Macro Skills and Communicative Competence PDF

Macro Skills A. ORAL SKILLS B. LITERACY SKILLS C. RECEPTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE SKILLS  A. Oral Skills 1. Listening 2. Speaking  1. Listening ⚫ Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication p...

Macro Skills A. ORAL SKILLS B. LITERACY SKILLS C. RECEPTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE SKILLS  A. Oral Skills 1. Listening 2. Speaking  1. Listening ⚫ Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication process. ⚫ There are three common modes of listening: competitive, passive and active.  2. Speaking ⚫ Speaking is done through the vocalization of human communication. ⚫ Speaking depends on the context wherein communication will take place. ⚫ Speaking can be formal or informal  B. Literacy Skills 1. Reading 2. Writing 1. Reading ⚫ Reading comprehension involves decoding symbols with the intention of deriving meaning from the text. ⚫ This can be used for sharing knowledge, for self-development or simply for relaxation 2. Writing ⚫ Writing is the process of using symbols to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form. ⚫ Writing allows for a more meaningful and in-depth transmission of ideas compared to speaking. ⚫ Follow the writing process: 1) prewriting 2) drafting 3) revising 4) proofreading 5) publishing 3. Viewing ⚫ Refers to the ability to perceive meaning from visual images and presentations ⚫ Process that supports oracy and literacy ⚫ Broadens the ways in which students can understand and communicate their ideas ⚫ non verbal communication ⚫ ways to represent ideas visually: ⯍ Drawings ⯍ Photographs ⯍Organizational graphs and charts ⯍ Videos ⯍ Multimedia ⯍ WebPages – and web based correspondence Types of viewing: ⚫ Visual Literacy  Ability to interpret meaning from visual images (Georgis, 1999)  Ability to construct effective visuals in order to convey ideas to others (Valmont, 2003; Heinich, 1999) ⚫ Critical Viewing  Ability to carefully comprehend and evaluate information presented by visual media  Ability to think critically about the composition of the picture  4. Receptive and Productive ORAL LITERACY SKILLS SKILLS RECEPTIVE Listening Reading SKILLS PRODUCTIVE Speaking Writing SKILLS Connection  Significance ⚫ To effectively communicate ⚫ To understand subtext and various aspects of communication ⚫ To solve future problems or successfully achieve objectives which essentially derive from effective communication  Significance ⚫ Toaccomplish four main purposes including: expressing wants and needs, developing social closeness, exchanging information, and fulfilling social etiquette routines (Light, 1997) Communicative Competence A. D E F I N I T I O N B. D E L L H Y M E S C. C O M P O N E N T S D. S P E A K I N G M O D E L  A. Communicative Competence ⚫ “The ability to function in a truly communicative setting.” ⚫ Not limited to linguistic forms ⚫ Social rules and context ⚫ Coined by Dell Hymes  B. Dell Hymes -language and social context -oral narratives He says… ⚫ “…a normal child acquires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical, but also as appropriate. He or she acquires competence as to when to speak, when not, and as to what to talk about with whom, when, where, in what manner. In short, a child becomes able to accomplish a repertoire of speech acts, to take part in speech events, and to evaluate their accomplishment by others.” (Hymes 1972, 277) 5 Components 1. Linguistic/Grammatical Competence ⚫ Knowledge of language code:  Phonology  Morphology  Syntax  Lexicon ⚫ It is the unconscious state of understanding of the language code, including its grammar and vocabulary, as well as the standards of written representation (orthography and script).  2. Sociolinguistic Competence ⚫ Knowledge of socio-cultural use of the language ⚫ The ability to communicate appropriately by using the right words, expressions, and attitude towards a specific topic, setting, and relationship.  2. Sociolinguistic Competence ⚫ Theappropriateness of the communication is determined by the context, the issue, and the connections between the individuals communicating.  3. Cultural Competence ⚫ Awareness and sensitivity to other’s culture and tradition.  Setting  Topic  Taboos  4. Discourse Competence ⚫ Knowledge of producing , comprehending , combing oral and written language: Organizing words, phrases, sentences ⚫ It is the ability to blend several types of language patterns into a coherent and cohesive oral or written text.  4. Discourse Competence ⚫ Consequently, discourse competency is concerned with structuring words, phrases, and sentences to produce discussions, speeches, poetry, email messages, newspaper stories, and so on.  5. Strategic Competence ⚫ Abilityto recognize, adjust and repair verbal and non verbal communication errors:  Paraphrasing  Shifting  Avoidance S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G MODEL  1. Setting and Scene ⚫ Physical circumstances ⚫ When and where communication take place Ex: Hearing in the court; simple class discussion  2. Participants ⚫ Speaker and audience Ex: friends; business tycoons  3. Ends ⚫ Purposes, goals and outcomes Ex: to persuade, to inform  4. Act Sequence ⚫ Form and order of event Ex: begin- middle-end  5. Key ⚫ Tone, manner or spirit Ex: lively, serious  6. Instrumentalities ⚫ Forms and styles of speech Ex: informal, formal  7. Norms ⚫ Social rules Ex: Do’s and Don’ts  8. Genre ⚫ Kind of speech act or event Ex: anecdotes to entertain or to give moral lessons.  Lyle Bachman ⚫ 1990- Language Competence ⚫ Grammatical and Discourse (Textual) ⚫ Functional (Illocutionary) and Sociolinguistic ⚫ Strategic  John Gumperz “Communicative competence is going beyond mere description of language patterns”  James Cummins ⚫ CALP- Cognitive/Academic Language Proficiency  School oriented language- Context Reduced ⚫ BICS- Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills  Face to face communication- Context Embedded ⚫ Basically, greatly developing one’s macro skills promotes communicative competence. ⚫ The macro skills play a key role in fostering learners’ communicative competence since: ✓ they are the manifestations of interpreting and producing a spoken or written piece of discourse ✓ as well as a way of manifesting the rest of the components of the communicative competence construct.