Quiz 7 & 8 Ch. Soc 216 PDF

1) What is a theory? A theory is a statement about the relationship between two classes of phenomena 2) What are three basic theoretical models for treatment in p/p? Psychoanalytic theory, Reality therapy, Behavior/learning theory 3) Why is the unconscious so important in psychoanalytic theory?...

1) What is a theory? A theory is a statement about the relationship between two classes of phenomena 2) What are three basic theoretical models for treatment in p/p? Psychoanalytic theory, Reality therapy, Behavior/learning theory 3) Why is the unconscious so important in psychoanalytic theory? “The unconscious is essentially dynamic and capable of profoundly affecting conscious ideational or emotional life without the individual’s being aware of this influence” 4) According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the three stages of psychological development through which a person passes? 1. Conscious. Contents of a person’s thoughts at any given time. 2. Preconscious. Thoughts and memories that can easily be called into conscious awareness. 3. Unconscious. Repressed feelings 5) What types of deviant behavior can be traced to the stages of development? A great deal of deviant behavior in the adult is traced to stages of psychological development 6) What are the three psychic phenomena that develop during the stages of psychological development? Id, ego, superego. 7) Why is the superego so important? The superego exercises a criticizing power, a sense of morality over the ego: “It represents the whole demands of morality, and we see all at once that our moral sense of guilt is the expression of tension between the ego [which strives to discharge id drives] and the superego” (Freud, 1933) 8) What is social casework? social casework—the supplying of concrete services to persons in need—solving problems rather than changing personalities. Mary Richmond (1917), 9) What is motivational interviewing? Motivational Interviewing (MI) refers to “a style of communicating that helps people explore and resolve ambivalence about changing specific, maladaptive behaviors” (1980’s) Bogue+Nandi 10)According to learning/behavior theory what is the cause of antisocial behavior? Antisocial behavior is merely the result of learning directly from others (e.g.,peers) or the failure to learn how to discriminate between competing norms, both law-ful and unlawful, because of inappropriate reinforcement. 11) Why is operant conditioning difficult to apply in p/p? The need for timely reinforcement makes operant conditioning difficult to apply in P/P practice. Stimulants (such as cocaine) and depressants (such as heroin), for  example,are powerful reinforcements that can provide instant gratification and relieve the psycho-logical stress that frequently drives drug use. 12) What do cognitive behavior therapists believe is the basis of psychological problems?“ Cognitive therapists believe that psychological problems stem from faulty learning, making incorrect assumptions as the result of inadequate or incorrect information and not being able to adequately distinguish between imagination and reality” (Hansen, 2008:43). 13) What is the belief upon which cognitive skills training is based? A popular group approach in P/P entails the application of cognitive behavior theory (discussed earlier) and is known as cognitive skills training (CST); some call it problem-solving therapy (PST). 14) What is aversive therapy used in treatment? Behavior modification can also use aversive therapy in which the therapist specifies in advance an unpleasant event that will occur if the subject performs an undesirable behavior. Drug antagonists, for example, can render the use of alcohol or other substances ineffective (lack of positive reinforcement) or extremely unpleasant (negative reinforcement or punishment). 15) What is the goal of reality therapy? Reality Therapy (RT) was developed as a mode of treatment by William Glasser (“Reality therapists focus on helping clients make responsible choices while getting their basic needs met”) : Accountability. 16)What are the advantages of group work? Group work provides a therapeutic milieu wherein individuals agree to help one another;in contrast with the therapist in casework, the group is the agency of help. According to Allan Brown, the basic operating premise of social group work is that “groups of people with similar needs can be a source of mutual support, mutual aid and problem solving” (1986: 10); probationers/parolees discover in the group that they are not alone with their problems and that others share similar difficulties 17) Two primary goals of probation and parole (P/P): Rehabilitation: Helping offenders reintegrate into society and avoid reoffending. Supervision: Monitoring offenders to ensure they comply with the conditions of their release. 18)How understanding modes of treatment aid probation/parole officers? It helps officers tailor interventions to the needs of offenders, improving rehabilitation outcomes and reducing recidivism. 19)Strain caused by anomie:  Anomie refers to a breakdown in social norms, causing individuals to feel disconnected and unable to achieve societal goals through accepted means, often leading to deviance. 20) Basic view of differential association:Criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, particularly in groups that promote criminal values and norms. 21)What does neutralization explain about delinquents? Delinquents justify or rationalize their behavior through techniques of neutralization (e.g., denial of responsibility) to ease guilt and continue offending. 22)What is meant by differential opportunity? Access to legitimate or illegitimate opportunities for success varies by social class, influencing whether individuals resort to crime. 23)According to labeling theory, how can the criminal justice system hinder rehabilitation? By labeling individuals as criminals, the justice system can reinforce deviant identities, making it harder for offenders to reintegrate and avoid reoffending. 24)According to social control theory, when does delinquency result? Delinquency results when individuals lack strong bonds to society (e.g., attachment to family, commitment to school). 25)What does the theory of drift say about juvenile delinquents? Juveniles drift between conventional and deviant behavior, making them more susceptible to delinquency during periods of weak social control or personal conflict. Chapter 8 Quiz Review: (pg.264) 1. Four qualities generally considered desirable for P/P officers: Skills and competencies: Proficiency in understanding and applying relevant techniques and knowledge. Strong communication skills: Ability to effectively interact with offenders, families, and other justice system professionals. Analytical skills: Capability to assess risks and needs of offenders and make informed decisions. Knowledge of criminal law, procedures, and corrections practices: Understanding of legal standards, regulations, and correctional methods. Empathy, patience, and problem-solving abilities: Capacity to understand offenders' perspectives, demonstrate patience, and find practical solutions to challenges. 1. Three systems used to select P/P officers: Civil service system: Officers are hired through a competitive examination process. Political patronage system: Hiring decisions are influenced by political affiliations or connections. Merit-based system: Officers are selected based on their qualifications, experience, and performance. 2. Three P/P agency models: Custodial model: Focuses on the supervision of offenders and maintaining control, similar to a correctional institution. Rehabilitative model: Emphasizes the rehabilitation and treatment of offenders to reintegrate them into society. Community model: Focuses on integrating offenders into the community through support, supervision, and resources, while monitoring their progress. 3. Three basic roles for P/P officers: Supervising offenders: Ensuring compliance with the conditions of probation or parole. Case management: Managing the offender's rehabilitation plan and progress. Enforcement and intervention: Taking necessary actions to address violations and provide support. 4. Why is the treatment role of a P/P officer problematic? It can be difficult to balance the dual roles of supervising offenders and providing treatment, as the officer may be seen as both a rehabilitator and an enforcer, leading to conflicting duties. 5. What is the controversy over the law enforcement role of P/P officers? Some argue that probation and parole officers should not be tasked with law enforcement duties (such as arresting offenders) because it complicates their primary rehabilitative mission, while others believe it is necessary for ensuring compliance with conditions of release. 6. What are the various P/P agency policies with respect to officers carrying firearms? Policies vary by jurisdiction, but many probation and parole agencies do not allow officers to carry firearms as part of their regular duties, citing concerns over safety, appropriate use of force, and the need to maintain a non-confrontational approach to supervision. 7. What is the main reason community supervision agencies are unwilling to arm their officers? The primary concern is the potential escalation of conflict and the increased risk to both officers and offenders, as armed officers may be seen as more  aggressive, which could interfere with the rehabilitative role of probation and parole. 8. What is the disagreement over P/P officers making arrests? Some believe probation and parole officers should have the authority to make arrests to ensure compliance and protect public safety, while others argue that this could lead to overreach or conflict between the officer’s role as a supervisor and enforcer. 9. What are the forms of Police—P/P agency partnerships? Cooperative partnerships: Joint efforts between police and P/P officers to share information and coordinate actions. Operational partnerships: Police assist P/P officers in home visits, searches, or other supervisory activities. Task force collaborations: Specialized teams involving both police and probation/parole officers working together on high-risk offenders or particular areas of concern. 10. Why is there opposition to uniformed police officers accompanying P/P officers on routine home visits? The opposition stems from concerns that the presence of uniformed officers may intimidate offenders, potentially undermine the rehabilitative process, and create an adversarial environment rather than a supportive one. 11. What are advantages to having police and P/P officers sharing a common space, a sub- or mini-office? Improved coordination: Easier communication and collaboration on cases. Increased efficiency: More seamless sharing of information and resources. Stronger community presence: More visible and accessible to both offenders and the community. 12. What is the relationship between the Fourth Amendment and warrantless searches of offenders on P/P? Offenders on probation or parole have reduced Fourth Amendment protections, allowing for warrantless searches of their persons, homes, and property without the need for probable cause or a warrant, as part of their conditions of supervision. 13. Why isn’t the exclusionary rule applicable to P/P violations? The exclusionary rule, which prohibits illegally obtained evidence from being used in court, does not apply to parole or probation violations because these are civil proceedings, not criminal, and the standard of proof is lower. 14. With respect to sovereign immunity, how do local and county agencies differ from state agencies? Local and county agencies often have limited immunity in civil suits, meaning they can be held liable for wrongful actions. State agencies generally have more  extensive immunity from lawsuits due to sovereign immunity laws, which protect the state from being sued without its consent. 15. With respect to immunity, how do P/P officers differ from judges? P/P officers generally have qualified immunity, which protects them from lawsuits unless they violate clearly established laws. Judges have absolute immunity, meaning they are completely protected from lawsuits for actions taken within their judicial capacity, even if their decisions are seen as wrongful. 16. What are the four volunteer models in community supervision? Court-appointed volunteers: Individuals who volunteer to assist probationers or parolees, typically under the supervision of the court. Volunteer mentors: Community members who provide guidance and support to offenders on probation or parole. Community-based volunteer programs: Organizations offering support and rehabilitation services through volunteer networks. Restorative justice volunteers: Volunteers who facilitate restorative justice processes, helping offenders repair harm caused by their crimes.