Quiz Bee Swine PDF

INTRODUCTION Joan R. Rarogal Assistant Professor III [email protected] COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND SUSTAINABLE Department of Agricultural Sciences  1 The Philippine Swine Industry Advantages...

INTRODUCTION Joan R. Rarogal Assistant Professor III [email protected] COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND SUSTAINABLE Department of Agricultural Sciences  1 The Philippine Swine Industry Advantages and disadvantages of the swine industry 2 Common Breeds and Hybrids TOPIC OUTLINE 3 Production Systems 3 Setting Farm Targets and Stock Projection COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND SUSTAINABLE Department of Agricultural Sciences  Disposition of the Philippine Swine Industry a. Technical Notes  Volume of Production Inventory by Classification Situation Monthly average Reports farmgate prices Top-producing (PSA) regions Value of production  Backyard Livestock and Poultry Survey aims to generate estimates Situation on the supply and Reports disposition of livestock and (PSA) poultry commodities at the household level  Commercial Livestock and Poultry Survey seeks to generate estimates Situation on the supply and Reports disposition of livestock and (PSA) poultry commodities from the sample establishments  Data Collection BLPS (19-page questionnaire) CLPS (5-page questionnaire) a. Type of household operation/purpose a. Type of establishment operation b. Inventory by age b. Inventory by age c. Breeder that gave birth c. Supply indicator (number of births, d. Supply indicator (number of births, received/acquired) received/acquired) d. Slaughtered in the establishment e. Slaughtered in the household e. Sold live for slaughter f. Sold live for slaughter f. Sold live for other purposes (breeding, g. Sold live for other purposes (breeding, fattening) fattening) g. Average farmgate price h. Average farmgate price h. Deaths/Losses i. Deaths/Losses i. Average liveweight per head j. Average liveweight per head j. Disposition by areas of destination k. Disposition by areas of destination k. Assessment of establishment’s l. Assessment of household’s production production Concepts and Definitions of Terms Refers to the actual number of heads present in the farm Inventory as of a specific reference date Concepts and Definitions of Terms Refers to the number of tended/raised animals Volume of disposed for slaughter Production including animals shipped- out for slaughter Concepts and Definitions of Terms Refers to the price received Farmgate by raisers for their produce Price at the location of the farm  Disposition of the Philippine Swine Industry b. Farm Classification Swine (PSA Board Resolution No. 11, series of 2023)  Disposition of the Philippine Swine Industry c. Industry Performance  Table 1. The volume of production of livestock and poultry by animal type, Philippines: 2019-2023 (in thousand metric tons) SPECIES 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 LIVESTOCK1/ 2,798.67 2,590.61 2,160.94 2,204.70 2,257.32 Carabao 140.66 120.41 129.34 130.27 129.78 Cattle 260.62 229.13 236.11 236.65 234.42 Hog 2,296.65 2,142.65 1,696.15 1,737.12 1,793.93 Goat 76.36 71.72 73.04 70.38 70.09 Dairy 24.38 26.71 26.30 30.28 29.10 Other Livestock2/.... 6.19 3.19 2.64 1/ - Includes Carabao, Cattle, Hog, Goat, and Dairy 2/ - Includes Horse, Rabbit, and Sheep Table 1. The volume of production of livestock and poultry by animal type, Philippines: 2019-2023 (in thousand metric tons) Volume of Hog Production in Ilocos Region SPECIES 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Hog 94.57 92.22 57.66 53.06 68.48 Region I (Ilocos Region) 68.484....Ilocos Norte 16.964....Ilocos Sur 13.477....La Union 9.914....Pangasinan 28.130 Table 3. Inventory of livestock and poultry by animal type, Philippines: as of 01 January 2018-2023 Inventory by Farm Classification Inventory by Farm Classification Inventory by Farm Classification Table 7. Average annual prices for selected livestock and poultry, Philippines: 2018- 2022 (in PhP per Kilogram) Table 9. Supply utilization accounts for pork, Philippines: 2018-2022 UPDATES - Highlights 1. Central Visayas - 62.34 thousand metric tons, liveweight 2. CALABARZON - 57.61 thousand metric tons; 3. Northern Mindanao - 53.57 thousand metric tons; 4. Central Luzon - 50.07 thousand metric tons; 5. Davao Region - 30.84 thousand metric tons. Swine Swine Volume of Meat Imports by Origin ASF UPDATES ASF Situation in the Philippines Since the Department of Agriculture (DA) confirmed the first outbreak in July 2019, ASF outbreaks have occurred in 74 of its 82 provinces; as of 8 August 2024, 251 barangays in 64 municipalities of 22 provinces having active ASF cases On Luzon, ASF outbreaks were reported in the municipalities of Calatagan, Lian, Lipa, Lobo, Talisay, San Juan, Tui, Balayan, Malvar and Rosario in the province of Batangas affecting 352 pig farms until 16 August 2024; DA Ilocos Region confirmed ASF outbreaks in Balaoan and Luna towns and San Fernando City on 5 August 2024, 329 pigs have been culled From 26 June to 3 July, more than 200 pigs died due to suspected ASF in Manabo town in Abra Province; In Bicol, samples from Anayan and Sagrada barangays, Camarines Sur Province tested positive for ASF; In Central Visayas Region, blood samples from seven pigs that died on 14 July in Barangay Bonbon, Cebu City tested positive for ASF according to media. ASF Situation in the Philippines In Eastern Visayas Region, blood samples from seven pigs that died on 14 July in Barangay Bonbon, Cebu City tested positive for ASF On Mindanao, in North Cotabato Province, ASF resurgence has been confirmed in 18 barangays of four municipalities, including Magsaysay, Poblacion, Datu Agod, Malire, Kiyaab, Luhong, New Pontevedra, and Malatab in Antipas; and Poblacion and Idaoman in President Roxas; San Vicente, Bulacanon, Poblacion, Saguing, and Libertad in Makilala; and New Panay, Malagakit, and Banucagon in Pigcawayan. In Cotabato Province, nearly half of the province has been affected by ASF including Antipas, Pigcawayan, Tulunan, Kabacan, Makilala, President Roxas, Mlang, Matalam, Arakan, and Kidapawan City; In Misamis Oriental, ASF have been confirmed in Lagonglong in August 2024 according to media. In Negros Island Region, ASF reemerged in Barangay West Balabag, Valencia town in Negros Oriental Province in August 2024. According to Zamboanga City, samples from Barangay Lunzuran, Zamboanga City tested positive for ASF. Actions Taken by Philippines The local authorities are mandated to strictly follow the National Zoning implementation and movement plan depending on the level of ASF risks. DA has announced their “rules of engagement” that farmers must follow to participate in the government-controlled ASF vaccine program multiple ASF checkpoints are set up in Metro Manila, Southern Luzon and Bulacan - where the DA is carrying out a massive pig repopulation program – as a temporary measure to prevent the possible affected pigs from entering the provinces while waiting for the arrival of ASF vaccine Actions Taken by Philippines DA received 10 000 doses of ASF vaccine on 19 August which is planned to be used for healthy growers in Red Zones as response to the resurgence of the virus. Other vaccine manufacturers from the U.S., South Korea and Vietnam are also applying with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be part of the controlled testing to be conducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI)  Actions Taken by Philippines Out of the Department’s target of 600,000 doses, around 150,000 doses of A-VAC ASF Live are expected to arrive in the Philippines by the third quarter of 2024. On its official website, the AVAC ASF LIVE vaccine is developed by the AVAC Viet Nam., JSC and is described as “a freeze-dried, attenuated vaccine that is cultivated on the DMAC [Diep’s Macrophage cell] cell line.” The vaccine is intended for pigs four weeks old and above with a recommended single-dose administration and a protective immunity period of at least five months.  Advantages and Disadvantages of Swine Industry  High Reproductive Rate Efficient Feed Conversion Flexibility in Production Systems Pigs have a relatively short Pigs are considered efficient Swine can be raised in various gestation period and produce converters of feed to meat, A large litters, allowing for a C E production systems, including intensive making them a relatively cost- rapid increase in the swine indoor systems and extensive outdoor effective source of animal population systems protein Advantages Diverse Product Range Global Demand for Utilization of Waste and The swine industry provides Pork by-products B a wide range of products, D Pork is a staple in many F Pigs can be fed with agricultural including pork meat, lard, by-products and food waste, diets around the world, and by-products used in contributing to a consistent contributing to the recycling of various industries such as and widespread demand for nutrients and reducing pharmaceuticals and pork products environmental impact cosmetics  Environmental Impact Disease Challenges Animal Welfare Concerns Large-scale swine production Pigs are susceptible to various Intensive production systems can raise can lead to environmental diseases, and the high-density conditions in some production concerns about animal welfare, including A concerns, including water C E pollution, odor issues, and systems can facilitate the issues related to confinement, stress, and the generation of significant spread of diseases, leading to the use of certain production practices amounts of waste economic losses Disadvantages Antibiotic Resistance Market Volatility Dependency on Feed Costs The use of antibiotics in can be influenced by market The cost of feed, primarily B swine production for growth D fluctuations, including F composed of grains like corn and promotion and disease changes in feed prices, soybeans, can significantly prevention has raised consumer preferences, and impact the profitability of swine concerns about the global economic conditions, production, as it constitutes a development of antibiotic- impacting the profitability of significant portion of the resistant bacteria producers production expenses Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph  Joan R. Rarogal Assistant Professor III [email protected] Hog Zoological Scheme Common Breeds and Hybrids of Swine Production Systems  Kingdom: ANIMALIA Phylum: CHORDATA Class: MAMMALIA Sus scrofa: a wild hog of continental Europe from which most domestic Order: ARTIODACTYLA swine have been derived Sus vittatus: East Indian pig that Family: SUIDAE contributed to domestic swine Genus: Sus Species: scrofa / vittatus Sub-Species: domesticus  Hog – refers to a domestic swine of either sex especially weighing more than 50 kg Pig – a broad term that usually refers to a young swine not yet sexually mature Swine – a term used collectively for any of the stout-bodied, short-legged, omnivorous mammals (family Suidae) with a long mobile snout  Animals with common and specific traits or characteristics Mating within the breed produces progeny that maintains the same set of characteristics.  Characteristics 1. Color 2. Color combinations 3. Size of ears 4. Position of ears 5. Length and shape of the snout 6. Body length 7. Weight at maturity 8. Backline ✓ High litter size ✓ Excellent milkers ✓ Docile temperament ✓ fast growth rate ✓ well muscled ✓ meaty carcasses ✓ durable  Landrace Large White Duroc Pietrain Hampshire Berkshire ✓Originated from Denmark. The American Landrace came from descendants of the Danish Landrace, originating in 1895. ✓Originated from Danish Landrace imported in 1934 & 1938, and Norwegian Landrace imported in 1954. ✓ White-colored meat type of pig (freckles may appear) ✓ Known as the longest breed of swine ✓ large hanging ears and a small head ✓ neck and body are long and narrow to the side ✓ Its back is less arched than other breeds of swine ✓ highly prolific ✓ superior in feed efficiency and daily gain ✓ Good mothering ability ✓lack of hardiness and weak feet, pastern, and legs especially on the hind leg ✓Some strains of landrace have narrow body and long legs depending on the country of origin ✓English bacon breed which had its origin in Yorkshire and neighboring countries in Northern England. ✓Developed by selection and crossing with Leicester hog which was a white hog. The present Large White was developed in England (1890-1900) ✓ entirely white in color (freckles may appear) ✓ with medium and erect ears ✓ with curved back and body inclining forward ✓ fast growing, good feed converter, highly prolific, excellent milkers ✓ superior mothering ability (good mothers) ✓ Legs are generally sturdy and strong ✓ excellent foragers ✓ carcass suitable for bacon production ✓ adapt well in confinement but not in rugged conditions ✓Some individuals in this herd are relatively short and with big belly and they tend to develop carcasses with excess backfat ✓Originated from old Duroc of New York and Jersey Red of New Jersey during 1822-1877 ✓United States ✓ meat type ✓ Has solid colors, ranging from very high light golden to very dark red that approach the color of mahogany ✓ small, forward ears, 2/3 erect and 1/3 hanging ✓ has a good body constitution and strong legs ✓ prolific, good mothering ability, and a good milker ✓ fast grower ✓ adaptable to rugged conditions ✓Superior breed in terms of growth rate and feed efficiency ✓Has good muscle quality and is probably the most resistant to stress ✓Popular as a terminal sire for the production of slaughter pigs, which are characterized by a fast growth rate, good feed efficiency, and good muscle development with desirable carcass quality ✓Some individuals have a strong tendency to have a well-arched back which is undesirable because these animals do not stay long in the breeding herd. ✓The long-legged duroc is more difficult to put in closed confinement ✓Unsound front and hind legs that may lead to stiff gait or lameness are also encountered in some animals ✓Pietrain, Belgium, the village from which the breed takes its name, was the birthplace of the breed (1950-1951) ✓ Mostly spotted black and white ✓ The ears are medium in size and pointed upward although some individuals have slightly drooping ears ✓ The snout is moderately long and slightly dished ✓ May be appropriately called the “muscle” pigs because it is well-known for its outstanding muscle development in the ham, loin, and shoulder ✓ Backfat is very thin ✓ Mothering ability is well within the acceptable level ✓not really good feed efficiency and known for being a slow grower ✓carries two copies of the stress gene thus, is susceptible to many forms of stresses ✓Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS) which is a stress gene. This gene causes heavy muscles and less fat, but also creates tougher lower quality meat ✓Traces its origin to Southern England. But the first Hampshire Swine record was organized in Boone country Kentucky, just across the Ohio river from Cincinnati ✓black meat breed pig with a white belted body from the shoulder to the front legs ✓smaller in size with strong, short legs and erect ears ✓Adapted to rugged conditions ✓Feed efficiency, length and ham-loin percent of this breed are excellent ✓Low litter size at birth and at weaning, poor mothering ability and late maturing ✓Being black is also an objection because it is associated with thick backfat and with difficulty in dressing/cleaning during slaughtering ✓South Central England, principally in the countries of Berkshire and Wiltshire ✓black dual type of pig with six white points (face, feet, and switch of the tail). ✓wide, dish-shaped face, short snout, and medium size erect ears ✓The conformation may be described as an excellent meat type ✓Long-bodied, with a long deep side, moderately wide across the back, smooth throughout, well balanced, and medium length of leg ✓Small litter size at birth and at weaning, late maturing, thick backfat, and the black skin ✓poor feed efficiency and average daily gain ✓Spotted ✓Chinese Taihu pigs Funjiang ✓Limousine Meishan ✓Chester white Jianxiang black ✓Hereford Erhualian ✓Tamworth ✓Large black  controversial subject matter because no tangible documents about this strain. named after the region and province they are found (iloko/ilocos, tagalog, waray and others). small and late maturing. mostly solid or black and white. 8/05/20XX 33  a wild pig breed that is native to the Philippines. occurs as two presently recognized subspecies, such as Sus philippensis philippinesis (northern islands of Polillo, Luzon, Marinduque, and Catanduanes) and Sus philippensis mindanensis (east-central islands of Bohol, Biliran, Samar, Leyte, and on the southern islands of Mindanao, Camiguin Sul, and Basilan). The Philippine Native Pig breed is used to develop other pig breeds, such as Berkjala, Kaman, Diani, Libtong, and Koronadal. 8/05/20XX 34  Kaman – the red Kaman was common in the province of Batangas and was the result of crossing the native pig with Duroc Jersey Diani – the result of crossing native pigs found in the province of Batangas and the Berkshire 8/05/20XX 35  Black Ilocos – crossing native pigs with either Berkshire or Poland China breeds Berkjala Strain – developed in 1916 at UP CA following a systematic upgrading activity. Result of crossing between Berkshire and native pig found in Jalajala, Rizal. 8/05/20XX 36  Koronadal Pig – Swine breeders found another improved pig in Koronadal, Cotabato. It is intermediate between the lard and the bacon types. The size is satisfactory. The head is fairly long, and the snout is somewhat pointed and long. It is claimed that the color is not fixed. 8/05/20XX 37  Usually, the male Philippine Native pig has a longer body and tail than their female counterparts: Male: body length, ranging from 49 inches to 51 inches (127 cm to 129 cm) tail length between 5 inches (13 cm and 14 cm) The female pigs will have a body length between 49 inches and 50 inches (124 cm and 125 cm), with the tail length, ranging from 4 (11 cm to 12 cm). 8/05/20XX 38  small ears sway back weak pasterns strong motherly instinct 8/05/20XX 39  SOW LINE BOAR LINE FATTENER/MARKET HOG Landrace Duroc Landrace x Large White (F1) Largewhite Pietrain Duroc Large white 8/05/20XX 40  COUNTRY OF BREED COLOR EARS TYPE OBSERVATIONS ORIGIN Landrace White Hanging Meat Denmark Long face, good mothers, weak legs, prolific Large White White Standing Meat England Fertile, high quality meat, fast grower Berkshire Black with 6 Standing Lard England Short, black skin, more white points resistant to diseases compared to white breeds Hampshire Black with Standing Meat USA Short, good quality meat, white band strong legs Duroc Red (golden) 2/3 erect, 1/3 Meat USA Good constitution, strong hanging legs, fast grower, resistant to stress Pietrain Black and Standing Very Belgium Very meaty ham and loin, white Meaty very susceptible to stress 8/05/20XX 41  A result of a combination of the good characteristics and traits of superior genetic breeds 8/05/20XX 42  Produced through genetic engineering, which aims to take advantage of heterosis Synthetic hybridization involves the application of a comprehensive testing procedure to evaluate the genetic quality of the purebreds 8/05/20XX 43  Most of them are white with good muscle development Highly prolific Have better fertility Bigger and more uniform litter Heavier piglet weight at birth Slaughter hybrid pigs are outstanding in terms of growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, and carcass quality 8/05/20XX 44  Developed in the Netherlands by a group of breeding companies called TOPIGS Foundation breed: Pietrain along with Largewhite and Landrace 8/05/20XX 45  Known for its fast growth and excellent feed conversion of finishing pigs High fertility, well-developed udder, stress-negative animals 8/05/20XX 46 8/05/20XX 47  Developed by Eurobid, Netherlands Sow line: Largewhite, Landrace, Meishan Boar line: Pietrain, Duroc As for the sow line, it is developed for high litter size and weaning capacity, and for the boar line, for meat percentage, conformation, and feed conversion 8/05/20XX 48  Developed by PIC Known for its docile temperament, good mothering ability to rear large numbers of lean fast growing piglets, and stress negative 8/05/20XX 49  Developed by Genetic Alliance Corporation Lines composed of Large white, Landrace, Yorkshire, and crosses among the said breeds Known to produce large litters, docile with good mothering ability 8/05/20XX 50  One of the pioneers in importing breeder stocks from Europe They have continually produced performance-tested breeding animals with global standards Engage in regular semen and live animal importations to ensure constant genetic upgrade 8/05/20XX 51 8/05/20XX 52 8/05/20XX 53 A. SOW HERD ENTERPRISE Farrow to feeder operation Other raisers SOLD TO FARROWING WEANING A. SOW HERD ENTERPRISE Farrow to finish operation FARROWING FINISHER A. SOW HERD ENTERPRISE Farrow to breeder operation FARROWING BREEDER  B. GROWING – FINISHING ENTERPRISE GROWER / WEANLINGS FINISHER 1. Availability & supply of good quality feeder pigs 2. Cost of feeds and feeder pigs 3. Capacity of the operator in avoiding losses from Market diseases, pests, & other animal health hazards 4. The price, which buyers are willing to pay for the finished hogs B. GROWING – FINISHING ADVANTAGES ENTERPRISE The rate of capital turnover is relatively faster than the sow herd enterprise The producer avoids the very demanding management problems associated with breeding sows and managing their newborn piglets B. GROWING – FINISHING DISADVANTAGES ENTERPRISE The penalty for slow growth is relatively high because of the difficulty of predicting accurately the performance of the feeder pigs especially when they are assembled from farms with sub-standard management C. BOAR FOR HIRE ENTERPRISE C. BOAR FOR HIRE ENTERPRISE Quality of the boar Number and quality of the sows served by the boar Willingness of the customers to use the boar and to pay the breeding fee Capacity of the operator to avoid losses from mechanical injuries and disease C. BOAR FOR HIRE ENTERPRISE ADVANTAGES Can be started with relatively small capital and the return to investment comes quickly May serve as supplementary or primary source of income by a rural family If properly managed, it helps in improving the quality of pigs produced by the farmers within the service area of the boar C. BOAR FOR HIRE ENTERPRISE DISADVANTAGES possible disease problems may be heavy because of frequent contact with sows and gilts from different farm holdings Too careless management can ruin the swine industry in the community because of the great capacity of the boar in disease transmission Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph  SWINE BREEDER FARMS As of June 27, 2024 Registration # Name of Farm Farm Address Expiry Date 1 022-043 3J CORPORATION Tiaong, Quezon April 5, 2026 2 023-070 AA SEED STOCK FARMS, CORP Gen.Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite May 5, 2025 3 022-068 ASTURIAS FARMS, INC. Asturias, Cebu September 30, 2024 4 022-067 Cebu Valladolid Integrated Farm Corp. (VIFCO2) Dumanjug, Cebu May 27, 2024 5 022-023 CENTRAL FARMS, INC. Isabela, Negros Occidental June 24, 2024 6 023-071 Chiu-Nichi Agro Resources Philippines Inc./ Lucra Agriventures Corporation Samal, Bataan July 14, 2025 7 023-073 CPF BALUNGAO Balungao, Pangasinan September 22, 2025 8 024-052 CPF CONCEPCION Concepcion, Tarlac November 17, 2025 9 023-063 CPF DALAGUETE Dalaguete, Cebu August 11, 2025 10 023-060 CPF FLORIDA Floridablanca, Pampanga May 19, 2025 11 023-072 CPF ISABELA Ilagan, Isabela September 7, 2025 12 022-028 CREEKVIEW STOCK BREEDING FARM CORP. Sta. Cruz, Laguna October 31, 2024  SWINE BREEDER FARMS As of June 27, 2024 Registration # Name of Farm Farm Address Expiry Date 13 024 – 040 EUROPHIL SWINE GENETICS, INC. Ibaan, Batangas February 20, 2026 14 022-054 EXCELSIOR FARMS, INC. Pinamungahan, Cebu September 30, 2024 15 023-064 GOLDEN HARVESTA INC. (Gossood Farm) Mayantoc, Tarlac October 13, 2025 16 022-010 JAMARLI, INC. (JALTAS HOGS) Bago City, Negros Occidental September 30, 2024 17 023-069 MAGNIFICENT SEVEN EQUITY VENTURES INC. Rosario, Batangas July 24, 2024 18 023-061 MM HOG FARM BREEDING FACILITY PROJECT Lantapan, Bukidnon July 6, 2025 19 024-059 Q-PIGS LIVESTOCK CORPORATION Tupi, South Cotabato March 21, 2026 20 023-036 QUICKGROW GENETICS PHILIPPINES, INC San Quintin, Pangasinan March 9, 2025 21 022-044 VENVI AGRO-INDUSTRIAL VENTURES, CORP. San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte September 22, 2024 22 021-041 WELLISSA FARM (KANE’S BREEDING FARM) Bantayan Island, Cebu June 30, 2024 23 022-066 XCELL BOAR STUD SERVICES Porac, Pampanga July 31, 2024  SWINE BREEDER FARMS As of June 27, 2024 Registration # Name of Farm Farm Address Expiry Date REPRODUCTION Joan R. Rarogal Asst. Prof III REPRODUCTION The process by which pigs produce offsprings Production Cycle / Period Number of Days 1. Dry period 3 – 7 days 2. Pregnancy period 114 days 3. Lactation period 28 – 42 days 4. Rearing period of weaners 30 – 40 days 5. Growing & Finishing of fatteners 90 – 150 days 6. Rearing period of replacement 150 – 180 days stocks THE DRY PERIOD The time interval from weaning to service Time when the sow is unproductive THE DRY PERIOD Weaning at 4 weeks = early re-bred Normally, sows come in heat 4-7 days after weaning to a maximum of 10 days PUBERTY Beginning of reproductive capability or sexual Puberty maturity Ranges from 4-8 months old PUBERTY IN BOARS The age at which sperm cells or spermatozoa appear in the ejaculate Takes place in 45-50 Spermatogenesis – the days process in which sperm cells are 10-15 billion sperm formed in the testes or testicles cells each day ✓ at least 8 months old READY ✓ Large enough to FOR BREEDING cover a normal- sized gilt ✓ Sufficient libido to complete ejaculation ✓ Semen is of sufficient quality and quantity to ensure high conception rates Factors Affecting Puberty in Boars ✓ Genotype ✓ Age ✓ Nutrition ✓ Environment ✓ Health ✓ Frequency of use PUBERTY IN GILTS Signaled by the occurrence of the first ovulation or estrus period which is characterized by receptivity to the male pig or acceptance of the male pig READY FOR BREEDING ✓ At least 8 months old ✓ About 130-150 kg in weight ✓ Has cycled at least twice Factors Affecting Puberty in Gilts ✓ Genetics ✓ Age ✓ Nutrition ✓ Climatic Environment ✓ Male effect ✓ Social environment ✓ Exogenous hormones ESTRUS Also known as HEAT PERIOD Time during which the sow will accept the boar Lasts from 3-5 days ESTRUS Older sows generally remain in heat longer than gilts due to stability of hormonal activities Silent heaters Silent heat ESTROUS CYCLE Period intervening between two successive heat periods in the absence of pregnancy Ranges from 18-24 days, with an average of 21 days ESTROUS CYCLE MONOESTRUS the animal comes in heat only once a year SEASONALLY POLYESTRUS If it comes in heat at certain seasons only POLYESTRUS If it comes in heat all throughout the year  4 Stages of Estrous Follicular phase Luteal phase Increasing estrogen secretion Increasing progesterone as the oocyte and follicle from development of mature towards ovulation corpus luteum (release of the egg). (commonly referred to as the 'yellow body'). Phase of physiological changes surrounding the Within each of these phases, there are determination of stages identified by the specific pregnancy. hormone changes within the phase of oocyte and follicle morphology Regulation of Estrus Purpose of the Female Reproductive Organ production of female gametes (ova). production of estrogens, particularly estradiol. development of the female reproductive tract. secondary sexual characteristics and lack of male characteristics. Purpose of the Female Reproductive Organ development of sexual and maternal behaviours libido, willingness and desire to mate. provide site of insemination, fertilization and embryonic /fetal development. Female Reproductive Tract Ovaries primary structures of the female reproductive. Female Reproductive Tract Female Reproductive Tract Female Reproductive Tract Infundibulum acts as a funnel to collect ova and divert them to the oviduct. Female Reproductive Tract Oviduct about 6-10 inches long and acts as the site of fertilization Female Reproductive Tract Uterus composed of two uterine horns Each is 2-3 feet in length in the non-pregnant sow They act as a passageway for sperm to reach the oviduct and are the site of fetal development  Female Reproductive Tract Cervix a muscular junction between the vagina and uterus It is the site of semen deposition It is dilated during heat (estrus) but constricted during the remainder of the estrous cycle and during pregnancy Female Reproductive Tract Vagina extends from the cervix to the vulva and serves as a passageway for urine and the piglets at birth. The bladder is connected to the vagina by the urethra. Female Reproductive Tract Vulva the external portion of the reproductive tract. It often becomes red and swollen just prior to estrus and this swollen condition is usually more pronounced in gilts than in sows. Male Reproductive Tract Purpose of the male Reproductive Organ production of large numbers of the haploid male gametes (spermatozoa). production of male hormones (androgens) particularly testosterone, which act to stimulate the growth of penis, ducts and glands and the development of the secondary sexual characteristics and male behaviour such as mounting, libido and aggression. Male Reproductive Tract Testes primary reproductive organ. location of the leydig cells which produces the male hormone Male Reproductive Tract Scrotum bag like structure that covers the testis enables the temperature of the testes to be maintained at a lower temperature (3-5 0C) than the body which promote spermatogenesis. Male Reproductive Tract Male Reproductive Tract Reproductive Ducts ▪ transport of spermatozoa and add secretions. 1. Epididymis ▪ coiled structure ▪ storage of quiescent but live spermatozoa before ejaculation. ▪ maturation of spermatozoa ▪ addition of nutrient to semen for the spermatozoa to use for movement. Male Reproductive Tract Male Reproductive Tract 2. Vas Deferens and Urethra ▪ ducts through which spermatozoa pass along during ejaculation. ▪ urethra connects the bladder and vas deferens with the tip of the penis. Male Reproductive Tract Accessory Glands Seminal Vesicles ▪ produce secretions that are added to the spermatozoa. ▪ contains protein to stimulate capacitation and promotes gelling or clotting of the semen. ▪ contains sugar fructose together with citrate that provide energy and prostaglandins that stimulate contraction of female reproductive tract. ▪ in boar, it is very large which is necessary to tremendous need for these secretions to produce the average of 175 ml. Male Reproductive Tract Accessory Glands Prostate Gland ▪ produces secretions that are slightly alkali (to neutralize the lactic acid present because the spermatozoa are stored in the epididymis) and contain low concentrations of proteins. Male Reproductive Tract Accessory Glands Bulbourethral gland ▪ accounts for the portion of the semen which coagulates to prevent semen from flowing back through the cervix into the vagina of the sow. Male Reproductive Tract Penis ▪ erection of the penis is due to the rigidness of the corpora cavernosa (spongy tissue) due to its enlargement as less blood draining from the penis. ▪ ejaculation is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. the parasympathetic nervous system and nitric oxide released and nerve terminals lead to dilation of blood vessels thus resulting to erection Male Reproductive Tract Male Reproductive Tract Male Reproductive Tract Hormones Substances produced by the cells of the body and passed in the bloodstream to influence other cells elsewhere in the body ESTRUS STIMULATION Light The external High brain centers Smell stimuli Touch GnRH Anterior pituitary gland Signals the hypothalamus to LH FSH release the Ovary Oxytocin Gonadotrophin- releasing hormone Relaxin Progesterone Estrogen (GnRH) Mammary gland Uterus ESTRUS STIMULATION Stimulates the anterior The external stimuli High brain centers pituitary gland to produce GnRH the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Anterior pituitary gland The FSH directly affects LH FSH the ovaries where several Oxytocin Ovary of the globes develop Relaxin Progesterone Estrogen into vesicles or graafian follicles. In turn the Mammary gland Uterus follicle walls produce a hormone, estrogen ESTRUS STIMULATION The external High brain centers stimuli GnRH Anterior pituitary gland LH FSH Oxytocin Ovary Estrogen is the Relaxin Progesterone Estrogen substance responsible for the manifestation of heat Mammary gland Uterus or estrus ESTRUS STIMULATION The external High brain centers stimuli GnRH The pituitary gland When enough then produces Anterior pituitary gland estrogen is carried by Luteinizing LH FSH the blood to the brain, Hormone (LH) it signals the pituitary Ovary Oxytocin which causes the to stop the production ovum Relaxin within the Progesterone Estrogen of FSH because the follicular wall to follicles are already Mammary gland Uterus there and are mature emerge ESTRUS STIMULATION The external High brain centers stimuli GnRH The process is called Anterior pituitary gland ovulation. One ovum is released from each LH FSH ripe follicle within 4-6 Ovary Oxytocin hours Relaxin Progesterone Estrogen Mammary gland Uterus ESTRUS STIMULATION The external High brain centers stimuli GnRH Anterior pituitary gland The corpus luteum now LH FSH produces another Ovary hormone, Oxytocin Progesterone Relaxin Progesterone Estrogen Mammary gland Uterus ESTRUS STIMULATION The external High brain centers stimuli GnRH This hormone stimulates Anterior pituitary gland the uterine glands of the LH FSH uterus to produce nutrients Ovary to maintain the released Oxytocin ova. It also signals theRelaxin Progesterone Estrogen anterior pituitary gland to Mammary gland stop secretions of FSH and Uterus LH  ESTRUS STIMULATION The external High brain centers stimuli GnRH If fertilization takes place Anterior pituitary gland and the sow conceives, the corpus luteum is LH FSH maintained until the Ovary Oxytocin termination of pregnancy Relaxin Progesterone Estrogen Mammary gland Uterus  ESTRUS STIMULATION The external If no conception takes stimuli High brain centers place, the uterus produces a GnRH hormone, Prostaglandin Anterior pituitary gland (PG), which causes the regression of the corpus LH FSH luteum. With this, the Oxytocin Ovary “brake” on the pituitary Relaxin Progesterone Estrogen gland is released. The FSH is produced and the whole Mammary gland Uterus cycle begins again  ESTRUS STIMULATION The external High brain centers stimuli If the pig conceives, gives GnRH birth and nurses the piglets, Anterior pituitary gland the sucklings stimulates milk let-down causing the LH FSH release of Prolactin from Oxytocin Ovary the pituitary gland. Relaxin Progesterone Estrogen Prolactin block the release of FSH Mammary gland Uterus Quiz. Fill in the blanks External stimuli signal the hypothalamus to release the (1)__________ which stimulates the (2) __________ to produce the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The FSH directly affects the (3) ______ where several of the globes develop into vesicles or Graafian follicles. In turn, the follicle walls produce a hormone, (4)______, responsible for the manifestation of heat or estrus. When follicles are already mature, the production of FSH stops. The pituitary gland then produces (5) ______which causes the ovum within the follicular wall to emerge. One ovum is released from each ripe follicle within (6)_______. The corpus luteum now produces another hormone, (7)_______ which also signals the anterior pituitary gland to stop secretions of FSH and LH. If (8)_______ takes place and the sow conceives, the (9)________is maintained until the termination of pregnancy. If the pig conceives, gives birth, and nurses the piglets, the sucklings stimulate milk let-down causing the release of (10) ______ from the pituitary gland. Prolactin blocks the release of (11)______. On the other hand, if no conception takes place, the (12)_______ produces a hormone, (13)________which causes the regression of the corpus luteum. With this, the “brake” on the (14)________is released. The (15)________ is produced and the whole cycle begins again. HEAT DETECTION The method by which a pig raiser determines whether a sow will accept service by the boar Should be done twice a day preferably early in the morning and late in the afternoon HEAT DETECTION 1st stage: Early heat signs ✓ General restlessness ✓ Vulva turns red and is swollen ✓ White mucus discharge ✓ Service/Insemination: NO HEAT DETECTION 2nd stage: Service Period signs ✓ Real estrus lasts for 40 - 60 hours ✓ Vulva becomes less red and swollen ✓ Slimy mucus discharge ✓ Tendency to mount and be mounted by others. ✓ The sow or gilt will stand still when pressure is applied to her back ✓ Service/Insemination: YES HEAT DETECTION HEAT DETECTION 3rd stage: Post-estrus period signs ✓ sow/gilt will not stand still when pressure is applied to her back ✓ The swelling of the vulva disappears ✓ Service/Insemination: NO HEAT DETECTION Important Notes The standing still to back pressure is caused by a hormone released in response to a stimulus, it is not continuous. This response lasts for 7-10 minutes and is repeated after about 5 minutes Females that are showing any sign of estrus but will not stand if you try to sit on her back should be checked again 5 minutes later TECHNIQUES OF HEAT DETECTION TECHNIQUES OF HEAT DETECTION This method is done by applying pressure on her sides with both hands If she is receptive, she will just stand firm and rigid, ready to be served Back Pressure Test TECHNIQUES OF HEAT DETECTION This is done by riding on or pressing the back or loin of the sow The sow will stand firmly and remain rigid, ready to be served if its is sexually receptive Riding-the-back Test TECHNIQUES OF HEAT DETECTION Semen-on-snout Test Old semen sample is squeezed from a squirt bottle on the snout of the sow With the boar’s smell in the semen, the sow will just stand firm and remain rigid if it is sexually receptive Sex Odor Aerosol (SOA) TECHNIQUES OF HEAT DETECTION A vasectomized boar is the best animal to use in this method If the sow stands firm, remains rigid with cocked ears and willingly submit itself to the advances of the boar, it is sexually receptive Teaser Boar Method TECHNIQUES OF HEAT DETECTION Less sophisticated methods of detecting heat in female pigs Records and skills in detecting in-heat sows is important External signs of estrus and records TECHNIQUES OF HEAT DETECTION HOW AND WHEN TO SERVE SOWS/GILTS BREEDING Best time: Early morning or late afternoon HOW AND WHEN TO SERVE SOWS/GILTS Ovulation The process of releasing the ova from each ripe follicle inside the ovary It occurs 36 – 40 hours after the start of standing heat when the most number of eggs are being shed HOW AND WHEN TO SERVE SOWS/GILTS Ovulation Live sperm must be in the female reproductive tract a few hours before the occurrence of ovulation; otherwise, the litter size will be reduced HOW AND WHEN TO SERVE SOWS/GILTS FREQUENCY OF BOAR SERVICE OR COLLECTION Young boar (8-11 months old): once a week Older boars (12 months up) – twice a week, 3 consecutive day rest FREQUENCY OF BOAR SERVICE OR COLLECTION Overused boars have low semen concentration and volume Under-usage will deteriorate semen quality such as semen becoming stale and presence of dead sperm cells FERTILIZATION Mating process in the pig is prolonged, sometimes up to 15 minutes, during which the time up to 400 ml of fluid will be inseminated FERTILIZATION The penis spiral towards the vagina and into the cervix where it screws into the folds to become locked FERTILIZATION Sperm is transported from the cervix to the top of the womb by the contractions of the muscles It takes up to 2 hours for them to arrive at the bottom of the fallopian tubes, the utero-tubal junction FERTILIZATION At this junction, before the sperm cells are able to fertilize the ova, they have to undergo a second-phase of maturation process known as capacitation which will take bout 6 hours THE PREGNANCY/ GESTATION PERIOD Period from fertilization to farrowing time 114 days ± 3 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days) THE PREGNANCY/ GESTATION PERIOD Conception rate should be 80 – 90% If figure falls towards 60%, it is important to question semen quality and physiological state of the sow Successful conception is characterized by a failure to return to estrus 3 weeks following mating PREGNANCY CYCLE Pregnancy of sows starts on day 12 of the gestation period. PREGNANCY CYCLE If there are fewer than 5 embryos in the womb, the pregnancy will not continue Embryos will be resorbed and the sow will return to heat after 9 days PREGNANCY CYCLE If there are 5 or more live embryos in the womb, the pregnancy will continue. The embryos will attach to the walls of the womb PREGNANCY CYCLE This attachment is completed on day 21 – 23 where each embryo occupies an individual space This period before day 35 is called the embryonic period PREGNANCY CYCLE Death during this period is called early embryonic death (EED) If some of the embryos die, it will result to either abortion or complete resorption. Then the sow would return to heat, 9 or possible more days depending on the cause of EED PREGNANCY CYCLE After day 35, the skeletal development and calcification begins, hence the start of fetal period PREGNANCY CYCLE Death of the fetuses may result in the following: ✓ Abortion ✓ Maceration and mummification PREGNANCY CYCLE Death of the fetuses may result in the following: ✓ Abortion ✓ Maceration and mummification PREGNANCY CYCLE Litters born before the 109th day of gestation are usually not capable of surviving If the gestation is over 119 days, this may result in abnormalities PREGNANCY CYCLE PREGNANCY CYCLE Causes of Regular Repeat Causes of Irregular Repeat Breeders Breeders ✓ Hormonal deficiencies ✓ Hormonal problems ✓ Nutritional deficiencies ✓ Silent heat ✓ Insemination failure ✓ Metritis ✓ Boar failure ✓ Management failures ✓ Stress PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Economic Importance ✓ Affects the number of lost days ✓ Minimizes the risk of under / over occupancy ✓ Serves as a guide in judging sows for culling ✓ Determines the fertility of both the boar and the sow ✓ Controls the amount of feeds to be given to the sow METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Records If the services are recorded, the dates for the first heat control (18-24 days) and second heat control (38-42 days) can be determined. If the sow doesn’t come in heat during these period, then it is assumed that the sow is pregnant METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Ultrasound - Amplitude depth ultrasound machines Ultrasonic detectors The principle of ultrasonic pregnancy detectors is an ultrasonic echo from fluid in the uterus Uterine fluid increases rapidly following conception and reaches detectable levels 25 to 30 days after breeding METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Ultrasound - Amplitude depth ultrasound machines For some equipment, it remains detectable for 80 to 90 days after breeding After this period, the mass of fetuses in the uterus exceeds the fluid content and the machine losses its sensitivity Also, false positives can often be detected if the bladder is full, and scanning misses the womb METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Ultrasound - Amplitude depth ultrasound machines METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Ultrasound – Doppler tests Doppler ultrasound machines are more accurate and can be used over the whole range of the pregnancy period from 26 days to term. Most popular method in the developed countries with a 90% plus accuracy The sounds detected in early pregnancy arise from the changes in blood flow that take place in the large arteries supplying blood to the womb METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Ultrasound – Doppler tests Movement of the fetus and placenta can also be detected together with the fetal heart beat Womb infection, embryo absorption or early estrus can give false positives and wrong interpretation of sounds Inexperience can also give rise to wrong interpretations METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Ultrasound – Doppler tests The pregnancy tester is positioned 2-3 cm for the last teat or second teat at the back METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Ultrasound – Doppler tests When using the Pregtone ® a continuous beep means the sow is positive or pregnant METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Ultrasound – Doppler tests If MEDATA ® pregnancy tester is used, three kinds of sounds could be heard: 1. Middle uterine artery (25 days and up) 2. Umbilical vessels (75 days) 3. Fetal heartbeat (85 days) METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS External Signs By looking at the external parts of the body, it can be determined if the sow is pregnant or not METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Hormone analysis (blood and urine) The progesterone level in the blood or in urine is analyzed Serum analysis is carried out after day 22 (from the day of service) by using a small stylette to puncture the ear vein A thin capillary tube collects a spot of blood which is then tested for pregnancy hormone This technique is time consuming, expensive METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Vaginal biopsy Involves the removal of a small piece of the vaginal mucous membrane using a special instrument The instrument is inserted into the vagina 150-300 mm pressed into the membrane, and the end manipulated to cut-off a small piece METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Vaginal biopsy The sample is placed in a small container with a special preservative and posted to a laboratory for histological examinations It is time consuming, expensive and little used METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Palpation Very useful and valuable method of diagnosing pregnancy in mature sow after 30 days of gestation Rectal examination, although not commonly a practiced, has the added advantage of being very simple and rapid test not requiring expensive instruments or laboratory facilities METHODS OF PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Scanner Scanning equipment is now available similar to that used in humans for detecting pregnancy Expensive but very accurate ADVANTAGES OF EARLY PREGNANCY DETECTION Identification of sows for culling or rebreed, non- pregnant, feed wasting sows Gives early warning of breeding troubles, due to infertile boars and cystic ovaries of sows Enables the producer to make effective use of his breeding facilities and to plan more adequately for farrowing, nursing, and finishing Avoids selling of pregnant sows Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph MANAGING BOAR Joan R. Rarogal Asst. Prof I BOAR SELECTION Boars are “half” the herd Select the best available boar  BOAR SELECTION Backfat thickness Growth rate or ADG FCR Performance Traits of medium to high heritability  BOAR SELECTION Strong, correct feet and legs Masculine in appearance and action Clearly visible and well- developed testicles that are Physical almost equal in size and should always hang Soundness uniformly  BOAR SELECTION 4-6 months at the time of selection Select a boar which has been tested for fertility Age  BOAR SELECTION Determine the weaknesses of the gilts and sows in the herd Traits to overcome defects  BOAR SELECTION Boars should have normal mammary development Mammary development  BOAR SELECTION Body length, depth, and height should be well- proportioned Body conformation TRANSPORTING NEWLY PURCHASED BOAR Ensure maximum safety to minimize stress, injury and diseases TRANSPORTING NEWLY PURCHASED BOAR Stressful condition or disease that cause high temperatures can lower fertility or even lead to temporary infertility which might last for 6-8 weeks BOAR USAGE Guide for Natural Mating NO. OF SERVICES BOAR < 1 YEAR OLD BOAR ± 1 YEAR OLD PER SOW PER HEAT (JUNIOR BOAR) (SENIOR BOAR) PERIOD Two services 2 boars: 15 sows 1 boar: 15 sows One service 1 boar: 20 sows 1 boar: 30 sows BOAR USAGE Recommended Service Interval BOAR AGE SERVICE INTERVAL 8 – 10 months 5 – 10 days 11 months 4 days 12 months 3 days BOAR USAGE Animal Volume per Sperm per Total sperm Number of Ejaculation (ml) ml per ejaculate females per (thousands) (billion) ejaculate Boar 150-250 100 15-25 10-12 Bull 5-15 1000 3-5 100-600 Rooster 0.6-0.8 3000 1.8-2.4 - Ram 0.8-1.0 1000 0.8-1.0 40-100 Stallion 70-100 100 7-10 8-12 BOAR USAGE Normal Ejaculate Measures Total volume of ejaculate: 200-400 mL Sperm rich volume: 100-200 mL Sperm cells/ejaculate: 60-130 billion Normal sperm: 80-90% Motile sperm: 80% Live sperm: 90% Doses (of 3 billion sperm): 20 doses/ejaculate BOAR USAGE OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Acclimatize new boars at least 1 week before use and after the quarantine period If possible, have one extra boar for every 30 sows OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Boars should start service at age of 8 months and for the first service, introduce the boar to the sow which is standing well on heat OTHER CONSIDERATIONS If replacement stock is to be obtained from the farm, boars are usually culled after 2.5 – 3 years of service It is advisable that boars be of different ages OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Check semen quality of the boar regularly at least every six months, especially during summer If possible, make a blood test for newly acquired boars OTHER CONSIDERATIONS One caretaker should handle the boar Make sure that mating area is not slippery, rubber mat can be used REGULAR BOAR ACTIVITIES AGE ACTIVITY 4 – 6 months Selection 6 - 7 months Quarantine 7 - 8 months Training 8 - 12 months Breeding schedule and utilization Once a week utilization (max. 2 times) 12 months and Two times a week utilization above (3 days service interval) 30 - 36 months Peak production, 2 x a week utilization 38 - 44 months Planned culling REGULAR BOAR ACTIVITIES FREQUENCY Deworming 3-4 times/year Mange treatment 3-4 times/year Vitamin ADE 1-2 times/month Hog Cholera Vaccine 6 months of age FMD Vaccine 6 ½ months of age Parvovirus vaccine 7 months of age Pseudorabies vaccine 7 months of age HELPFUL TIPS ON BOAR MANAGEMENT Feed to keep fit, not fat Do not forget to quarantine and acclimatize HELPFUL TIPS ON BOAR MANAGEMENT Mating in the boar’s pen may be the best location Provide good environment HELPFUL TIPS ON BOAR MANAGEMENT Use the boar for mating at the right age Test mount to determine fertility and libido Cull boars with lack fertility and sex drive Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph MANAGEMENT OF GILTS Joan R. Rarogal Asst. Prof I ➔ Efficiency in breeding is the heart and soul of swine farming worldwide ➔ Maximize the number of piglets/ litter ➔ Maximize the total piglets born alive per year ➔ Optimize the piglet birth and weaning weight , sow productivity and longevity ➔ Heat stress in the first 30 days of pregnancy reduces the number of piglets born per litter and decreases conception rate and farrowing rate Gilt’s Program ➔ Select gilts according to the selection criteria such as ADG, FCR, development of mammary glands and teats, good and strong feet, legs and back, fertility and mothering ability ➔ Buy 6 months old gilts from reputable breeding farm ➔ Buy gilts from one farm. Introduction of gilts from several sources increases the risk of bringing in diseases ➔ Quarantine and acclimatize gilts Gilt’s Program ➔ Vaccinate gilts – refer to health program of the farm ➔ Observed for heat occurrence ➔ Record every heat cycle to determine whether the gilt is a regular heater or not ➔ Breed or inseminate gilts on the 2nd or 3rd heat ➔ Breeding is done at about 8 months of age and weighing 130 to 140 kgs and backfat thickness of about 18-20 mm (Pure breed) 14- 16 mm (Hybrid) Getting Used to Stockman Gilts also have to get to people When the gilts are well used to stockman, it saves a lot of stress when they become sows The sow will not be aggressive towards the farmer and the animal keeper Feeding and Housing Increase the amount of feed 2 weeks before breeding or insemination. Breeder or lactating feed of 3.5 kg per day to increase ovulation rate Gilts need adequate feed to support long productive life Feeding and Housing Group housing of gilts, 5-10 gilts per pen promotes stimulation of heat occurrence due to social contact Provide floor space of 1.1 m2 per gilt House them at least 1.5 m away from the boar Feeding and Housing Expose gilts to light at least 14 hours a day Sufficient exposure to light enable the gilts to reach puberty earlier, such that reproductive phenomenon is achieved at lighter weight among gilts However, there is no difference in ovulation rate compared to the unexposed gilts but both gilts and boars tend to become sexually more active Feeding and Housing Expose gilts to boars to stimulate them to come into heat early. Very young gilts of less than 160 days of age should not be exposed Limiting the exposure to 10-15 minutes usually give better results either direct or at fence line. Feeding and Housing For natural breeding use mature boar Weak or Silent Heater Gilt This phenomenon is brought about by late puberty, extremely hot weather, overcrowding, bullying and gilts becoming too fat Weak or Silent Heater Gilt do not rear own-herd replacement close to the boars use 6-8 gilt pool (maximum of 10-12) excitement and competition stimulate estrus put smelly, friendly boars in a group of weak- heaters move weak-heaters to previously occupied boar pen Anestrous Failure to come into heat A reproductive problem which needs considerable attention Profit eaters Anestrous keep the gilts outside on a paddock or a “run” for few hours each day provide at least 14 hours of light per day examine the under-development of external genitalia or anatomical anomalies create good health acclimatize new gilts give good nutrition MANAGEMENT OF DRY SOWS Joan R. Rarogal Asst. Prof I DRY PERIOD The time interval from weaning to service Important Points Keep the lactation period not longer than five weeks Continue to feed the sow on the day of weaning Expose weaned sows to the boar Important Points If the sow does not come into heat 10-12 days after weaning, hormone injection can be used as a last resort Old sows of parity eight and above tend to have longer dry periods Keep sows as cool as possible during summer. Heat stress has a negative effect on the onset of estrus Important Points Check dry sows for heat occurrence twice a day Observe the right timing of breeding Breed only good sows, and cull bad sows immediately After weaning, it is advisable to let the newly- weaned sows roam around in a paddock Provide adequate shade during summer months for the breeding herd if the sows are penned in the paddocks Important Points Arrange housing and feeding facilities to ensure maximum exercise Intermittent spray cooling during hot weather makes the living condition more comfortable for sows Clean and disinfect the sow pen Managing Body Condition of Dry Sow Managing Body Condition of Dry Sow Weight Loss Guideline As a rule of thumb, a sow may lose two to three millimeters of backfat thickness during lactation period, as well as 8% to 10% of its body weight. That is excluding the weight of the piglets and the amniotic fluid, which together amount to about 25 kilograms. Weight Loss Guideline Example: A sow weigh 250 kg when placed in the farrowing pen. Piglets, afterbirth and amniotic fluid weigh 25 kg. Weight Loss Guideline Example: Weight after farrowing = 250 kg – 25 kg = 225 kg Weight Loss Guideline Example: Weight during suckling is 10% of its body weight: 225 kg x 10% = 22.50 kg Weight Loss Guideline Example: After weaning, the weight of the sow must be at least: 225 – 22.5 kg Feeding around Weaning Sometimes the sows are fed extra sugar a week before weaning This can improve the development of follicles Sugar raise the sow’s insulin spikes, and therefore positively link back to sex hormones Supplementing sugars and other stimulating products is advisable, but the quantity must be considered in association to the other feeds Other Consideration During weaning make sure that the room where the sow will be transferred has been prepared properly Silent Heat in Sows Most sows suffering from silent heating are those exposed to overcrowding in a badly matched groups, poor nutritional state and extremely high temperatures Others are those poorly housed in confinement stalls, no boar contact and little light stimulation Silent Heat in Sows Management practices such as flushing, provision of physical exercise, social contact, boar exposure, fasting and use in injectable hormones MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANT SOWS Joan R. Rarogal Asst. Prof I Successful management of pregnant sows is the final, vital step in mating and reproduction sows will farrow as scheduled producing large litters and ✓ Reduced empty sows and quickly returning to culls heat for breeding after weaning ✓ Higher output and lower cost of production MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Lower the amount of feed given to sows (1.5 – 2.5 kg per day) The first 21 days is very critical for a successful breeding, avoid giving stress to the sow Day 0 BREEDING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES A good recording will signal which group of sows are due to return Day 21 FIRST HEAT CONTROL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES When & how to check for Pregnancy? The expected return to heat is 18 to day 24 days or 21 days as average after mating Sows should be checked twice daily during this period Day 21 FIRST HEAT CONTROL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES When & how to check for Pregnancy? Returns to service should be checked using the Back Pressure and/or Boar tests If sows are in stalls, take the boar to the stalls to help the caretaker Day 21 do the checking FIRST HEAT Methods of Pregnancy CONTROL Diagnosis MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The reliability of a pregnancy tester is quite good about four to six weeks after mating, but they do not substitute for an accurate return check around day 21 Day 25 PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS Methods of Pregnancy Diagnosis MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The second heat control checks if the sow returns to heat or not The heat detection can be done on 36th day up to 48 day after breeding or mating Day 42 SECOND HEAT CONTROL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Increase the feed amount to be given to the sow due to the following reasons: Fetus development Day 85 Body reserve for the lactation period INCREASE FEED AMOUNT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Stage of Feed/Day (kg) Explanation Pregnancy Stage 1 2.0 To avoid embryonic death Service -21 days later Stage 2 2.0 For sows with normal body 22 days- 83 days condition Day 85 2.5-3.0 For thin sows INCREASE 1.5 For fat sow + 0.5- 1 kg roughage FEED Stage 3 2.5 (+ 0.5 – 1 AMOUNT Provide extra amount of feed 84-110 days kg) for developing piglets MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Stage of Feed/Day Explanation Pregnancy (kg) Stage 4 2.0 To prevent constipation 111-113 days thus making farrowing easier for the sow. Stage 5 0 Day 85 Handful of feeds of only Day of farrowing INCREASE Plenty of fresh water must be available FEED AMOUNT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Before treatment of external parasites, clean the sow thoroughly with soaps, scrubber and water. Let the sow dry then apply Day 100 biologics for the treatment of FIRST mange and / or lice. These are MANGE pour- ons, sprays or injectables TREATME NT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Day 100 FIRST MANGE TREATME NT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Day 100 FIRST MANGE TREATME NT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ✓The pig becomes itchy, and scratches and rubs against the walls of the sty and other objects with the skin between the legs, around the eyes, ears and neck being principally affected. Day 100 ✓The coat looks dull, and there are bare patches, heavy crusts, and lines on the body FIRST that look like ribs Restlessness and itching MANGE which can be very severe TREATME NT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ✓Red pimples on skin, which turn into crusts and scabs. ✓Later the skin looks very rough, is thickened and covered with flakes scratching ✓Skin may show red spots or bite wounds Day 100 ✓ Thick skin and rough hair coat ✓Anaemia in severe cases especially in FIRST piglets MANGE ✓Death in severe cases TREATME NT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES This practice is very essential for the health of both sow and piglets. Application may either be through in feed medication which is more economical or by Day 104 injections DEWORMI NG MANAGEMENT PRACTICES A follow- up treatment is done to kill the remaining eggs of the mange and lice which are still on the sows’ body. However, if injectable biologics are used there Day 107 is no need for a second treatment SECOND MANGE TREATME NT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The sow must be transferred to the farrowing pen for it to be acclimatized to the new pen and environment Day 107 SOW TRANSFER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES This practice is done to avoid constipation and difficulty in farrowing. Prepare the brooder and lamp before the expected day farrowing Day 111 DECREASE FEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The average gestation period is 114 days but 114 days + 3 days is still considered normal Day 114 EXPECTED FARROWI NG Critical Periods Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph MANAGEMENT OF SOWS Joan R. Rarogal Asst. Prof I A. FARROWING SOW Attending sows at farrowing decreases the number of “stillborn”, pigs can be freed from membranes, weak pigs revived, care can be given THE FARROWING PROCESS Pre- Farrowin farrowing g process Post- farrowi ng  Pre- farrowing period The preparation for farrowing starts some 10 to 14 days prior to the actual date  Pre- Preparation before Farrowing farrowing period ✓Cleaning the farrowing pens or stalls ✓Disease and parasite control ✓Thoroughly wash and clean the pregnant sow ✓Brooder lamp should be prepared ✓Make sure there are no draughts or high air flow across the house ✓Make sure all nipple drinkers are working ✓Ensure that all the farrowing supplies are ready  Pre- Signs of Farrowing farrowing period ✓ swelling of the vulva with mucus discharge ✓ exhibit nesting behavior ✓ reddening and enlargement of the udder ✓ “sitting dog” position ✓ milk let down ✓ scratching the floor ✓ Reduced appetite and restlessness ✓ Meconium coming from the rectum of the piglet inside Length of Farrowing Farrowing process Duration of labor ranges from 30 minutes to more than 5 hours (average of 2.5 hours) Pigs may be born either head first or rear feet first  Farrowing process Average interval between births of pigs is approximately 15 minutes Afterbirth should come within ½ to 1 hour Causes of Abnormal Birth Process ❑ Sow Factor ▪ Weak contractions ▪ Fat sow ▪ Constipation – narrow birth canal ▪ Restless and aggressive sow ▪ Sick sow ▪ Uterine abnormalities ❑ Piglet Factor ▪ dead piglets ▪ Big and ill-shaped ▪ 2 piglets entering birth canal ▪ Mal presentation of fetus  Stillborn Mummified pigs that have died during pigs that have been dead farrowing; may have been long enough for much reabsorption of the soft dead for only a few days tissues, but not of the or for an extended time skeleton, to have taken place Use of Oxytocin If parturition difficulty due to hormonal deficiency – inject 3-5 cc pitoxal or any drug with oxytocin activity administer oxytocin when the first interval of 30 minutes after birth of the previous pigs has occurred without birth of another pig or without expelling membranes that indicate farrowing is completed Use of Oxytocin Oxytocin should not be used until birth of one or more pigs has occurred should not be used if symptoms, such as straining without delivery, indicate that a pig is blocking the birth canal Sleeving If due to large fetus or mal presentation pulling out the fetus is necessary Sleeving 1. Clean the vulva properly with soap and water 2. Wash your hand with soap and water and disinfectant 3. Lubricate the hands and arm with oil Sleeving 4. Hold all fingers of one hand together forming a cone shape and gently pull the tip of the vulva with the thumb and forefingers of the other hand and insert the other into the vagina Sleeving 5. Take out the piglets 6. Check the mal- presentation of the piglets inside and if possible, take them out Expulsion of the Placenta Post- farrowing This usually takes place over a period of one to four hours and is an indication that the sow has finished farrowing although some afterbirth will sometimes be passed during the process of farrowing Expulsion of the Placenta Post- farrowing She appears at peace, grunts and calls to the piglets The shivering and movement of the top hind leg ceases. If this is still occurring it is likely that a pig is still presented B. LACTATING SOW The length of lactation period has an effect on the productive performance of a sow Milk Production Piglet grow in the farrowing house mainly through absorption of sow’s milk The sow must eat and drink abundantly to produce a lot of milk Milk Production If the sow becomes thin (lean), fatty acids are released. The sow then needs more protein to achieve good milk composition. Fat sows give less milk because they eat less also, the udder comprises fewer milk- producing cells Milk Production The piglet will grow faster if the sow is in optimal condition. The milk yield can be controlled by feeding the sows The genetic characteristic of the sow can also result in difference in the level of milk production Suckling Behavior The more often the piglet drink the higher the amount of milk produced Sow must lie quietly and allow piglets to drink well The sow also make sounds that encourage the piglets to drink Suckling Behavior When sow farrow for the first time, you should ensure all the teats are used. A teat that has not been used will produce less milk when the sow farrows to its next litter. Managing the Body Condition of Lactating Sow If the right condition is not achieved, it may result to insufficient milk yield, and can also lead to reduced fertility and therefore fewer piglets born alive. A disappointing second farrowing is also known as the “second litter syndrome” Managing the Body Condition of Lactating Sow Before farrowing, sow must have 18mm of backfat thickness and 14mm at weaning The sow should not lose more than 5 mm of back fat thickness at weaning In order to ensure that the sow does not lose too much condition, you must provide her feed with sufficient energy Managing the Body Condition of Lactating Sow On farrowing day, sows shall not be given feed but should have plenty of water One kg of feed shall be given of the first day after farrowing, then gradually increased. On the 8th day after farrowing, the amount of feed will depend on the number of suckling piglets the following scheme will be followed: 2 kg + 0.5 kg /piglet + 0.5 kg depending on the sow’s body condition Other Considerations Pay attention to the sow’s condition during lactation period If possible, practice batch farrowing to assure fostering Check the water supply regularly Avoid bathing the sow together with the piglets Assign a well-trained caretaker in the farrowing unit Create an ideal thermal environment for both piglets and sow  CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF WEANERS Joan R. Rarogal Asst. Prof I  Change in Diet Change in Weaning Environment Weaning Piglets are commonly weaned at 4-5 weeks, however, it is now recommended that they be weaned by weight not by age Weaning A stronger, heavier piglet has: better immunity levels, a digestive system that is more mature and better able to withstand pen temperature that is less than optimal  Guidelines / Tips Be sure that the piglets are used to solid feed at weaning age by giving creep feed from 5 days after birth Reduce the amount of feed on the day of weaning and make sure the feed trough is sufficient for all piglets  Guidelines / Tips Divide the feed to be given over more feeding times so that they get only a small amount of feed per feeding time It is better to provide mash than pellets, the intake is slower and the meal gets mixed better with the digestive fluids  Guidelines / Tips Remove the sow from the pen and not the piglets. Let the piglets remain in the farrowing- rearing pen for at least 3 days  Guidelines / Tips Avoid mixing litters for at least the first week after weaning Efforts in the area of housing environment should be done Clean and fresh drinking water should be available during the whole day  Grouping Weaner Pigs When pigs are grouped by size at weaning there is an increased incidence of fighting while the group establishes a pecking order Despite the increased fighting