as the foundation for result of an event or describes the persuading or informing an audience. reasons an event happened. A claim can be factual, value-based, or ​ Classification Essay - Organizes a  subject into categories and explains action-oriented, depending on its the category in which an item falls. purpose. ​ Problem and Solution Essay - Presents CHARACTERISTICS OF A CLAIM: and offers a solution to that problem. 1. Assertive ​ Pro-con Essay - Examines arguments 2. Debatable for and against an idea or topic. 3. Supported by Evidence 4. Focused ​ Newspaper and Magazine Articles - Offer information about news and Explicit Claims - These are clearly and events. directly stated in a text or speech. They ​ Internet Articles - Similar to require no inference, as the meaning is newspaper and magazine articles but clearly expressed. provide more visuals. Implicit Claims - These are simplified or ​ On-demand Writing - Essay questions suggested rather than directly stated. They that appear on school tests. require the audience to interpret or infer the meaning based on context, tone, or evidence ​ Persuasive Writing - Aims to convince the reader to adopt an opinion or a provided. course of action. TYPES OF CLAIM What does an effective persuasive text 1. Claim of Fact - A claim of fact asserts that look like? something is true or false, exists or does not Has a clear thesis exist, or that something happened or did not Uses round reasoning Uses powerful language happen. Objective and verifiable. Presents detailed and relevant evidence and references KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF A CLAIM OF Presents alternatives and counter FACT: arguments Verifiable Uses clear organization Objective Provides a clear conclusion Neutral Language Uses effective and error-free sentence structures HOW TO SUPPORT A CLAIM OF FACT: FORMS OF PERSUASIVE WRITING Statistical Evidence Expert Testimony ​ Editorials - State the opinion of Research Studies editors and publishers of news Historical or Current Examples organizations.  ​ Op-ed Piece - Tries to convince 2. Claim of Value - A claim of value asserts readers to agree with the writers’ that something is good or bad, right or views on an issue (the writer may not wrong, moral or immoral, or better or worse work for the publication and is an compared to something else. These claims expert or has an interesting point of are rooted in values, ethics, or judgements view). and often reflect societal, cultural, or ​ Letters to the Editor - Letters sent to personal standards. Subject and print and internet publications to judgement-based. express opinions in response to previously published articles. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF A CLAIM OF VALUE: ​ Reviews - Evaluate items and activities, such as books, plays, and Subjective Judgement music from the writers’ point of view. Value-Laden Language Requires Defense ​ Advertisements -Paid announcements that try to convince people to buy or HOW TO SUPPORT A CLAIM OF VALUE: do something. Appeal to Shared Values Provide Examples ​ Propaganda - Uses emotional appeals and often biased, false, or misleading Cite Authorities or Experts information to persuade people to Use Comparison think or act a certain way. 3. Claim of Policy - A claim of policy argues TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND for a specific course of action to be taken or ORGANIZING INFORMATION avoided. It asserts that something should or Brainstorming - It is a technique in selecting ought to be done to address a problem or and organizing information where the ideas issue. These claims are future-oriented and are being accumulated from individuals typically aim to persuade an audience to and/or group of individuals. adopt a change, implement a solution, or follow a particular course of action. BRAINSTORMING METHODS KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF A CLAIM OF ​ Idea Map - It is a visual representation of the gathered ideas. POLICY: ​ Ideal List - It is a simple Focus on Action brainstorming method where ideas Problem-Solution Structure are listed down. Supported by Evidence ​ Outlining - It helps organize ideas in a thoughtful manner. Outlining covers HOW TO SUPPORT A CLAIM OF POLICY: how the main ideas and subsidiary State the Problem Clearly ideas are arranged in sequence.  Propose a Clear Solution OUTLINING METHODS Address Potential Counterarguments Topic Outline & Sentence Outline ​ Using Graphic Organizers - Visual representations display connections among concepts or ideas. These organizers can make the information and details easy to comprehend. EXAMPLES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS T-chart Main Idea Web Sequence Chart Venn Diagram Concept Map