Reading and Writing Skills - PDF

‘’’ Reading and Writing Skills  How are you today?  Grading System Written Works 35 Performance Task 30 Exam 35 Bible Verse “Whatever you have learned or received or heard from me, or seen in me, put it into practice and the God of peace will be with you.”...

‘’’ Reading and Writing Skills  How are you today?  Grading System Written Works 35 Performance Task 30 Exam 35 Bible Verse “Whatever you have learned or received or heard from me, or seen in me, put it into practice and the God of peace will be with you.” -Philippians 4:9  Graduate Attributes- Values Integration Truth Seeker: Foster critical thinking in comparing and contrasting patterns of written texts across disciplines. Values Integration: Critical Thinking Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson the learners are expected to: a.identify the different patterns of paragraph development. b.write a short paragraph using any mode of paragraph development. Lesson 1 Patterns of Text Development Introduction Development of ideas requires analysis to see how those ideas relate in order to form a unified and organized stretch of coherent text. A well- developed text is a result of in depth understanding and skillful use of methods and patterns of development. Introduction It has a topic sentence. It has smooth transaction from one sentence to the next. It is based on one or more methods of development. By understanding the patterns of paragraph development, you will find ease in writing. Introduction The patterns of paragraph development provide flexibility in expressing yourself in written form with interest, confidence and competence. They help you sort out information and shape them into meaningful text. The Nature of Writing: What is Writing? Writing may be defined as any conventional system of marks or signs that represents the utterances of a language.  Patterns of Text Development Pattern of Text Development The logical arrangement of ideas is known as the pattern of development. The pattern helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text better. Having the ability to recognize it will help you distinguish major details from minor ones and predict ideas. Pattern of Text Development There are different patterns by which ideas are developed. In determining the pattern of development of ideas in a text, note the signal words used. These signal words may help you identify the pattern of development, but it is more important that you understand the meaning of the text.  Types of Text Development Narration It is storytelling pattern of paragraph development which follows chronological sequence of events and contains the basic elements of a story: setting, characters, plot, and theme. You simply tell a story in a written form in this paragraph development.  Ondoy began to develop from an active low-pressure area to a tropical cyclone on September 24, 2009. The following day, PAGASA raised storm signals all over the Philippine archipelago. At that point, signal no. 2 was raised in Catanduanes and other parts of Luzon. By Saturday morning, reports of flooding started to pour in. Meanwhile, President Arroyo declared a state of calamity in Metro Manila. Immediately after President Arroyo’s declaration, various government agencies began the rescue and relief operations. As soon as Typhoon Ondoy exited the Philippines, more and more relief and rescue operations were conducted. Types of Narration Objective Narration A type of narration that is direct and factual or based on reality.  Dr. Jose P. Rizal was arrested and tried before a court-martial for various charges. These charges include rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy. On December 26, 1896, he was found guilty on all these charges. He was executed by firing squad in Bagumbayan, now Luneta Park, on December 30, 1896. The last words he uttered were “consummatum est” (it is finished). He was thirty-five years old. Subjective Narration A type of narration that is based on a personal interpretation.  Dr. Jose P. Rizal was unjustly arrested and tried before a court-martial for various charges. These unfair charges include rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy. He was devastated to learn of these charges and so were his countrymen and his family whom he has not seen for a long time. On December 26, 1896, he was wrongfully convicted on all these charges. He was unfortunately executed by firing squad in Bagumbayan, now Luneta Park, on December 30, 1896. The last words he uttered were “consummatum est” (it is finished). He was thirty-five years old. Description It means to tell what something is like. It appeals to the reader’s senses – sight, smell, taste, touch, and sound. You describe something using concrete and specific details or imagery which creates a clear and vivid impression of the topic.  A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a lightweight device that can save a vast amount of information. The screen, touchpad, speakers, keyboard, battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts of a laptop. The most noticeable part of a laptop is its screen, which is responsible for displaying information. Another major component is the keyboard. On it are the keys needed to enter data into the computer. Near the keyboard you will find a smooth, rectangular surface which acts like a desktop computer mouse – this is the touchpad. At the bottom part of this rectangular surface, you will see buttons that operate like a mouse button.  Types of Description Objective Description. A type of description that is without any judgement. Example: The PTCA president Mr. Jose Reyes, who is about to approach the podium for his speech, wears a crumpled yellow polo shirt, sports long hair, and bears a beard and a mustache. Subjective Description. A type of description that is based on a personal attitude towards a subject, often impressionistic, and thus a bit generalized and hasty. Example: The PTCA president Mr. Jose Reyes, who is about to deliver speech, appears like a homeless person in his untidy clothes and unshaved face. Definition It is a pattern of development intended to answer question: “What is it?” The purpose is to explain the meaning of a word, concept or idea. A definition identifies a term and sets it apart from all other terms that may be related to it. Definition Usually, definitions begin by mentioning the general class to which a term belongs, then provide specifics to distinguish the term from other members of that class.  Social engineering is defined as any method which tricks people to share personal information using technology. The ‘social’ component in this scheme means that there is reliance on various psychological tricks and on the gullibility of users rather than technical hacking. Social engineering also refers to various malicious acts online such as phishing, spamming, and pretexting. Comparison and Contrast Comparison and contrast is one of the patterns of text development. Comparison is used when the writer wants to points out the similarities between or among ideas, while contrast is used when the writer wants to point out the difference between or among ideas.  Communication may be expressed through speaking and writing. Both are considered productive skills because they allow production of sounds and symbols. However, they differ in terms of how they are being carried out by people. Classification It is a pattern of development which shows the process of sorting items for the purpose of grouping those similar characteristics and distinguishing them from those with different characteristics.  Earthquakes can be classified into three main types based on the plate movements. The first type is known as a convergent boundary. Also known as destructive plate boundary, this type of earthquake happens when two tectonic plates move toward one another and collide. The second type of earthquake is called divergent boundary. During this type of earthquake, two plates are forced to move away from each other resulting in a rift zone. The last type is called the conservative plate boundary or transform fault. During this type of earthquake, two tectonic plates slide one another. Cause and Effect The very purpose of establishing cause and effect in paragraph is to point out to your readers the relationship between events or situations. Aside from this, you also point out to them to the possible consequences. Cause and Effect When you intend to analyze why something occurred or happened, you are to discuss the cause. When you intend to analyze the end-product or result brought about something, you are to discuss the effect.  The advancement in technology and economy has created major changes in modern society. One of these changes is globalization. As we know, globalization has affected the world in many ways. First, it served as a catalyst to worldwide trading, thus allowing countries to access foreign products. Although this had positive effects, it also posed a real threat to the merchandise of local traders. Second, globalization affected the financial market. As a result, different countries had more access to funds, and the exchange in national currencies dramatically increased. Finally, globalization also led the privatization of various facilities, such as public health institutions. Problem-Solution It presents a problem and explains a solution to the problem. If the writer aims to convince the reader of a best solution, the paragraph must be persuasive. Steps in Problem-Solution 1. Identify the problem. 2. Describe the problem. 3. Determine the solution/s. 4. Explain how the solution/s can help.  Today, most of the energy resources we have generated from coal, oil, and natural gas. However, these resources are limited. If continuously consumed at an alarming rate, fossils necessary for generating power to operate vehicles and factories will run out before long. Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved using alternative sources of energy and conservation efforts. By using alternative sources of energy such as solar energy and fusion energy would lessen pollution. These alternatives are actually more accessible and cost-efficient. Although there are some potential risks in using fusion energy, these risks can be mitigated by implementing strict safety measures. To do this, governments need to make public more aware of the benefits of conservation, as well as ways of conserving energy, such as recycling. Persuasion It expresses strong opinion about something to get other minds to agree to the main topic or to the idea being presented. For this purpose, you must remember the following. Things to Remember When Persuading 1. Identify an issue, a debatable issue. 2. Articulate your stance by stating clearly opinion. 3. Focus on your purpose. 4. Develop supporting evidence to your point. 5. Recognize and respond to counter opinion. 6. Use critical thinking to strengthen your argument. 7. Avoid misleading and illogical reasoning. 8. Provide concluding statement regarding your stance on the issue.  Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is an act to end a person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a terminal or grave illness. While it may be supported by some, mercy killing is not only an unethical medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most basic level, euthanasia still takes a life. In fact, majority of the countries in the world, including those that have legalized it, consider it as homicide. Aside from being a crime, euthanasia is unethical in the medical context because it violates the principle of “primum non nocore” which means “first, do no harm.” In their code of ethics, doctors have responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them, which is why euthanasia can never be acceptable.  Paragraph Development Paragraph A paragraph is a group of sentences organized to discuss a topic. In fact, the main rule of paragraph writing is to focus on one idea or topic. Parts of a Paragraph Topic Sentence Supporting Sentences Concluding Sentence Topic Sentence. A topic sentence presents the topic of the paragraph. It will serve as a guide for the writer to keep his or her writing under control. This is why, a topic sentence is called the "controlling idea" of a paragraph. Below is an example of a topic sentence. There are three reasons why I prefer walking to other physical activities. The sentence above shows that the topic is about walking. It will guide the writer to focus only on the reasons why he or she prefers walking to other physical activities. Supporting Sentences. The Supporting sentences serve as the body of your paragraph. This is where you elaborate your topic by including specific details or evidences. All of the sentences in the body must relate to the topic sentence. These sentences should be organized accordingly through the use of transitional devices. Below is an example of supporting sentences. One reason is that walking can be done easily. I can do it anywhere at any time with no need for any equipment. Also, I prefer walking because it is good for the heart. I don’t have to do much effort while walking. Lastly, I prefer this physical activity because it is safe. It is not as risky as other physical activities like swimming, racing or biking. Concluding Sentence. A concluding sentence restates what the topic of the paragraph is all about. It comes after all the details have been included in the body of the paragraph. Conclusion: thus, hence, indeed, finally, therefore, consequently, in conclusion, to conclude, as a result, in the end, and for all these reasons Summary: so, accordingly, briefly, in brief, in sum, summing up, in summary, to sum up, as can be seen, given this point, and to summarize Below is an example of a concluding sentence. For all these reasons, I consider walking the best physical activity of all. The sentence above is the concluding sentence showing the conclusion how the speaker feels about walking. It uses the transitional device for all these reasons.  There are three reasons why I prefer walking to other physical activities. One reason is that walking can be done easily. I can do it anywhere at any time with no need for any equipment. Also, I prefer walking because it is good for the heart. I don’t have to do much effort while walking. Lastly, I prefer this physical activity because it is safe. It is not as risky as other physical activities like swimming, racing or biking. For all these reasons, I consider walking the best physical activity of all. Thank You and God Bless!!!