Reading and Writing PDF

WEEK 1 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT COMPARISON AND CONTRAST- comparison focuses on similarities between things, and contrast focuses on DESCRIPTION - a paragraph or essay describes a person,...

WEEK 1 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT COMPARISON AND CONTRAST- comparison focuses on similarities between things, and contrast focuses on DESCRIPTION - a paragraph or essay describes a person, their differences thing, place or situation. "Description gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like WEEK 3 READING AND WRITING SKILLS in a reader’s mind." PROBLEM SOLUTION- it organizes ideas into problems DEFINITION - explains what something is in comparison and proposed solutions. to other members of its class, along with any The PROBLEM- usually includes what, when, where, limitations. "Explains not just what something means or and how of the problem. is, but also what something does, what something is used for." The SOLUTION- usually presents the major effect of the problems and the possible solutions. DEFINING IN THREE DIFFERENT WAY FOUR COMPONENTS a) Synonyms - is explaining the term by using the words that mean the same thing. EXAMPLE: "To procrastinate 1) Situation is to slack." 2) Problem b) Class - is when you put your topic in a larger category to explain your term. EXAMPLE "A pineapple is a tropical 3) Solution fruit that has an acidic and sweet taste." 4) Evaluation c) Negation - means that the writer first says something PERSUASION – it organizes ideas to show how a set of is not, and then say what is it. EXAMPLE "A snow cone is evidence leads to logical conclusion or argument. not an ice cream cone, but rather a shredded ice and “Specifically, this pattern presents the issue, the syrup treat." position, and the elements, while reading a persuasion.” RACISM - A racist is not someone that accepts another THREE MAIN PARTS OF PERSUASION person for who they are, but rather pre-judges them based on their appearance or their skin color. The vast 1) The topic sentence states the topic diversity of society makes it nearly impossible to 2 The body sentence supports the position and respond eliminate all racial tension. to an objection. PARAGRAPH - is a collection of related sentences with 3) The closing sentence restates the position. one central idea. "Is made up of the topic sentence which contains the main idea" PROBLEM-SOLUTION PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN A PROBLEM-AND-SOLUTION PARAGRAPH THE WRITER BEGINS BY EXPLAINING THE PROBLEM, AND The processes of outlining and arranging ideas THEN PRESENTS A SOLUTION OR SEVERAL SOLUTIONS. logically to come up with coherent compositions. IF THE WRITER IS TRYING TO CONVINCE THE READER OF These processes aid writers in sorting and grouping A BEST SOLUTION, THE AIM IS PERSUASIVE. ideas. PERSUASION They are structures that writers use to organize their PERSUASIVE PARAGRAPHS ARE WRITTEN AS IF THE ideas. WRITER IS ATTEMPTING TO CONVINCE THEIR AUDIENCE NARRATION - It reveals details on what a reader should TO ADOPT A NEW BELIEF OR BEHAVIOR. learn which are usually written in chronological order. " WEEK 4 PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRITTEN TEXT Written to explain what, when, and who." PROPERTIES OF WELL WRITTEN TEXT- a paragraph is a OBJECTIVE NARRATION- it means that your narration is series of sentences that are organized, coherence, and direct and factual and just plainly presents the facts are all related to a single topic. chronologically. ESSAY- an essay is a group of paragraphs that talk about SUBJECTIVE NARRATION- it means, it has a personal a central idea. It usually consists of five paragraphs. interpretation and presented the details with the writer’s insertions of impression ORGANIZATION- clear organization makes it easy for the reader to remember the information presented. WEEK 2 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT THREE PREVAILING PARAGRAPH CAUSE AND EFFECT- details why something happens, what causes it, what are the effects and how it is related a) Chronological pattern- Arranges ideas according to to something else. time, either backward or forward. “Transitional words like first, second, third, finally are used.” CLASSIFICATIONS- groups items into their parts or types. Takes one large concept, and divides it into b) Spatial or Geographical pattern- Arranges individual pieces. information according to how things fit in physical space. This could be any space like a room etc. “Transitional words like: beneath, above, in front, CLAIM OF FACT- a piece of information that is true, or a nearby, below” condition that exists or happens. c)Topical or Logical Order- Present several ideas that are CLAIM OF VALUE- value based on preference such as interrelated. “Transitional words like: first, second, also, dislike and like. another, etc.” CLAIM OF POLICY- provides a solution to the problem. COHERENCE AND COHESION WEEK 7 HYPERTEXT AND INTERTEXT COHERENCE- Refers to the overall sense of unity in a CONTEXT- the surrounding elements that influence the passage, including the main point of sentences and the text and the reader's way of understanding the text; the main point of each paragraph. background, situations or circumstances along with it. WRITING IS COHERENT- When all the sentences are 1.Social background FOCUSED ON THE CENTRAL THOUGHT, which is the TOPIC SENTENCE of the paragraph. 2.Cultural background COHESION- Refers to the use of LINGUISTIC ADVICES to 3.Political background join sentences together. 4.Historical background WRITING IS COHESIVE- When one idea, a sentence sticks to another sentence, and a paragraph sticks to the HYPERTEXT - It is simply a non-linear way of presenting next. information rather than the traditional linear process of reading from beginning to end. COHERENCE and COHESION mean that all the parts are connected logically and linguistically to form a whole. INTERTEXT - It is the interconnection between similar or related works of literature in terms of language images, WEEK 5 LANGUAGE USE IN WRITING characters, themes, or subjects depending on their similarities in language, genre. LANGUAGE USE -refers to the way writers choose and arrange words, phrases, and sentences to convey their 3 TYPES OF Intertextuality ideas, emotions, and messages effectively. 1. Appropriation FORMAL-official and academic language. * Adaptation (Old becomes New) INFORMAL- common, everyday language. * Reimagining an existing... text and making it new LEVELS OF LANGUAGE USE 2. Allusion 1. INFORMAL/PERSONAL- slang, local, expressions, text messaging. * Reference to another text 2. STANDARD/ACADEMIC- widely accepted words and * Can also be a reference to a person, place or event phrases found in books, magazines, and newspaper. 3. BUSINESS/TECHNICAL- scientific terms, jargons, and *The audience/reader has to make the connection special expressions. 3. Parody 4. MECHANICS- describes the technical aspects of writing *. A funny imitation of a serious piece of literature, SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT - abstract writing, art or music. nouns are always singulor; use of "each". * "Pokes fun" at something to... entertain the audience reader. PUNCTUATIONS - two worded adjective uces hyphens, proper use of periods, 4 Types of Allusione conumas, questions and marks. Mythological - reference to a math legend or folklore from any culture or religion. CAPITALIZATION RULES - proper nouns should be capitalized, improper nouns Biblical - references to a person, place, event, or shouldn't. concept from the bible or other religious hurts SPELLINGSpelling-popper spelling of words. Historical - reference to person, place, event, or period in history. WRITING NUMBER - single digits must be literary - reference to a work of literature, cuch as a spelled out numbers more than ten are book, poem, play, or cong. written in numerical form HUMSS 6. READ AND WRITING REVIEWER. WEEK 6 CLAIMS cess. GRADE 12. CLAIM- a single statement, the topic of an argument, not a question. “Claim is an assertion of declaration or an affirmation”