An Introduction to Language and Linguistics PDF

An Introduction to Language and Linguistics ## Start of OCR for page 2 ## An Introduction to Language and Linguistics A clear and up-to-date introduction to linguistics, this bestselling textbook addresses the full scope of language, from the traditional subjects of structural linguistics (relating...

An Introduction to Language and Linguistics ## Start of OCR for page 2 ## An Introduction to Language and Linguistics A clear and up-to-date introduction to linguistics, this bestselling textbook addresses the full scope of language, from the traditional subjects of structural linguistics (relating to sound, form, meaning, and language change) to the more specialized subjects of contextual linguistics (including discourse, dialect variation, language and culture, and the politics of language). There are also separate chapters on language and the brain, computational linguistics, writing, and first and second language learning. Extensively classroom-tested, this second edition has been revised to further support student learning, with numerous new examples, exercises, and textboxes to model and contextualize key concepts. Updated throughout to incorporate contemporary issues and events, it includes worked examples of phonological analyses and multiple examples of a variety of World Englishes. A rich collection of online resources completes the learning package. RALPH FASOLD is Professor Emeritus and past Chair of the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University. He is the author of four books and editor or coeditor of six others. Among them are the textbooks The Sociolinguistics of Society (1984) and The Sociolinguistics of Language (1990). JEFF CONNOR-LINTON is an Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University, where he has been Head of the Applied Linguistics Program and Department Chair. He is a Past President of the American Association for Applied Linguistics. He has supervised a multi-section introductory linguistics course and supervises the pedagogical training of graduate students in the Linguistics Department. ## End of OCR for page 2 ## ## Start of OCR for page 3 ## An Introduction to Language and Linguistics Second Edition Edited by Ralph Fasold Jeff Connor-Linton With contributions by Elizabeth Zsiga Georgetown University, Washington, DC Donna Lardiere Georgetown University, Washington, DC Ruth Kramer Georgetown University, Washington, DC David Lightfoot Georgetown University, Washington, DC Paul Portner Georgetown University, Washington, DC Deborah Schiffrin Georgetown University, Washington, DC ## End of OCR for page 3 ## ## Start of OCR for page 4 ## Deborah Tannen Georgetown University, Washington, DC Alison Mackey Georgetown University, Washington, DC Natalie Schilling Georgetown University, Washington, DC Michael T. Ullman Georgetown University, Washington, DC Shaligram Shukla Georgetown University, Washington, DC Kendall A. King University of Minnesota Inderjeet Mani Yahoo Labs ## End of OCR for page 4 ## ## Start of OCR for page 5 ## University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107637993 © Cambridge University Press 2014 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2006 Second edition 2014 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data An introduction to language and linguistics / edited by Ralph W. Fasold, Jeffrey Connor-Linton. – Second Edition. pages cm ISBN 978-1-107-07064-6 (Hardback) – ISBN 978-1-107-63799-3 (Paperback) 1. Linguistics. 2. Language and languages. I. Fasold, Ralph W. II. Connor-Linton, Jeff. P121.I58 2014 410–dc23 2013050335 ISBN 978-1-107-07064-6 Hardback ## End of OCR for page 5 ## ## Start of OCR for page 6 ## ISBN 978-1-107-63799-3 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every effort has been made to secure necessary permissions to reproduce copyright material in this work, though in some cases it has proved impossible to trace or contact copyright holders. If any omissions are brought to our notice, we will be happy to include appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting, or in any subsequent edition. ## End of OCR for page 6 ## ## Start of OCR for page 7 ## Contents Detailed contents Acknowledgments Introduction Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton 1 The sounds of language Elizabeth Zsiga 2 Words and their parts Donna Lardiere 3 The structure of sentences Ruth Kramer, Ralph Fasold, and David Lightfoot 4 Meaning Paul Portner 5 Discourse Deborah Schiffrin 6 Child language acquisition Kendall A. King 7 Language and the brain Michael T. Ullman 8 Language change Shaligram Shukla and Jeff Connor-Linton 9 Dialect variation Natalie Schilling 10 Language and culture Deborah Tannen 11 The politics of language Ralph Fasold 12 Writing Jeff Connor-Linton 13 Second language acquisition Alison Mackey 14 Computational linguistics ## End of OCR for page 7 ## ## Start of OCR for page 8 ## Inderjeet Mani Glossary Bibliography Index ## End of OCR for page 8 ## ## Start of OCR for page 9 ## Detailed contents Introduction Defining language Universal properties of language Modularity Discreteness Constituency Recursion and productivity Arbitrariness Reliance on context Variability The descriptive approach The diversity of linguistics How to approach this book 1 The sounds of language Key terms Chapter preview Goals Articulatory phonetics The tools of phonetics The vocal tract Articulation Manners of articulation Writing sounds: transcription Consonants Vowels Suprasegmentals Length Tone and intonation Syllable structure Stress Acoustic phonetics Sound waves ## End of OCR for page 9 ## ## Start of OCR for page 10 ## Simple and complex sounds Hearing Measuring speech Phonology Phonemes and allophones Discovering phonemes and allophones Phonotactics Alternation and allomorphs Types of phonological alternations Discovering alternations Phonological theory Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 2 Words and their parts Key terms Chapter preview Goals What is a word? Morphology: the study of word structure Morphemes The forms of morphemes Some morphological operations of the world’s languages Affixation Other types of affixation Reduplication Ablaut and suppletion Tone and stress Two purposes of morphology: derivation and inflection Derivation Inflection Acquiring inflectional contrasts Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 3 The structure of sentences Key terms ## End of OCR for page 10 ## ## Start of OCR for page 11 ## Chapter preview Goals Poverty of the stimulus The amazing robot basketball player Applying the metaphor to the structure of sentences The grammar: an English example The lexicon and syntactic categories The rules: a starting point Syntactic trees Prepositional phrases Adjectives and determiners The grammar: modern theory Projection Merger Adjunction Grammars are finite; language is not The significance of recursion Restrictions on the grammar You can do without that, but not always Heavy Determiner Phrase movement The Binding Theory Summary Differences in syntax across languages Head–complement order in Hindi Immobile wh-words in Thai Gender in languages Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 4 Meaning Key terms Chapter preview Goals Speaker’s meaning and semantic meaning Semantics Fundamental semantic concepts and compositionality Lexical semantics ## End of OCR for page 11 ## ## Start of OCR for page 12 ## Subjects, predicates, and arguments Thematic roles Logical words Modifiers Quantification Intensionality Semantics summary Pragmatics 1: meaning and context Indexicality, context-dependency, and anaphora Presupposition Pragmatics 2: meaning and the intention to communicate The Gricean view of meaning Implicature Speech acts Pragmatics summary Philosophical issues The psychological view The referential view Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 5 Discourse Key terms Chapter preview Goals Language use above and beyond the sentence Data: language use in everyday life Spoken and written discourse: a first look Spoken discourse Sequential and distributional analyses Repair and recipient design Comparing transcripts Adjacency pairs Participation frameworks Narratives Summary: spoken discourse Written discourse ## End of OCR for page 12 ## ## Start of OCR for page 13 ## Fragmentation and integration Writing to be read Language functions Planes of discourse Participation framework Exchange structure Act structures Information state Idea structure Linking together planes of discourse Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 6 Child language acquisition Key terms Chapter preview Goals Gathering data on language acquisition Parental diaries Observational studies Experimental studies The data: milestones in child language development The first sounds The first words First sentences: morphological and syntactic development Crosslinguistic and crosscultural aspects of language acquisition Explaining the data Behaviorism Nativism Connectionism Social interactionism What’s at stake in the child language debate? Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 7 Language and the brain ## End of OCR for page 13 ## ## Start of OCR for page 14 ## Key terms Chapter preview Goals The biology of the brain The cerebrum The cerebral cortex and its neurons Cytoarchitectonics: the distribution of neurons in the cortex The cerebellum, subcortical structures, and networks in the brain Questions about the biology of language Biological substrates: what are the biological bases of language? Biotemporal dynamics: what does the movie of brain activity during language use look like? Separability: do different language functions depend on different biological substrates? Domain specificity: are the biological substrates of language dedicated exclusively to language? Methods in the study of the biology of language The lesion method Hemodynamic neuroimaging Event-related potentials Magnetoencephalography Direct brain recording and stimulation Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Evidence and explanations The lexicon, conceptual-semantics, and phonology Syntax Morphology Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 8 Language change Key terms Chapter preview Goals Languages change ## End of OCR for page 14 ## ## Start of OCR for page 15 ## Causes of language change Articulatory simplification Regularization Language contact Kinds of language change Phonological change Morphological change Syntactic change Semantic change Mechanisms of language change Sound change Borrowing Analogy Linguistic reconstruction and language families The comparative method Internal reconstruction Historical linguistics and culture Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 9 Dialect variation Key terms Chapter preview Goals The nature of dialect variation Languages, dialects, and standards The regular patterning of dialects Why are standards held in such esteem? Why dialects? Inherent variability Levels of dialect variation Lexical variation Phonological variation Morphosyntactic variation Pragmatic variation Shared features among dialects Types of dialect variation ## End of OCR for page 15 ## ## Start of OCR for page 16 ## Social class and social network Gender-based patterns of variation Ethnicity-based variation Dialect and style Age-based variation and language change The fate of dialect variation Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 10 Language and culture Key terms Chapter preview Goals Culturally influenced aspects of language Language, culture, and framing Crosscultural miscommunication Politeness and interaction High-involvement and high-considerateness styles Overlap Back-channel cues Turn-taking Asking questions Indirectness Mutual stereotyping The ritual nature of conversation Language and gender Complementary schismogenesis Language and cultural relativity Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 11 The politics of language Key terms Chapter preview Goals Identity politics and language Language standardization “Languages” and “dialects” Official English Bilingualism Bilingual maintenance: continuing immigration Controlling the content of speech: group identity Blasphemy and cursing Hate speech Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 12 Writing ## End of OCR for page 16 ## ## Start of OCR for page 17 ## Key terms Chapter preview Goals Writing and speaking Types of writing systems Logographic systems Syllabic systems Alphabetic systems Consonantal alphabetic systems The development of writing Protowriting Cuneiform Egyptian hieroglyphs Early alphabets The consequences of literacy Conservatism Democratization Standardization Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 13 Second language acquisition Key terms Chapter preview Goals Theories of second language acquisition Behaviorism Comprehensible input and the natural order hypothesis The interaction hypothesis Socioculturalism Universal Grammar Frequency-based approaches Summary Individual differences in second language acquisition First language (L1) Age Gender Working memory Motivation Context of second language learning SLA processes Attention Developmental sequences Fossilization Instruction Teaching methods Bridging the theory–pedagogy gap Task-based language teaching and learning Chapter summary Exercises Suggestions for further reading 14 Computational linguistics ## End of OCR for page 17 ## <start_of_image> This image is of a book cover. The cover features the title "An Introduction to Language and Linguistics" in large letters over a background of blue metal printing blocks. The authors' names are printed in a smaller font below the title. The title is in the second edition.