Reading and Writing Skills PDF

READING AND WRITING ​ Synonyms - similar meaning to the unknown word. Maybe signaled by SKILLS ‘like’ or ‘as’ 2nd Semester ​ Antonyms...

READING AND WRITING ​ Synonyms - similar meaning to the unknown word. Maybe signaled by SKILLS ‘like’ or ‘as’ 2nd Semester ​ Antonyms - Opposite meaning in By: Nicole Javellana relation to the unknown word. ‘Although’, ‘but’, ‘despite’, ‘instead’, LESSON 1: THE READING PROCESS ‘in contrast’, ‘unlike’, ‘however’, ‘even though’. Reading - cognitive process of decoding ​ Example - specific details that is symbols to derive meaning from a text used to clarify the meaning of the word. ‘Such as’ Reading Process: ​ Explanation and definitions - clues to ​ Identifying the author's purpose describe unknown term ​ Locating important details, ​ Situations - depending on how the ​ Using context clues to understand word is used. The word may change unfamiliar words, depending on its context. ​ Answering specific questions ​ Analyzing the text’s points ​ Using Connotation and Denotation ​ Critiquing the text. ​ Denotation - is the basic, precise, literal meaning of the word that Metacognitive Reading Strategies: canbe found in dictionary. ​ Pre-Reading - Planning ​ Connotation - is the literary meaning ​ Reading - Monitoring of the word ​ Post- Reading - Evaluating LESSON 2: Techniques in Selecting and Reading Strategies: Organizing Informatons ​ Getting an overview of the text ​ Prewriting - the most important ​ Previewing - looking at the readily process of writing. It is known as visible parts of the text. (titles, “generating ideas”. subtitles, visuals, graphs, pics, ​ Brainstorming - process of charts) producing as many ideas as ​ Skimming - looking for the main possible about a topic. points. (look quickly at the beginning ​ Freewriting and conclusion) ​ Listing ​ Scanning - looking for specific ​ Mapping information. (the needed ideas) ​ Journalistic Question ​ Using Context Clues ​ Cubing Context Clues are words, phrases, ​ Using Graph organizers - sentence that gives meaning to unfamiliar visual and graphic display words that depicts the relationship between facts, terms, and ideas. ​ Concept Map  ​ Flow diagram/ ​ Exemplification - method of listing, Sequence Chart enumerating, and giving examples to ​ Venn Diagram elaborate a topic. ​ Cause and Effect dia ​ Visual Illustration - to concretize abstract concepts ​ Main ideas and ​ Facts - concepts, ideas, and details statements that are generally ​ Outlining - A visual assumed to be real/true structure, helpful guide in ​ Anecdotes - brief narratives within a organizing your paper. piece of writing. ​ Topic Outline ​ Details - you are zooming in your ​ Sentence Outline focus ​ Opinion - individual interpretations of MODES OF PARAGRAPH people on certain situation, ideas DEVELOPMENT ​ Observation - make use of descriptions appealing to the 5 DEFINITION AND EXEMPLIFICATION senses Paragraph is a group of sentences or a PROBLEM-SOLUTION AND sentence that forms a unit“ -Lunford and PERSUASION Connors ​ Problem-Solution - method for ​ Definition - putting an identity to analyzing and writing about a topic something by Identifying a problem and Techniques in Defining: proposing one or more solutions. ​ Analysis - process of breaking down Steps: a concept into its constituent parts. 1.​ State and Define the problem ​ Contrast - how at least two similar 2.​ Suggests possible solutions concepts are different from each. 3.​ Evaluate solutions ​ Negation - define a word or concept 4.​ Make recommendation by explaining what it is not. 3 Patterns: ​ Collocation - words or expression ​ Problem-solution Pattern (PSP) that frequently occur together ​ Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern ​ Etymology - the history and (PCSP) evolution of word ​ Problem-Process-Solution Pattern ​ Synonyms - same meaning (PPSP) ​ Comparison - usually used through analogy or figurative languages like ​ Persuasion - skill used to influence similies and metaphor. or motivate readers to believe in a ​ Function - purpose; “what it is used certain idea for?” Modes of Persuasion: ​ Ethos - expertise and knowledge ​ Pathos - emotions  ​ Logos - facts, figures, and ​ Time stretch - single event of the testimonies story that the author focuses on writhing (slow motion) ​ Flashbacks - Event happened in the Types of Audience: past. ​ Supportive Audience- audience is ​ Anecdotes - short story already in favor of your message ​ Flashforward - short scene in which ​ Wavering Audience- undecided and the action jumps ahead to the future open to persuasion ​ Time Summary - jamming together ​ Hostile Audience- audience actively multiple events/ shortening long disagrees with your message period of time Techniques: ​ Opposition - saying that the DESCRIPTION opposing argument are either irrelevant or inaccurate ​ A description paragraph is a focused ​ Authority - turn to someone who is a and detailed-rich account of specific recognized expert topic ​ Examples -​ It helps readers feel and ​ Facts sense the details ​ Prediction Charact3eristics: ​ Concrete-descriptive writing has to NARRATION offer specifics the reader can envision (blue rocks–sapphire) ​ Narration Is creating a world based ​ Evocative - it has to unite the on the authors imagination. concrete image with phrasing that -You tell a story in narrative writing induces the impression of the writer wants the reader to have Characteristics: ​ Plausible - ​ Descriptive Language - type of ​ "Her eyes were brighter than the language that evokes feelings rather sapphires in the armrests of the Tipu than direct stating facts Sultan's golden throne, yet sharper ​ Characters - than the tulwars of his cruelest ​ Protagonist executioners" ​ Antagonist ​ "Her eyes were sapphires, bright ​ Narrator and hard" ​ Plot - series of events that happen/ storyline Writing tips: NARRATIVE DEVICES: ​ Specific Language rather than ​ A narrative devices is a writing general terms technique that can enhance the ​ Avoid abstract words that are difficult meaning of a story. to picture ​ Dialogue - words enclosed in a pair ​ Include sensory details of quotation marks–signals the