Reading and Writing Skills Handouts PDF

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL...

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL READING AND WRITING SKILLS HANDOUTS LESSON 1: TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE The word text is derived from the Latin texere – to weave TEXT - It is generally considered as written material, especially longer pieces of writing as in book, a letter of newspaper. TEXT It can be used for both written and spoken language. It usually refers to a stretch, an extract or complete piece of writing or speech. It generally adheres to broad conventions and rules which determine the language and structure used in particular text types. Cook (1989) defines text as a stretch of language interpreted formally, without context. Qualities of a Text (Jorgensen and Phillips) 1. Cohesion- parts are connected. 2. Coherence – overall text has meaning 3. Intentionality – writer’s attitude can be discerned. 4. Acceptability – text is recognized. 5. Informativity – there is quantity of new info 6. Situationality – the topic is situationally and culturally appropriate. 7. Intertextuality. – text can be linked to preceding discourse. “Our access to reality is always through language. Other signs, symbols and even objects are real, but all these gain meaning through discourse.”(Jorgenssen & Phillips, 2002) Discourse: From the Latin word DISCURSUS which denotes conversation speech. A serious and lengthy speech or piece of writing about a topic. Something that is spoken. Cook (1989) - defines discourse as a stretch of language perceived to be meaningful, unified and purposive. Text as Connected Discourse It is the use of words to exchange thoughts and ideas in an orderly and organized manner. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL What make a written text a connected discourse? Written Text It is described as written discourse, especially when a simple analysis of it reveals that it is connected discourse. Written Text acquires the characteristics of connected discourse when: 1. Its ideas linked logically. 2. There is logical organization and development of the theme. 3. There is use of repetition, reference, conjunctions, connectives and other transitional devices. 1. Its ideas linked logically Here are some steps to make a logical division of idea paragraph: a. Begin a logical division paragraph with a topic sentence. b. In the supporting sentences, discuss each point one after the other c. Introduce each new point with a signal or phrase. d. In addition, support each point with a convincing detail such as an example or a statistic (numbers, amounts, percentages) e. Finally, end a logical division with a concluding sentence. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL 2. There is logical organization and development of the theme. In considering organization of a discourse, consider its central theme. A CENTRAL THEME is the key, the core, the significant message of a reading selection. 3. There is the use of repetition, reference, conjunctions, connectives and other transitional devices. Connected discourse flows smoothly and easily from one sentence to another, clarifying the relationships among ideas and thus allowing the reader to grasp connections. CONNECTIVES are words that link or connect ideas within your writing. They can be used within sentences to link two or more points together. They can also be used to link ideas together in separate sentences and/or paragraphs. PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT Patterns of Development Narration Description Compare and contrast Classification Definition Process Cause and effect Problem-solution WHAT IS IT? Patterns of development help us sort out information and shape paragraphs or essays. They can help organize an outline or depending on the purpose they can determine the form that a paper will take. 1. DEFINITION A definition explains what a term means. When you want your readers to know exactly how you are using a certain term, you use definition. Pattern Characteristics Definition: The topic sentence introduces a key word or phrase, followed by one or more meanings. Often the key word or phrase is in italics or boldface. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL The paragraph fleshes out the definition by giving an example of the word in context or providing some general background. Signal words -Is defined as -As defined as -Means -Refers to -illustrate Types of Definition 1. Formal definition the definitions provided by the dictionaries are examples of formal definition which generally include three elements: (a)term, (b)class and (c) differentiating features. Example: Science is the field of study which aims to describe and understand the nature of the universe in whole or part. 2. Informal definition a) Operational definition give the meaning of an abstract word for one particular time and place. Example: an excellent score is when you get more than 95% in the test. b) synonyms, or words that mean the same as another word. Example: a student’s intelligence (or mental capacity) is measured by using intelligence quotient (iq) c) Denotation the exact meaning of the word and connotation – an idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing. Define denotatively and connotatively chick Denotation: young bird/domestic chicken Connotation: girl/woman dead Denotation: absence of life Connotation: quiet setting crazy Denotation: insane; mentally unstable Connotation: wild and exciting 3. Definition paragraph is a definition sentence which is extended into paragraph by adding meanings, descriptions, narrations, and other kinds of development to make clear the term being defined. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Definition Pattern: Example Anger is having a feeling of hatred toward someone or something. It is one of our basic emotions and can be most dangerous if it is not carefully controlled. A person can become angry when he/ she cannot fulfill some basic needs or desire that is important to him/ her. For example, a child may become angry when he cannot play outside with his friends. An adult may become angry when he does not receive a raise in pay that he expected. Mentally, anger can interfere with our thoughts, making it difficult to think clearly. Physically, it may cause violent reactions in the muscles and in the nervous system. This causes an angry person to flush and tremble and to show other signs of disturbance. A person can be dangerous if he/ she is in angry mood because he/ she can develop feelings of hostility and hatred toward another person, which can then often turn violent. 2. EXEMPLIFICATION Provides examples and illustrations in order to further clarify or explain the concept or subject matter. Presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL 3. NARRATION - The most basic pattern of development - Describes how, when, and where an event occurrence actually happened. - Used to tell a story or focus on a set of related events. - can also be in a form of a process. - some writers consider this also as chronology - organizes ideas or events according to time. SIGNAL WORDS First, Second, Next, Then, Soon, Finally, Eventually Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL 4. DESCRIPTION the pattern of development which goes into details about a specific object, person, or location in order to firmly set its appearance. What does it look like? What are its characteristics? CHARACTERISTICS OF DESCRIPTION has a clear focus and sense of purpose uses sensory details and precise words presents details in a logical order DESCRIPTION appeals to the reader’s senses should have a concrete and specific details WRITING GENRES Literary Analysis Descriptive Essays Business Plans Lab Reports Research Papers Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL TWO KINDS OF DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH 1. OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION it describes something without conveying the writer’s own emotions. it is used in technical or scientific writing but can also be used in other kinds of writing. 2. SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION it conveys feelings and emotions about a person, place, or thing. in addition to conveying impressions, subjective descriptions contain specific details. Types of imagery Visual – pertains to graphics, visual scenes, pictures or sense of sight. Auditory – pertains to sounds, noises, music, or the sense of hearing. Olfactory – pertains to odors, scents, or the sense of smell. Gustatory – pertains to flavors or the sense of taste. Tactile – pertains to physical structure or sense of touch. Key points to remember! 1. Be alert with your senses. 2. Decide which impression will you emphasize. 3. Select details to convey the desired description. 4. Don’t catalog. 5. Put things first. 6. Be brief but accurate. 7. Use vivid, specific words. 8. Use comparisons. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL 9. Use transitional devices as guideposts. 5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST The similarities and/or differences between two topics are discussed in detail. The comparison and contrast pattern has to have two topics. Transitions such as in contrast, similarly, and however turn up frequently. The supporting details describe similarities and/or differences. TWO WAY: 1. Subject-by-subject method: you present all the facts and supporting details about one topic, and then you give all the facts and supporting details about the other topics. subject a: ________________ point 1 point 2 subject b: _________________ point 1 point 2 2. Point-by-point method: you discuss each point for both subjects before going on to the next point. point 1: ________________ subject a subject b point 2: _________________ subject a subject b Key points to remember: a. Things compared should belong to the same class. b. Comparison should be based on the same set of measurement. c. Dangling comparisons should be avoided. d. Use the comparative degree in comparing two things, objects and places. e. Use superlative for emphasis. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Comparison and Contrast Pattern: Men have a harder time adjusting to widowhood than women do. Although both sexes suffer profoundly at the loss of a spouse, men seem to have more problems. They have difficulty, for instance, managing the household chores once performed by their wives. They also have difficulty keeping in touch with old friends because it was the wife who, in the past, kept up the couple’s social network. 6. CAUSE AND EFFECT The paragraph explains how one event produced or set off another event or train of events. The paragraph is likely to include verbs like caused, triggered, created and induced. includes transitions such as consequently, as a result, due to, and in response Pattern Characteristics Cause: it is what makes a particular thing happen. Effect: it is what results from a particular situation. EXAMPLE: Global warming Cause: too much carbon dioxide Effect: intense temperatures around the world. TWO WAYS 1. Identify the effect in the topic sentence and write about its causes. 2. Write about the cause in the topic sentence and write its effects. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Cause-and-Effect Pattern: Cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth’s population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons for this occurrence. First, the increasing industrialization of the 19th century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which are located in the cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better material life, attracted many people from rural areas. Second, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers. The promise of a better education persuaded many families to leave farming places and move to the cities. Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture. For many people, these facilities made city life appear more interesting than life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities. 7. CLASSIFICATION Is the activity of sorting items (people, things, idea) into categories. It is the act of locating specimen of all the different kinds of objects which possess a given characteristic. (mills and walter, 1980). Pattern Characteristics Classification: The topic sentence describes how some larger group can be broken down into smaller subgroups. topic sentences include words like categories and subgroups. topic sentence uses verbs like broken down into, analyzed, or divided. Note: 1. Terms that signal classification: aspects, kinds, brands, levels 2. Terms that signal expressions: can be divided, can be categorized, the first type, the second type. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Classification Pattern: Example The animal kingdom is divided up into groups called phyla (phylum is the singular.) Single-celled animals like amoeba, for instance, belong to the phylum called Protozoa while sponges belong to the category labeled Porifera, and round worms are classified as Nemanthelminthes. Clams and snails belong to the category called Mollusca, and insects are grouped under the heading Arthropoda. And what category are humans in? Humans, along with fish, birds and reptiles, belong to the category Chordata. 8. PROBLEM AND SOLUTION A problem and answer are suggested. Property is being spray painted. Require a license to buy spray paint. Solution Problem Don’t confuse with cause and effect since it doesn’t present a solution to the problem, rather, it only presents the effects of the problem. Problem and Solution Pattern: Many students have been getting low scores on tests and this is upsetting to parents, teachers, and students. Low test scores show that teachers aren’t teaching effectively or that students aren’t learning. Either way it’s an issue with which we are concerned. I propose the following: any teacher who is giving a test should give chance for study groups. Maybe by giving students extra opportunities to study, we can improve students’ test scores. Students might be given assistance through peer tutorial by those who will be assigned by the teacher. 9. PERSUASION Also known as argumentation Involves the development of the writer's own argument Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Sometimes involves using outside sources and references to other writers The primary function of Argumentation is for the writer to articulate his/her opinion about the issue being discussed. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Combining different methods: "Identifying plastic as a source of pollution" How plastic was developed (narration/process) Definition/description of plastic Different kinds of plastic (classification/illustration) Consequences of the use of plastic (effects) Alternative solutions offered (argumentation/comparison) PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT ❑ Organization (Structure) ❑ Coherence ❑ Language use ❑ Mechanics (Spelling, Punctuation Marks, Capitalization) Dymoch (2005) Many students have problems comprehending expository text because they can’t see the basic structure of the text. ORGANIZATION It is the structural framework for writing. It is a logical progression and completeness of ideas in a text. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL What are the important features of an organized text? 1. FOCUS I was glad when the COVID restrictions ended and the shopping mall was open. Then we all shopped and bought lots of new outfits and the most fashionable color of the year is pink. When I got home, I immediately went on Facebook to show off my clothes haul to my social media followers. RECAST I was glad when the COVID restrictions ended and the shopping mall was open. At last, I could meet with my friends and hang out at the food court. I immediately called them and they agreed to go out with me. Then we all shopped and bought lots of new outfits. When I got home, I immediately went on Facebook to show off my clothes haul to my social media followers. 2. DEVELOPMENT Each paragraph should support the center idea of the main paper. (use main idea and supporting idea) Sample Paragraph Touch is our most intimate and powerful means of communication. A doctor makes the mother feel her baby to give satisfaction after her birth labor. The mother caresses the newborn and gives the baby a feeling of love and security that will be the foundation of the self. A father taps the shoulder of his son to boost the sagging morale of the latter. A son holds his father’s hand in a final goodbye. A friend embraces another friend to drive away the latter’s loneliness. These are tactile stimulations oftentimes spell a difference. 3. UNITY -Oneness of ideas. -A unified paper shows a clear relationship between the thesis statement and topic sentences, and between the topic sentences and supporting sentences in the paragraph. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL - An entire paper focused on supporting a central point is a unified paper. TASK Topic sentence is the central idea to be developed. It may be expressed or implied. Controlling ideas are the key words in the topic sentence. They delimit the scope of the topic and help the writer to focus on the topic of the paragraph. Sample Paragraph Touch is our most intimate and powerful means of communication. A doctor makes the mother feel her baby to give satisfaction after her birth labor. The mother caresses the newborn and gives the baby a feeling of love and security that will be the foundation of the self. A father taps the shoulder of his son to boost the sagging morale of the latter. A son holds his father’s hand in a final goodbye. A friend embraces another friend to drive away the latter’s loneliness. These are tactile stimulations oftentimes spell a difference. THREE DIVISIONS Introduction – serves as a road map for the reader. It should offer the reader the direction and general ideas contained in your paper, and set up the necessary background for the paper. The introduction should lay out your central argument in a clear thesis statement. Body – contains the supporting details that are anchored to the thesis statement. Conclusion – it should restate/recap your thesis and major points, showing how you have proven your position. WRITING PARAGRAPHS DEFINITION: A paragraph is a series of sentences concerning ONE point or main idea. A paragraph should consist of — at the very least — FIVE sentences, o for what can a writer truly prove or illustrate adequately in less than a few sentences?! CONSTRUCTION *PARAGRAPH OVERVIEW* (1) Topic Sentence (2) Support (3) Clincher Sentence CONSTRUCTION (1) A paragraph should begin with a TOPIC SENTENCE, which states the main idea of the paragraph. (2) The remainder of the paragraph is devoted to SUPPORTING (proving or illustrating) that main idea. (3) A paragraph should conclude with a CLINCHER SENTENCE, a statement that reiterates the main idea of the paragraph. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL (1) TOPIC SENTENCES DEFINITION: A TOPIC SENTENCE states the main idea of the paragraph. controls the focus and organization of its paragraph. ANALOGY: a topic sentence is to a paragraph as a thesis statement is to an essay That is, just as the thesis statement guides the entire essay, so too does the topic sentence guide the entire paragraph. FORMULA: TOPIC + MAIN IDEA TOPIC: o About what are you writing? What is your subject matter, concern, focus? MAIN IDEA: o What are you saying about that topic? What is your point, message, position, meaning, purpose, goal? (2) SUPPORT Prove your point OR support your main idea with any of the following evidence: anecdotes (short narratives) examples reasons details Description Elaboration means: to add more detail, so your reader can get a clear picture of what you mean! Here are are Nine Ways to Elaborate! 1.Use Highly Descriptive Words: vivid adj.’s & adv.’s, precise V’s & N’s. 2. Give a detailed Definition of the subject or detail. 3. Provide an Example that shows your point. 4. Use Comparison: Similes and/or Metaphors. 5. Use Contrast to show how your idea is different from something else. 6. Include a Fact to support your main idea. 7. Use a Statistic (a fact in numerical form) to support your main idea. 8. Use Sensory Details that appeals to one or more of the 5 senses. 9. Use Cause & Effect to explain how 1 thing causes another. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL (2) CLINCHER SENTENCES DEFINITION: A CLINCHER SENTENCE o is the last sentence in a paragraph. o is a concluding statement that reiterates the main idea of the paragraph. In an essay, it looks forward to the next point in the following paragraph; that is, it works as a transition from one paragraph to the next. Do not simply end your paragraph once you have supported your point. o bring your essay full circle o repeat your main idea o repeat your topic sentence – not word for word, but the gist of it like a Conclusion for your paragraph *Do NOT end a paragraph with some else’s words or ideas. o especially true in researched essays o no direct quotes or paraphrases there should be no parenthetical at the end of a para. o your essay = your words PARAGRAPHS in ESSAYS The GOLDEN RULE of PARAGRAPHS *only 1 idea per paragraph* That is, discuss ONLY ONE point in each paragraph. You mentioned three points in your thesis statement, so discuss each point in its own paragraph. Thus, you will discuss ONLY ONE attribute, reason, type, role, similarity, difference, or characteristic per paragraph. Exceptions: o In a Process-Analysis essay, you may group related steps into phases and discuss such connected steps within a single paragraph. o Do the same in a Narrative essay. The SILVER RULE of PARAGRAPHS *no fewer than 5 sentences per paragraph* A paragraph should consist of — at the very least — FIVE sentences, o for what can a writer truly prove or illustrate adequately in less than a few sentences?! OVERVIEW PARAGRAPH OVERVIEW: *Follow the same level of deduction (G→S) you did in your Introduction. 1) Name (in a Topic Sentence) 2) Explain (briefly) Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL 3) Illustrate (with specific examples) 4) Conclude (with a Clincher Sentence) *no fewer than 5 sentences per paragraph* (1) TOPIC SENTENCES Definition: A TOPIC SENTENCE o states the main idea of the paragraph. o controls the focus and organization of its paragraph. Analogy: a topic sentence is to a paragraph as a thesis statement is to an essay That is, just as the thesis statement guides the entire essay, so too does the topic sentence guide the entire paragraph. To write a topic sentence, answer: What is the focus of this particular paragraph? What attribute, reason, type, role, similarity, difference, or characteristic will I discuss and illustrate in this paragraph? How is this idea related to my thesis? What transitional expression works best with the organization of my essay? Refer to your thesis statement. In your topic sentence, you will repeat 2/3 of your thesis statement. In other words, repeat the topic and the main idea. Add to that the singular point you will discuss in that paragraph: For an Example essay (Illustration or Argument) on steroids: THESIS: Steroids (topic) should be banned from professional sports (main idea) because of adverse health risks to athletes (support 1), illegitimate claims to records (support 2), and irreversible damage to the essence of sports (support 3). TOPIC SENTENCE #1: One reason to ban steroids from sports involves adverse health risks to athletes. TOPIC SENTENCE #2: In addition to the negative health risks, another reason steroids should be banned concerns illegitimate claims to legitimately achieved records. TOPIC SENTENCE #3: While dangerous health risks and cheating are strong arguments, the most important reason steroids should be banned from sports is because they cause irreversible damage to the very essence of sports and sportsmanship. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL (2) EXPLANATION After you have written your topic sentence, you should next briefly explain your point. Remember: “Brevity is the soul of wit.” o You do not want to spend more time explaining your point at the expense of illustrating it. “In other words” “That is to say” “What this means is” (3) SUPPORT You have talked the talk, now you must walk the walk. o Put up or shut up. o You have made a claim and have explained it, now you must prove it. Otherwise, all you have is opinion. Support your point with o specific, relevant, unambiguous examples o specific people and instances o details o descriptions o anecdotes o statistics (4) CLINCHER Finally, wrap up the paragraph with a clincher sentence. Similar to the clincher sentence in your Conclusion. Bring it full circle. Repeat your point: “Thus, Lyle Alzado’s case proves that steroids can detrimentally effect an athlete’s health.” Segue to your next point: “Thus, steroids can detrimentally effect an athlete’s health; they can also negatively effect the record books.” SUMMATION *PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE* (1) Name your point. (2) Explain briefly your point. (3) Illustrate your point with specific and relevant examples. (4) Repeat your point and segue to your next point. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Structure Introduction o outline of essay Main section o Main point A details, evidence o Main point B Conclusion o summary of main points o personal conclusions paragraph structure Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes consistently score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow students the best possible chances of success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on standardized tests. topic sentence Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes consistently score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow students the best possible chances of success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on standardized tests. supporting sentences Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes consistently score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow students the best possible chances of success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on standardized tests. concluding sentence Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes consistently score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on academic materials. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow students the best possible chances of success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on standardized tests. transitional sentence Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes consistently score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow students the best possible chances of success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on standardized tests. Paragraph Recipe 1. Introduce 2. Expand/justify 3. Conclude 4. Transition Sentences Paragraph Malfunction Too long (no structure) No clear idea or too many ideas Poor flow (linking words) Avoid these with outlines. Linking words First Furthermore Another In addition to However On the other hand Consequently STTC (Formula of an organized text) S ingle idea T opic sentence T (appropriate technique) C onnectives Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT ❑ Organization (Structure) ❑ Coherence ❑ Language use ❑ Mechanics (Spelling, Punctuation Marks, Capitalization) COHERENCE AND COHESION Connectedness refers to the explicit and implicit links in a text that make it a unified whole. Connectedness is divided into cohesion and coherence. Cohesion refers to explicit links and coherence refers to implicit links. COHESION The act of forming a whole unit. A subset of coherence Focused on grammatical aspect of writing. Degree to which sentences are connected. COHERENCE The quality of being logically consistent and able to be understood. A coherent passage focuses the reader’s attention on the main ideas and the specific people, things, and events you are writing about. A text will only be cohesive if cohesive ties are used. However, it will only be coherent if cohesive ties are used to create meaning. “I had the most beautiful experience when I went to the zoo. I saw different kinds of birds. But it was my first time to see a carabao flying.” Verdict: cohesive but not coherent She was born in Atchison, Kansas in 1897. = Doesn’t relate directly to main idea. You can have cohesion without coherence, but you cannot have coherence without cohesion How to write cohesive paragraph? Halliday, 1994 “Cohesion is defined as the set of resources for constructing relations in discourse which transcend grammatical structure.” Six ways to achieve cohesion (halliday & hasa, 1976) 1. Reference Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL 2. Substitution 3. Ellipsis 4. Lexical chains 5. Cohesive nouns 6. Conjuctions 1. REFERENCE Types of cohesive reference 1. Pronouns - (I, me, she, you we, my, mine, etc.) 2. Demonstratives - (this, these, here, that, those, there, etc.) 3. Definite article - (the) 4. Comparatives – (another, other, similar, better, etc.) Placement of cohesive reference 1. Exophoric 2. Endophoric ▪ Anaphoric ▪ Cataphoric 1. Exophoric reference – a reference to something that is ‘outside the text’. Interpretative sources in journal articles such as prior knowledge can cause problems for readers. Example: For he’s a jolly good fellow and so say all of us. (Who is ‘he’? = not in text) 2. Endophoric placement a. Anaphoric – previously mentioned words ‘pointing backward’. Example: The Cathedral of St Paul’s was built in 1840 and it is still standing today. (The Cathedral of St Paul’s = it) b. Cataphoric – Subsequent words - pointing forward. Example: When they arrived, the feminists found the lack of gender equality and access to class resources within the school to be totally unacceptable. (They = feminists). 2. SUBSTITUTION -the use of a word/phrase to replace a word/phrase used earlier. Types of Substitution 1. Nominal substitution If the presupposed element is a noun phrase or noun, the nominal substitution occurs. Look at the example below: Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL a) Can you give me a pen? b) There is one on the desk. The presupposing cohesion element is ‘one’. 2. Verbal substitution In the case of verbal substitution, the presupposed element is a verb phrase or a verb. The presupposing element which the substitution is usually the word do and its various forms such as ‘does’, ‘did’, and ‘done’. Look at the example below: Example: All children like ice cream and my son does, too. When the presupposed element is a complete clause, there exists clausal substitution. The most frequent presupposing element affecting this type of substitution is ‘so’. For example: Employees must come to work before 7:30 a.m. The manager says so. So it replaces the whole sentence (i.e. employees must come to work before 7:30 a.m.) 3.ELLIPSIS Omitting word because it is already understood in the context. Example: I can play basketball and he can too. 4. LEXICAL CHAIN synonyms (e.g. "beautiful" for "lovely"); hyponyms and superordinates (e.g. "daffodil", "rose" and "daisy", are all hyponyms of the superordinate "flower"). Lexical chains are created in a text by using words in the same lexical set (e.g. "army", "soldiers", "barracks", "weapons"). one word is related to another. sequence of related words in writing. This technique allows for the central themes to be reiterated in a way that avoids monotony for the reader. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL 5. COHESIVE NOUNS -a kind of lexical reference. - can summarize many words. -can be used to signal what is to come or can refer back. Example: “Two cars collided on the flyover. However, nobody was hurt in the accident.” “The accident mentioned above… 6. CONJUNCTION -Connect words, phrases or clauses together -Also called Transitions or Signposting words/phrases -Can go at the start, middle or even the end of sentences. For compound sentences they go in the middle - FAN BOYS -They can also be at start of new sentence or paragraph - to indicate a direction in the reasoning or movement between ideas, but also to relate the new material to the preceding thoughts. Example: - Modern students may often have heard the term ‘rhetoric’ used. They probably do not have a clear idea of what it means. Their uncertainty is understandable. The word has acquired many meanings. (How could you improve the logical connection?) - Although modern students may often have heard the term ‘rhetoric’ used, they probably do not have a clear idea of what it means. Their uncertainty is understandable because the word has acquired many meanings. (Suggested answer) Cohesion has a strong connection to coherence (logic and meaning). In fact, cohesion is the grammatical and lexical realization of coherence at a profound level within the text. It is what makes a text more than just a jumbled mixture of sentences. COHERENCE Creating text that makes sense and logical. It comes from making logical connections between ideas in each part of the text. If a text makes sense, this helps stick together. If a text sticks together, it helps to make sense. Ways To Achieve Coherence Clarify the meaning Indicate the change of topic. Headings and subheadings Layout Formatting Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Coherence is easily established in two ways: 1. Topics of individual sentences are clear. 2. Topics of paragraphs are clear. ▪ A paragraph is more than a group of sentences. If you can’t quickly and succinctly say what a paragraph’s main point is, it lacks coherence. ▪ “If a text communicates its message clearly and concisely, it can be said to have coherence. The order in which information is presented in the text is an important factor in determining how coherent it is likely to be for a reader. PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT ❑ Organization (Structure) ❑ Coherence ❑ Language use ❑ Mechanics (Spelling, Punctuation Marks, Capitalization) MISUSE OF LANGUGAE CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE LANGUAGE 1. CONCRETE AND SPECIFIC ▪ Concrete language includes descriptions which create tangible images with details the reader can visualize. Abstract language is vague and obscure, and does not bring to mind specific visual images. ▪ They form sharp, clear meanings and stand for what the reader easily perceives. EXAMPLE: Significant increase vs. 50% increase In the near future vs. on Monday or at 8 am. Before making a decision about whether the person on trial is guilty or innocent in this case, the members of the jury should be sure to carefully think about, ponder and reflect on all of the important and relevant testimony in the case. ( TOO VERBOSE) CONSIDER THESE: The phrase "...should be sure to carefully think about, ponder and reflect on..." Notice the excessive wordiness in the following phrase: "Before making a decision about whether the person on trial is guilty or innocent in this case..." This sentence could simply read: "Before determining the defendant's guilt or innocence..." 2. CONCISE LANGUAGE A hallmark of effective writers is the ability to express the desired message in as few words as possible. Good writers, in other words, use language which is straightforward and to-the- point. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Example: WE COLLABORATED TOGETHER ON THE PROJECT. BETTER: WE COLLABORATED ON THE PROJECT. Avoid redundancy REDUNDANCIES “In actual fact” “Each and every” “Modern world of today” “Completely finished” “Attached herewith” “Over exaggerate” “Personal friend” “Uniquely original” “Visible to the eye” “Fatally slain” “Free gift” EMPTY FILLERS “At this point of time” “Due to the fact that” “In the event that” 3.FAMILIAR LANGUAGE Familiar language is that which the readers easily recognize and understand because they use it on a regular basis. One of the most important functions of language is to build "homophily" or a sense of commonality with one's readers Do not change verbs into nouns Instead of: Better: The requirement of the department is that The department requires employees to work employees work seven and one-half hours a seven and one-half hours a day. day. 4.PRECISE AND CLEAR LANGUAGE Words can be interpreted in different ways by different people in different situations. For this reason, it is important to choose a language which is as precise and clear as possible. The more precise and clear one's use of language becomes, the fewer the number of possible interpretations for a message. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL 5.CONSTRUCTIVE LANGUAGE Constructive language phrases a potentially negative message in a positive way, whereas destructive language directs blame and criticism toward the reader, creating defensiveness. Readers are likely to become defensive when the writer's language expresses any or all of the following: Superiority over the reader Indifference or apathy about an issue of importance to the reader Negative evaluation or judgment of the reader (as opposed to neutral descriptions or observations) Command or control over the reader Skepticism or doubt about the reader's credibility or the legitimacy of their claims 6.FORMALITY OF LANGUAGE Formal or informal is not about the difference between correct or incorrect. it is about the diffrence of what is known as REGISTER. A register is a variety of a language related to a particular subject matter or area of activity. a set of words and expressions that may be said to characterize that specific area of language. Very Formal: Exceedingly large segments of the population are expressing their discontent with medical practitioners who appear to more engrossed in amassing financial assets than in providing efficacious care to people with health disorders. Formal: A large number of consumers are complaining about medical doctors who are apparently more interested in making money than in providing effective health care. Informal: A lot of people are unhappy with their doctors who only seem to care about how much money they make, and not about giving their patients good care. AVOID PHRASAL VERBS IN FORMAL WRITING Phrasal Verbs(Informal) Latinate words(Formal) The building failed down The building collapsed Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Phrasal vs. latinate Ask for Request Lead to Cause Work on Develop Come back Return Go ahead Proceed 7. AVOID SEXIST LANGUAGE Refers to words, phrases, or expressions that discriminate against or reinforce stereotypes about a particular gender. It often assumes male superiority, ignores women, or uses gendered terms unnecessarily. example: reading makes a full man. (francis bacon) Better: reading makes a full person. Example: chairman – chairperson spokesman - spokesperson PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT ❑ Organization (Structure) ❑ Coherence ❑ Language use ❑ Mechanics (Spelling, Punctuation Marks, Capitalization) 20 ULES OF SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT 1.SUBJECTS AND VERBS MUST AGREE IN NUMBER. Singular subject = singular verb Plural subject = plural verb Cow= singular, eats= singular Ducks= plural, quack= plural *Hint*= SVS- singular verbs have an S Singular yes?- the verb has an “S”! Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Singular no? The “S” has to go! 2. DON’T GET CONFUSED BY THE WORDS THAT COME BETWEEN THE SUBJECT AND VERB. The detective who was called to the case is usually very good. One of the eggs is broken. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Of the eggs is a prepositional phrase. The subject one and the verb is are both singular. Mentally omit the prepositional phrase to make the subject verb-agreement easier to make. 3. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES BETWEEN THE SUBJECT AND VERB USUALLY DO NOT AFFECT THE AGREEMENT. The biker in this race is very competitive. The bikers in this race are very competitive. 4. IF A SENTENCE STARTS WITH “THERE” OR “ HERE”, THE SUBJECT WILL ALWAYS BE PLACED AFTER THE VERB. There is a meeting today. Here are the results from this past month. 5. SUBJECTS CAN COME AFTER THE VERB IN QUESTIONS. Does Betty always play with dolls? How are the Bosco sticks today? 6. IF TWO SUBJECTS ARE JOINED BY “AND”, THEY TYPICALLY REQUIRE A PLURAL VERB. The puppy and the lady are friendS. 7. IF TWO SUBJECTS ARE SEPARATED BY “AND” REFER TO THE SAME THING, THE VERB IS SINGULAR. Spaghetti and meatballs is my favorite pasta dish. 8. IF BOTH SUBJECTS ARE SINGULAR AND CONNECTED BY OR, NOR, NEITHER/NOR, EITHER/OR AND NOT ONLY/BUT ALSO, THE VERB IS SINGULAR. Sally or Bubba has stolen the scarecrow. Not only the guitar player but also the drummer was soaked with sweat. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL 9. IF BOTH SUBJECTS ARE PLURAL AND CONNECTED BY THE WORDS OR, NOR, NEITHER/NOR, EITHER/OR, AND NOT ONLY/BUT ALSO, THE VERB IS PLURAL. Cookies or brownies are nice treats for your teacher. 10. IF ONE SUBJECT IS SINGULAR AND ONE PLURAL AND ARE CONNECTED BY THE WORDS OR, NOR, NEITHER/NOR, EITHER/OR, AND NOT ONLY/BUT ALSO, USE THE SUBJECT THAT IS NEAREST THE VERB. Either my sisters or my mom has sent me a present. Not only Bob but also the Smiths want some hamburgers for supper. 11. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT USUALLY USE A SINGULAR VERB. Six gallons of paint was used on the house. Five dollars is too much for a cup of coffee. 12. COLLECTIVE NOUNS USUALLY TAKE A SINGULAR VERB. The herd is stampeding. The class was ready for the test. COLLECTIVE NOUNS USUALLY TAKE A SINGULAR VERB. 13. TITLES OF BOOKS, MOVIES, NOVELS, ETC. ARE TREATED AS SINGULAR. Holes was one of my favorite books.I want to see the movie. 14. TWO INFINITIVES SEPARATED BY AND TAKE A PLURAL VERB. To run and to read are my two favorite “Free-time” activities 15. GERUNDS ALONE TAKE A SINGULAR VERB. GERUNDS LINKED BY AND TAKE A PLURAL VERB. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Dancing is not something everyone can do as well as I can! 16. IF THE WORDS EACH, EVERY OR NO COME BEFORE THE SUBJECT, THE VERB IS SINGULAR. Each boy and girl has to take the test. Every frog and toad turns into a prince. No paper and pen is required. (But an apple would be nice!:) 17. MOST INDEFINITE PRONOUNS TAKE SINGULAR VERBS. one body thing someone somebody something anyone anybody anything No one nobody nothing everyone everybody everything Little One * Everybody is happy. Another Neither * No one has a dime. Much Either * Nothing was going to help. Each 18. BOTH, FEW, SEVERAL, MANY, OTHERS TAKE A PLURAL VERB. Several need to finish the race. A few have the right answer. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL 19. WHEN THE SUBJECT IS ALL, ANY, MORE, MOST, NONE, OR SOME, THIS IS THE ONLY TIME YOU MUST LOOK AT THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE TO DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS SINGULAR OR PLURAL. All of the chickens have laid eggs. Some of the milk has spilled. 20. FINAL RULE- REMEMBER, ONLY THE SUBJECT AFFECTS THE VERB! TYPES OF CLAIMS: ESTABLISHING PURPOSE AND ORGANIZATION Implicit vs. Explicit information ⚫ Explicit information – clearly stated (direct) ⚫ Implicit information – implied, suggested (implied) CLAIM The arguable point or the central idea of your essay. What the writer tries to prove in the text by providing details, explanations, and other types of evidences. It is a sentence that summarizes the most important thing that the writer wants to say as a result of his/her thinking, reading or writing. Examples: - COVID-19 is deadly. - COVID-19 and flu spread in similar ways. - You will have COVID 19 if you have low body resistance. - You should wear face mask and face shield. - Tawa-tawa is the cure for COVID-19 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CLAIM 1. A claim should be argumentative and debatable. 2. A claim should be specific and focused. 3. A claim should be interesting and engaging. 4. A claim should be logical. Characteristics of CLAIM Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL 1.A claim should be argumentative and debatable. Ex. Men are better in Math than women. 2. A claim should be specific and focused. Ex. Men are only better in Math. 3. A claim should be interesting and engaging. Ex. Women are better in Math than men. 4. A claim should be logical. It should result from reasonable weighing of support provided. Ex. Men are logical and women are emotional. “CLAIM IS NOT A STATEMENT OF FACT” Example: “The sun rises from the east.” “Exercise is good for your health.” “CLAIM IS NOT A MERELY AN OPINION” Example: “Palabok is delicious.” “I love OPM.” “That man serving as our brgy. Captain is a bad person.” “Flipflops are better than rubber shoes.” -Palabok is delicious…. Palabok stands out among other delicacies because of its unique sauce, practicality of preparation and versatility of ingredients. -I love OPM Original Pinoy Music (OPM) is a significant promoter of nationalism and Filipino identity, especially among teenagers. -That man serving as our brgy. Captain is a bad person. With proven cases of misuse of local funds, untoward public behavior and bullying, Brgy. Capt. Ricardo Dalisay should be immediately removed from his office. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Five Types of Claims 1. Claims of Fact 2. Claims of Definition 3. Claims of Cause 4. Claims of Value 5. Claims of Policy Virtually, all arguments can be categorized according to one of five types of claims. Claims can be identified by discovering the question the argument answers. As we browse the types, notice how the questions all invite different purposes and different points of view. They all lead to argument. Based on MELC ⚫ Claim of Fact ⚫ Claim of Value ⚫ Claim of Policy 1. Claims of Fact: Are statements that report, describe, predict, and make causal claims on whether something is settled fact. Refer to conditions that existed (past), exist (present) and will exist (future). Inferences made are based on DATA, DOCUMENTS, AND SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION AND RESEARCH. Can we investigate it through research or interviews? Did it happen? Does it exist? Is it true? Is it a fact? How can its truthfulness be verified? “FACTS ARE NOT CLAIMS OF FACTS” Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL WHAT MAKES FACTS ARGUABLE? ⚫ Situation 1: Varying interpretations of facts. ⚫ Fact: The local barangay unit bought a new van. (How do we interpret the statement?) ⚫ Situation 2: Causal relationships. ⚫ What causes the increase of teenage pregnancy? Claim 1 The lack of sex education and parental supervision have led to the increase of teenage pregnancy in the country. Claim 2 The inaccessibility and high cost of contraceptives and other birth control products have led to the increase of teenage pregnancy in the country. WHAT MAKES FACTS ARGUABLE? Situation 3: Prediction Ex. If modular learning continues in the next school year, students will experience low academic performance in speaking and listening. Situation 4: New data Ex. Although it was formerly believed that Pluto was a planet, astronomers at NASA now conclude that Pluto is no longer one based on size and location. Fact Claim Examples The oldest known disease in the world is leprosy. Cancer is not contagious. The climate will get warmer in the next few years because of global warming. How to defend your claims of fact: State the claim clearly. Define the terms that may be controversial or ambiguous so that readers know exactly what you mean. Make sure that your evidence fulfills the appropriate criteria. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Make clear when conclusions about the data are inferences or interpretations, not facts. REMEMBER! Note that all these claims are statements of fact, but not everyone would agree with them. They are all controversial. The facts in these claims need to be proven as either absolutely or probably true in order to be acceptable to an audience. 2. CLAIM OF VALUE They are value judgment made based on morals, standards and norms. They require the use of standards of evaluation, presentation of advantages or moral standard used, use of example to concretize abstractions and use of credible experts. Claims of Value: Guide Questions Which claims endorse what is good or bad? What qualities should be considered good? Why? Which of these values content with others? Which ones are more important, and why? Whose standards are used? Claims of Value: Based on likes and dislikes Based on what is good or bad. Example: Death penalty is unjust. It is better to have and lost than nothing or never to have loved at all. Is it good or bad? How bad? How good? Of what worth is it? Is it moral or immoral? Who thinks so? What do those people value? Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL What values or criteria should I use to determine its goodness or badness? How to defend your claims of value? Try to make clear that the values or principles you are defending should have priority on any scale of values. Keep in mind that you and your readers may differ about their relative importance. Suggest that adherence to the values you are defending will bring about good results in some specific situation or bad results if respect for values is ignored. Since value terms are abstracts, use examples and illustrations to clarify meanings and make distinctions. Like the use of COMPARISON and CONTRAST Use testimonies of others to prove that knowledgeable or highly regarded people share their values. Value Claims When you claim that sororities and fraternities are the best extracurricular organizations for college students to join, you are making a claim of value. Claims of value, as their name implies, aim at establishing whether the item being discussed is either good or bad, valuable or not valuable, desirable or not desirable. 3. CLAIM OF POLICY They are specific and measurable actions that need to be done in order to address issues and concerns presented in an argument or proposition. These claims argue that certain conditions should exist. Advocate adoption of policies or courses of actions. Claims of Policy: Example A dress code should be introduced for all students. President Duterte recalled order allowing kids aged 10 to 14 outside their homes. How to defend your Claims of policy? Convince your audience that a problem exists. Make your proposal clear. Establish that there is a need for change. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Consider the opposing arguments Devote the major part of your essay to providing that your proposal is an answer to the opposing arguments and there are distinct benefits for your readers in adopting your proposal. Support your proposal with solid data, but don’t neglect the moral consideration and the common sense reasons, which may be even more persuasive Claims of Policy: What should we do about it? How should we act? What should our future policy be? How can we solve this problem? What concrete course of action should we pursue to solve the problem? Policy Claims When you claim that all new students should attend orientation or that all students who graduate should participate in graduation ceremonies, you are making claims of policy. A claim of policy often describes a problem and then suggests ways to solve it. Mixed Claims In argument one type of claim may predominate, but other types may also be present as supporting arguments or sub claims. It is not always easy to establish the predominant claim in an argument, but close reading will usually reveal a predominant type, with one or more other the other types serving as subclaims. For example, a value claim that the media does harm by prying into the private lives of public figures may establish the fact that this is a pervasive practice, may define what should be public and what should be private information, may examine the causes or more likely the effects of this type of reporting, and may suggest future policy for dealing with this problem. All may occur in the same article. Still, the dominant claim is one of value, that this practice of news writers is bad. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL By identifying the dominant claim, you also identify the main purpose of the argument. When planning and writing argument, you will more easily focus on the main purpose for your argument when you have established the predominant claim and have identified its type. You can use other types of claims as subclaims if you need to. When you know your purpose, you can then plan appropriate organization and support for your paper, depending on the type of claim that dominates your paper. Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION XII - SOCCSKSARGEN SCHOOLS DIVISION OF THE CITY OF KORONADAL KORONADAL NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CITY OF KORONADAL Address: Corner Rizal Street, Jaycee Avenue, City of Koronadal Tel. No. : 083-228-5252 Email Address: [email protected]