READING AND WRITING Reviewer - 2nd Sem PDF

READING AND WRITING By Reignella Chloe V. Martinez HUMSS 2 | P-VAL Lesson 1 : Process, Skills and Types of Reading Skimming - is a kind of rapid reading to get the general overview of the text. Reading - one of...

READING AND WRITING By Reignella Chloe V. Martinez HUMSS 2 | P-VAL Lesson 1 : Process, Skills and Types of Reading Skimming - is a kind of rapid reading to get the general overview of the text. Reading - one of the five macro skills. Scanning - is a rapid reading to get the specific details. Inferences = is drawing conclusion based on evidences. What is READING? -​ It is a process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning. The READING Process ➜ Pre-Reading ( Previewing ) You have to draw your background knowledge just by looking at the title. -​ It also aims to induce the reader's motivation to read. ➜ While-Reading ( Skimming ) You may reread the text until you fully understand its meaning. ➜ Post-Reading ( Reflecting Check your understanding of the text. Basic Reading Skills Rapid Reading Aims to locate specific information or main ideas in a very short span of time. ​ Skimming Trying to get the general idea by reading through the text quickly. -​ It is the type of quick reading which aims to get the main idea and to get an overview of the material. ​ Locating the Main Idea This involves the identification of the central message of a reading selection. ​ Scanning It is a quick reading strategy which aims to get specific information from a given text. Previewing Literal Reading ​ Summarizing ​ Paraphrasing  ​ Note-taking Inferential Reading Critical Reading Refers to the close and thorough evaluation of the claims in the text in terms of relevance, validity and logic. Sneak Peak - is a skill wherein a reader looks over a material and focuses on the information he/she finds relevant. Reading - involves the understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the printed material. Inferences Known as "reading between the lines." -​ It refers to the process of deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text. Types of Reading ➜ Developmental Reading -​ A systematic instruction which aims to develop the students' reading skills ➜ Pleasure Reading -​ A more passive type of reading that primarily aims to provide enjoyment and entertainment ➜ Functional Reading -​ Designed to help students learn basic functional reading ➜ Remedial Reading -​ Aims to correct the effects of poor teaching and poor learning Lesson 2 : Linguistics and Structural Cohesion What is LINGUISTICS? -​ Is the "scientific study of a language." -​ Is concerned with how language is formed and how it works. -​ Is about the relationship between language, cognition, society and history. There are structures above the sentence. They are made up by combining sentences. 1.​ Sentences 2.​ Discourses is a unit larger than sentences. It has a structural pattern that holds more meaning than a sentence. -​ The process of presenting our social reality through language. -​ A source of information about people's expression, feelings, beliefs, and practices. Discourse doesn't only involve what we say, but it also show nonlinguistic and nonspecific instances of language. ➜ Nonlinguistic Instances of language means it is not consisted of language. the clothes we wear gestures ➜ Nonspecific Instances of language is what people do in conversation or in writing that gives an understanding or meaning to a particular topic. 3.​ Texts A text is made of signs and symbols systematized by grammar and organized logical language to properly present the intended message. ➜ Structural Cohesion This is the intended interconnectedness of sentences to convey meaning. TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE Text is referred to as written discourse.  -​ It is the physical manifestation of discourse, which is a process of interaction and interpretation of language in a context. Text is a linguistic object that is only understandable when we connect it to the discourses that made it. Lesson 3 : Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information Brainstorming is the act of coming up with ideas. It is commonly done by a team, but it can also be creatively used by an individual, especially when writing. Different Brainstorm List ➜ Idea Map When using Idea Map, you will think of words that can be related to the specific concept. -​ You can branch the words out as much as you can as long as you know its relationship with the topic. ➜ Word Storm Word Storm visualizes word associations. It creates a map where strongly associated words are placed close together. -​ This is usually used when you just started brainstorming. -​ It is for listing down initial words that came up to mind in the beginning of brainstorming. ➜ Idea List This is a direct list for recording ideas. -​ The person using this writes phrases/sentences as they come, making sub-headings for other topics. ➜ Graphic Organizer A graphic organizer is a visual representation that shows the organization and relationships of information. -​ It is a pedagogical tool that uses visual symbols -​ Examples include diagrams, maps, charts, and others. ➜ Topic Outline is used to list down phrases and words that can summarize the essay you are reading or writing. ➜ Concept Map is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships between concepts. ➜ Main Idea and Details Chart Shows the hierarchical relationship between major concepts. ➜ Flow Diagram It represents a flow or set of dynamic relationships. ➜ Venn Diagram It shows all possible logical relations between a finite collection of different sets. ➜ Cycle Diagram A graphic production that determine the elements of the cycle. ➜ Sentence Outline This is a much longer version of the Topic Outline. Instead of writing just the topics., you write the main topic and supporting details in sentence length. Lesson 4 : Patterns of Development Pattern of Development - It is about the manner or technique in which we express our thoughts and ideas in writing. Narration describes what, when, and where something happened. Description details what something looks like and its characteristics. Definition explains what something is in comparison to other members of its class along with any limitations. Exemplification provides typical cases or examples of something. Classification and Division groups items into their parts or types. Cause and Effect pattern organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon. Problem-solution pattern organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions. Comparison and Contrast pattern organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things and concepts are similar to or different from one another. Persuasion pattern organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument. Lesson 5 : Properties of a Well-written Text Organization is the logical arrangement of thoughts and ideas in a written text. Sequence is a type of organizational pattern which follows an order based on time, procedure or spatial. ​ Chronological The sequence is in a timely order. ​ Procedural The sequence follows a specific procedure. It can be recipes or directions. ​ Spatial The sequence is a description of the environment in the text and it is stated in a way that makes readers imagine it. Description is a type of organizational pattern that provides details and examples about a topic or topics. ​ Topical Pattern A text pattern starting from a larger main topic down to various subtopics. ​ Climactic Order A text pattern organized by putting the second most important topic in the beginning and placing the most important topic at the end of the text. General-to-specific order or vice versa = A text starts by describing a general topic, then moving down to describing specific examples of the general topic. Simplest-to-most-complex = A text starts by describing simple terms which are essential in understanding a more complex one. This style is good for describing a complicated topic. Most-familiar-to-less-familiar = A text starts by describing familiar terms and concepts to help introduce concepts which are less familiar to readers. Cause and Effect is a type of pattern illustrates causal relationships between events. Problem and Solution is a pattern of organization where information in a passage is expressed as a dilemma or concerning issue (a problem) and something that was, can be, or should be done to remedy this issue (solution or attempted solution) Compare and Contrast/ Advantage-Disadvantage Pattern divides a topic according to its pro's and con's. -​ This is effective when trying to write effectively since you don't need to take a stand about a topic. The point-by-point approach discusses one-point at a time. It is usually used on long essays like comparative analysis of two articles, short stories, or novels, The block approach is organized in such a way that all points are discussed first with the first subject, then compare and contrast each point with the second subject respectively. Mechanics are established conventions in writing for a particular genre or field of study. It is considered as the technical part of a written text. Capitalization - proper nouns and first words of a sentence must be capitalized Comma rules - commas are used to separate words, clauses, and sentences to show relationship of words clearly. -​ (i.e., items in a list, transition words, names, parts of a date or address) Conjunctions - Conjunctions are used to connect words and sentences. -​ (Common conjunctions: for, and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so, if... then, since, because, while, as, till, where, both, either...or, etc.) Apostrophe - can be used in contractions (can't, isn't), in numerals ('66, '90s), in showing possession, (Jack's bag), and in forming plurals (P's, Ph.D.'s) Quotation marks - used to show: a quote, chapters and headings of a section, emphasis, around single letters, and dialogues Acronyms - words formed from the initials or major parts of the whole phrase. (ROM, CPU, GUI). Abbreviations - shortened version of a word or phrase Homonyms - words with similar sounds but different meanings. -​ (i.e., your and you're, there/ their/ they're, its and it's, to/too/two, then and than, etc.) Units of measurement - Units of measurement are important to show readers the fundamental quantities of an object. -​ (i.e., meter, kilogram, seconds, ampere, etc.) A well written text uses the language that the intended audience understands. Language used must be explicit and easy to understand  Lesson 6 : Building Powerful Words for Effective Discourse ( Part 1 ) CONTEXTUAL CLUES These are the words and phrases that serve as clues to the meaning of an unfamiliar words or expressions in a given discourse. Synonyms are words with the same meaning. Antonyms are words with opposite meaning. The analysis or the study of roots, prefixes, and suffixes is called structural analysis. Etymology is the study of words- their sources and development. Many words are derived or are from the same root word. These words are said to be derivatives. IDENTIFYING ROOTS The root of a word is the body or basic structure of that word. -​ Every word has a root and often attach to the root word are affixes which become a significant part of the word. HOMONYM It came from a Greek word homonumos meaning "common" or "same" and onoma which means "name". -​ It refers to two or more distinct concepts "sharing the same name". Lesson 6 : Building Powerful Words for Effective Discourse ( Part 2 ) Types of Propaganda PROPAGANDA DEVICES is a secret action. -​ expression of opinions or actions carried put deliberately by groups or individuals to influence the actions or opinions of others for planned purposes. NAME CALLING People can be persuaded to reject ideas, organizations, or persons they know nothing about by the use of a name that may carry a negative connotation, eg., Communist, Red, Lestists, Rightist, and Sissy CARD STACKING Propagandists select and use facts to give a false or misleading idea through card stacking. Only those facts favourable to their person, views, or product are used, i.e., partial quotations may be used out of context to twist their meanings. -​ Context is not just the words that come before and follow a statement but everything that happens with it, such as time, place, gesture, facial expressions, and the like. TRANSFER This creates an association between a person, product or ideas and something good and respected and which people already feel strongly about. TESTIMONIAL A testimonial uses snob appeal and desire for admiration. -​ It quotes or pictures famous or beautiful people or important organizations recommending or supporting an idea, product or person. -​ This suggests that the celebrity or organization believes in an idea, uses a product or supports a cause. PLAIN FOLKS An effort is made to win the public confidence on the basis that a person's ideas and morals are good because he/she belongs to the common people and lives like them. BANDWAGON When the public is urged to follow the crowd and accept propagandist's ideas and leadership. No reason or logic is used. GLITTERING GENERALITY A high-sounding word is connected with an idea to make it sound better, so people will accept it without examining it. REPETITIONS A name or word is repeated constantly, and people vote or buy a product because they think a candidate or an item must be good to be so well-known. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT This is an educational method that rewards behaviour we want repeated. -​ This can be in form of praises, rewards or medals. RATIONALIZATION A person tries to use false excuses to justify his/her actions. APPEAL BY FLATTERY A person is flattered and put in a good mood so that he/she will believe what is said. APPEAL TO FEAR With this device, the propagandist tries to frighten the listeners or readers. TECHNICAL JARGON Unfamiliar words used to impress, confuse, or deceive. NON-SEQUITIR A speaker uses a remark that has no bearing on what has just been said. POWERFUL WORDS Words with pleasant or hideous sounds will be used to lure you to the advertisement or product, or away from something the propagandists want you to dislike. RIDICULE AND SARCASM These works very well because they strike at a person's insecurities. Good luck tomorrow uliii !!