Podcast
Questions and Answers
What do cognitive therapists believe is a cause of psychological problems?
Aversive therapy aims to create positive reinforcement for undesired behaviors.
False
What is the goal of reality therapy?
To help clients make responsible choices while getting their basic needs met.
Cognitive skills training (CST) is based on the application of __________ theory.
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Match the treatment methods with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic theoretical models for treatment in psychoanalysis/psychotherapy?
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The unconscious mind has no influence on an individual’s conscious ideational or emotional life.
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What are the three stages of psychological development according to psychoanalytic theory?
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Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a style of communicating that helps people explore and resolve __________ about changing specific, maladaptive behaviors.
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Match the following components of psychic phenomena with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
What is a Theory?
- A theory is a statement about the relationship between two classes of phenomena.
Theoretical Models for Treatment in P/P
- Psychoanalytic theory
- Reality therapy
- Behavioral/learning theory
Importance of the Unconscious in Psychoanalytic Theory
- The unconscious is dynamic and profoundly affects conscious thought and feelings.
Stages of Psychological Development (Psychoanalytic Theory)
- Conscious: Thoughts at a given time.
- Preconscious: Thoughts and memories easily recalled.
- Unconscious: Repressed feelings.
Deviant Behavior and Development
- Much adult deviant behavior is linked to psychological development.
- Id, ego, and superego are psychic phenomena developing during these stages.
- Superego is important for its moralizing function, representing society's expectations.
Social Casework
- It involves providing concrete support and solutions to problems rather than personality change.
Motivational Interviewing
- "A style of communicating that helps people explore and resolve ambivalence about changing specific, maladaptive behaviors".
Cause of Antisocial Behavior (Learning/Behavioral Theory)
- Antisocial behavior is learned directly from others (e.g., peers) or through failure to discriminate between competing norms through reinforcement.
Operant Conditioning in P/P
- Difficult to apply due to the need for timely reinforcement; substances like cocaine and heroin provide instant gratification.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Basis
- Psychological problems stem from faulty learning, incorrect assumptions, and difficulty distinguishing reality from imagination.
Cognitive Skills Training (CST)
- A popular group approach in P/P that applies cognitive behavior theory and problem-solving therapy.
Aversive Therapy
- Using unpleasant events to deter undesirable behaviors (e.g., drug antagonists).
Reality Therapy
- Focuses on helping clients make responsible choices to meet their basic needs (e.g., accountability).
Advantages of Group Work
- Offers a therapeutic milieu, mutual support, and mutual aid.
Probation and Parole (P/P) Goals
- Rehabilitation (reintegration into society, avoiding reoffending) and supervision (ensuring compliance).
Strain Caused by Anomie
- A breakdown in social norms causing individuals to feel disconnected from social goals.
Differential Association
- Criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, particularly in groups promoting criminal values and norms.
Neutralization Theory
- Delinquents justify their behavior through techniques to alleviate guilt and continue offending (e.g., denial of responsibility).
Differential Opportunity
- Access to legitimate and illegitimate opportunities for success varies, influencing resort to crime.
Labeling Theory
- The criminal justice system can reinforce deviant identities, hindering rehabilitation efforts.
Social Control Theory
- Delinquency results when individuals lack strong bonds to society.
Drift Theory
- Juveniles move between conventional and deviant behavior due to weak social controls or personal conflict.
Qualities of P/P Officers
- Skills, competency, communication, analytical skills, knowledge of criminal law, empathy, patience, problem solving skills.
Systems for Selecting P/P Officers
- Civil service, political patronage, and merit-based.
Models of P/P Agencies
- Custodial, rehabilitative, and community models.
Roles of P/P Officers
- Supervising, case management, and enforcement/intervention.
P/P Treatment Role
- Balancing supervision and treatment (rehabilitation) can be problematic.
P/P Law Enforcement Role
- Controversy exists over whether P/P officers should be involved in law enforcement; different views exist on whether this role is beneficial, whether it complicates the rehabilitative mission, and whether it is necessary to ensure compliance.
P/P Agency Policies Regarding Firearms
- Policies vary, with many agencies disallowing officers from carrying firearms.
Reasons for Community Supervision Agencies' Unwillingness to Arm Officers
- Concerns about increased conflict risk, escalation of situations, potential harm/risk to others, officers, and balance between law enforcement and rehabilitative roles.
P/P Officers and Arrest
- Disagreement exists whether and when P/P officers should be authorized to make arrests.
Police-P/P Agency Partnerships
- Cooperative, operational, and task force collaborations.
Opposition to Uniformed Police in P/P Home Visits
- Concerns that intimidation of offenders may negatively impact the rehabilitative process.
Shared Space Between Police and P/P
- Advantages include better coordination and collaboration, increased efficiency, stronger community presence, and greater accessibility.
Warrantless Searches of Offenders
- Reduced Fourth Amendment protections for offenders on probation or parole versus general protections.
Exclusionary Rule and P/P Violations
- The exclusionary rule doesn't apply to probation/parole violations. These are civil proceedings, not criminal, and have a different standard of proof.
Sovereign Immunity and Local/County Agencies vs State Agencies
- Local/County agencies often have more limited immunity, whereas state agencies do not have the same level of immunity from lawsuits.
- Immunity protects public entities to prevent frivolous lawsuits.
P/P Officer Immunity
- Qualified/absolute immunity protects officers from lawsuits.
- Qualified immunity protects against claims unless clearly violating established law (officers). Absolute immunity protects against claims made when carrying out judge's/judicial duties.
Volunteer Models in Community Supervision
- Court-appointed volunteers, volunteer mentors, community-based programs, and restorative justice volunteers.
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Description
This quiz explores various psychological theories and models of treatment including psychoanalytic theory, behavioral theory, and the importance of the unconscious in psychological development. Additionally, it addresses the link between deviant behavior and psychological stages of development, as well as practical applications in social casework and motivational interviewing.
