Nature of Inquiry PDF

Nature of Inquiry Brain Exercise  Why do you think children scored higher than adults in this game?  Adults tend to think more Practical than kids therefore adults tend to overthink Objective Share research experiences and knowledge CS_RS11-IIIa-1  Why do we s...

Nature of Inquiry Brain Exercise  Why do you think children scored higher than adults in this game?  Adults tend to think more Practical than kids therefore adults tend to overthink Objective Share research experiences and knowledge CS_RS11-IIIa-1  Why do we study Practical Research?  Practical Research Helps you to become ready to your Exit 1 College different career exit choices. Exit 2 Work Exit 3 Business Warm Up! ARE YOU READY TO ANSWER YOUR OWN QUESTIONS IN LIFE?  Activity Recall the hottest issue in town. Why is it important to ask questions? Strengthens the Increase learning process engagement To make sense of Fuels creativity the world  Hunger Environmental Degradation OVERTY Pollution NO ACCESS TO SAFE DRINIKING WATER High Child Mortality Rate Stirring Up Imagination What comes to your mind upon reading Inquiry- Based Learning? Questions Inquiry- Based Learning Investigate Discover  INQUIRY- Defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge. The information is sought through questioning. The exploratory nature of inquiry allows individuals particularly students to grapple with different ways of looking at ideas and issues and to think creatively about problems that do not possess simple answer.  Governing Principles or Foundation of InquirY Theory of Connected Experiences by John Dewey Zone of Proximal Development by Lev Vygotsky Bruner’s theory on learners by Jerome Bruner Benefits of Inquiry-Based Learning Elevates interpretative thinking about graphic skills Improves student learning abilities Widens learner’s vocabulary Facilitates problem-solving acts Encourages cooperative learning Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge Provides mastery of procedural knowledge Encourages higher-order thinking strategies Hastens conceptual understanding NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH WHAT IS RESEARCH? THE WORD RESEARCH IS DERIVED FROM THE OLD FRENCH WORD CERCHIER, WHICH MEANS TO “SEEK OR SEARCH.” “SEARCH” MEANING TO INVESTIGATE. THE PREFIX “RE” MEANS “AGAIN” AND SIGNIFIES OF THE SEARCH. LITERALLY, RESEARCH MEANS TO “INVESTIGATE AGAIN”. WHAT IS RESEARCH? Is defined as careful, systematic study in the field of knowledge, undertaken to discover or establish facts or principles (Webster, 1984). Defined as a scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, analysis and interpretation of facts (Calmorin, 2004).  Research is the systematic WHAT IS investigation and study of materials RESEARCH? and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions (Walker, 2010). Collection of data in a rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation; a more formal, systematic and intensive process of carrying on a scientific method of analysis.  Thomas Edison was probably the greatest inventor in American History, When he attended school, His teachers complained that he was “too slow” and hard to handle. At the age of 10 he had already set up first chemistry laboratory, Edison’s inexhaustible energy and genius (1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration) Abstraction Research is an action (verb) It is both physical and mental activity Everybody commits mistakes, failed but its ok. Be a novice (neophyte) first, then eventually become an expert (professional)  Application Knowing the meaning of inquiry and research, recall how you were able to use these to your advantage? Share your experience. Evaluation https://padlet.com/rheamarimla1/share_research_ex perience Closing This happened in Ireland…. Could this happen to us, too? Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research Practical Research / Session 3 Objectives: This lesson introduces the characteristics of research, particularly qualitative research. Further, the discussion will also include the ethics of research and the important considerations on matters concerning the participants. It was six men of Indostan, To learning much inclined, Who went to see the Elephant (Though all of them were blind), That each by observation Might satisfy his mind. The First approach'd the Elephant, And happening to fall Against his broad and sturdy side, At once began to bawl: "God bless me! but the Elephant Is very like a wall!" The Second, feeling of the tusk, Cried, -"Ho! what have we here So very round and smooth and sharp? To me 'tis mighty clear, This wonder of an Elephant Is very like a spear!" The Third approach'd the animal, And happening to take The squirming trunk within his hands, Thus boldly up and spake: "I see," -quoth he- "the Elephant Is very like a snake!" The Fourth reached out an eager hand, And felt about the knee: "What most this wondrous beast is like Is mighty plain," -quoth he,- "'Tis clear enough the Elephant Is very like a tree!" The Fifth, who chanced to touch the ear, Said- "E'en the blindest man Can tell what this resembles most; Deny the fact who can, This marvel of an Elephant Is very like a fan!" The Sixth no sooner had begun About the beast to grope, Then, seizing on the swinging tail That fell within his scope, "I see," -quoth he,- "the Elephant Is very like a rope!" And so these men of Indostan Disputed loud and long, Each in his own opinion Exceeding stiff and strong, Though each was partly in the right, And all were in the wrong! Comprehension Questions What does each blind man compare the elephant to? Identify all six comparisons. Why do the blind men arrive at different conclusions about the elephant? What is the significance of the line, "Though each was partly in the right, And all were in the wrong"? What lesson is the poet trying to convey through this story? In research, why is it important to use multiple methods or perspectives when studying a phenomenon? Relate this to how the blind men approached the elephant Characteristics of Research Characteristics of Research Employs Systematic Empirical Controlled hypothesis Original Analytical Objective Work Characteristics of Research Systematic Research follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on valid procedures and principles. Researchers are advised to refer to the research guidelines provided or prescribed by the school. Characteristics of Research Empirical Research is based on observations and experimentation of theories. It considers the direct experiences that fuse the researcher’s speculation with reality.  Characteristics of Research Controlled In research, all variables, except those that are tested/ experimented on, are kept constant Characteristics of Research Employs The hypothesis guides the Hypothesis investigation process. Research refers to a search for facts, answers to questions and solutions to problems. Characteristics of Research Analytical There is a critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in the research interpretations. Characteristics of Research Objective The term also refers to the research as unbiased and logical. All findings are logically based on empirical data, which as earlier mentioned, are based on real life situations. Characteristics of Research Original Requires effort to get all the Work researcher’s own investigation and produce the data needed to complete the study. Go to the library to check on the originality of your work. Ethics and Research Ethics and Research ETHICS- Norms of conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.  Research Ethics: 1. A research project needs to be designed to create valid outcomes if it is believed to be pursuing truth. 2. Researchers have a duty to ensure that they do not deliberately mislead participants as to the nature of the research. 3. Researchers have a duty to avoid causing both physical and psychological difficulties to participants. 4. Researchers are ethically bound to maintain the privacy of participants and confidentiality for any information they give and anonymity for their identity. 5. Society trusts that the results of research reflect an honest attempt to describe the world accurately and without bias. Synthesis: It is the researcher’s ethical responsibility not to harm the human participants. Some Ethical Principles 1. Honesty 2. Objectivity 3. Integrity 4. Carefulness 5. Openness 6. Respect for Intellectual Property Some Ethical Principles 7. Confidentiality 8. Responsible publication 9. Respect for colleagues 10. Social Responsibility 11. Non-discrimination 12. Competence 13. Legality Ethical Challenge: Conflict of interest between the researcher and the what is being researched Ethical Issues: The researcher may uncover or get hold of practices that may not be acceptable. The issues of anonymity and confidentiality. The researcher is expected to give back to the participants of the research and to show appreciation for their commitment of time, effort and cooperation. The researcher writes a letter and seeks to be allowed to conduct a study. Define the Review the Research Formulate Hypothesis Design Research Literature Problem Interpret Analyze Collect and Report Data Data The Research Process THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH 1.KNOWLEDGE 2.TIME 3.AFFORDABILITY 4.ACCESSIBILITY 5.APPLICABILITY 6.NOVELTY Implications to Research: A Picture of Relativism and Tolerance In turn, everyone creates his/her own version of reality from experience and perspective. Therefore, research provides a solid foundation for the discovery and creation of knowledge. Warning: Limited touch of truth turn into overreaching misinterpretations and misjudgments. Synthesis: Open our eyes wider and seek every opportunity to discover/experience the totality. Thank You! Summative Test On Friday Identify whether the following item Numeric or Descriptive Identify whether the following item Numeric or Descriptive NUMERIC NUMERIC DESCRIPTIVE NUMERIC NUMERIC DESCRIPTIVE Describe the image presented.  Qualitative and Quantitative research  Contents Definition of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Significant Differences and Similarities between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Question that mainly used for Quantitative and Qualitative Research  What is Qualitative Research? Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data on one or small number of cases, event and phenomenon. Qualitative research uses intensive interviews, observation, or in-depth analysis of historical and empirical material as data and analysis insight into problem. Qualitative research focus to analysis any particular case study, interpret any social phenomena, event, decision, institution, issue, or piece of legislation.  What is Quantitative Research? Quantitative research uses numbers and statistical methods. It tends to be based on numerical measurements of specific aspects of phenomena It uses the numerical formula, statistical methods and quantifiable numerical data to analysis any problem and issue. It mainly deploy mathematical frameworks and statistical theories to understand issues and phenomena.  What is the demographic makeup of Singapore in 2022? Example How has the average of temperature changed globally Quantitative over the last century? Research Method How to measure Semiconductor Digital clock system?  Why did the East German regime collapse so suddenly in 1989? Example What are significant reasons collapse of Afghanistan Government in 2021? of Qualitative What are the main causes of International Terrorism? Research Method How domestic violence impact of children?  Qualitative vs Quantitative Data Qualitative Data Quantitative Data Overview: Overview: Deals with descriptions. Deals with numbers. Data can be observed but not Data which can be measured. measured. Length, height, area, volume, weight, Colors, textures, smells, tastes, speed, time, temperature, humidity, appearance, beauty, etc. sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc. Quantitative → Quantity Qualitative → Quality DEVELOPING NEW CONCEPTS How can qualitative and quantitative be used in different context? Example 1: Oil Painting Example 1: Oil Painting Qualitative data: Quantitative data: *red/green color, gold frame *picture is 10" by 14” *smells old and musty with frame 14" by 18” *texture shows brush strokes of oil paint * weighs 8.5 pounds *peaceful scene of the country surface area of painting is 140 sq. in. *masterful brush strokes *cost $300 Try this…. Example 2: Latte Example 2: Latte Qualitative data: Quantitative data: *robust aroma *12 ounces of latte *frothy appearance *serving temperature 1500 F. * strong taste *serving cup 7 inches in height *glass cup *cost $4.95 Example 3: Freshman Class Example 3: Freshman Class Qualitative data: Quantitative data: *friendly demeanors *672 students *civic minded *394 girls, 278 boys *environmentalists *68% on honor roll *positive school spirit *150 students accelerated in mathematics Abstraction What are the distinctions between qualitative and quantitative research? When should qualitative research be used, and when is quantitative research more appropriate? Application Make one qualitative observation about the picture above. Explain why this is a qualitative observation. Make one quantitative observation about the picture above. Explain why this is a quantitative observation. Assessment. Identify whether each of the following items is qualitative or quantitative. Bagyong Yolanda made its landfall in the country on November 8, 2013 in the Eastern Visayas region. It peaked at ~235 kph, affecting more than 14 million people and causing around 6,300 deaths. Apple Vision Pro was recently launched on February 2, 2024 in the United States. It is a "spatial computer" where digital media is integrated with the real world, and physical inputs such as motion gestures, eye tracking and speech recognition that can be used to interact with the system. There was no significant difference in the Philippines’ performance in PISA 2022 compared to 2018, with the country’s average score in all categories changing by just single digits. The Philippines' scores are also still below the OECD average. Assessment. Identify whether each of the following items is qualitative or quantitative. 4. The Philippines is the 8th largest rice producer in the world, accounting for 2.8% of global rice production. The Philippines was also the world's largest rice importer in 2010.In 2010, nearly 15.7 million metric tons of palay (pre-husked rice) were produced. In 2010, palay accounted for 21.86% percent of gross value added in agriculture and 2.37% of GNP. Self-sufficiency in rice reached 88.93% in 2015. 5. Pintaflores Festival features rhythmic dances and dance dramas of life and death and the triumph of good against evil that depict the people's thanksgiving and merriment, abundant blessings and success. As part of the pintados tradition, the faces, arms, bodies and legs of the dancers are painted with flowers to express gratitude to man and his environment. Word Drill Read the words aloud  Data Analysis Research Design Sample Size Data Gathering Method  Choose the correct description of the terms Column A Column B a. A method used in collecting data from research 1. Data Analysis respondents/participants. 2. Research Design b. Determination/estimation of choosing the number 3. Sample Size of participants/respondents from a population 4. Data Collection c. The science of analyzing raw data to make Method interpretations and conclusions d. The overall strategy or plan outlining how researchers will answer their research questions or test their hypotheses. It includes the structure, framework, and methods used to gather and analyze data. Review: Identify whether the following statement is qualitative or quantitative. 1. The temperature outside is 25 degrees Quantitative Celsius. 2. The movie was emotionally engaging and Qualitative thought-provoking. 3. There are 50 students in the classroom. Quantitative 4. The company's revenue increased by 15% last quarter. Quantitative 5. The customer service received at the restaurant was excellent, with attentive Qualitative staff and quick responses. Watch the video and identify some quantitative and qualitative information. Also try to discover the livelihood and way of life of the Bajau Tribe Process What is the main livelihood of the Badjao Tribe? What made Badjao Tribes stand out among others? What are your realizations about the Badjao Tribe and its people? Objective: Differentiate Qualitative and Quantitative Research through charts Demonstrate appreciation for other cultures (Badjao Tribe)  Activity Five Minutes Activity 1. You will be divided into three groups. 2. You will be given different sets of materials, each focusing on research examples of the same topic, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative research methods. 3. Complete the worksheet and transfer your work to a manila paper 4. Present your work in front. "Livelihood Aspirations and Life Struggles of Badjao People" The research aims to explore the nuanced experiences, perceptions, and narratives surrounding the livelihood aspirations and life struggles of the Badjao community. The research involves a smaller sample size, typically around 15-20 participants, allowing for in-depth exploration of individual experiences and perspectives within the Badjao community. The research design is exploratory and qualitative in nature that would be effective in knowing about the livelihood aspirations and life struggles of the Badjao people. Data is gathered through open- ended interviews and observations, allowing participants to express their thoughts, emotions, and experiences freely. Researchers engage in active listening and probing to elicit rich narratives from the participants. Data analysis involves thematic analysis, where researchers identify and interpret recurring themes, patterns, and meanings within the narratives provided by the participants. The analysis focuses on understanding the complexities and nuances of the participants' experiences. The qualitative analysis uncovers multifaceted insights into the livelihood aspirations and life struggles of the Badjao community, highlighting the importance of cultural context, social support networks, and resilience in shaping their experiences. "Livelihood Aspirations and Life Struggles of Badjao People" The research aims to measure the socioeconomic dynamics, demographic factors, and statistical relationships influencing the livelihood aspirations and life struggles of the Badjao community. The research involves a larger sample size, potentially ranging from 100 to 500 participants or more, allowing for statistical generalization and analysis of trends within the Badjao community. The research design is deductive and quantitative, employing structured surveys and standardized questionnaires as the primary method of data collection to gather quantitative data about the livelihood aspirations and life struggles of the Badjao people. Data is gathered through structured surveys administered to a representative sample of the Badjao community. The surveys include closed-ended questions with predefined response options to facilitate quantitative analysis and comparison across participants. Data analysis involves statistical techniques such as regression analysis, correlation analysis, and descriptive statistics to identify relationships between variables such as education level, income, and aspirations. The analysis aims to quantify the relationships and trends observed within the data. The quantitative analysis provides empirical insights into the socioeconomic dynamics and demographic factors influencing the livelihood aspirations and life struggles of the Badjao community, facilitating targeted interventions and policy initiatives to improve their well-being. Criteria Aim of the Research Sample Size Research Design Data Gathering Method Data Analysis Result of the Study Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research To explore nuanced experiences and To quantify socioeconomic dynamics and narratives related to livelihood aspirations statistical relationships influencing Aim of the Research and life struggles of the Badjao livelihood aspirations and life struggles community. of the Badjao community. Smaller, typically around 15-20 Larger, potentially ranging from 100 to Sample Size participants. 500 participants or more. Research Design Exploratory and qualitative. Deductive and quantitative. In-depth interviews, participant Data Gathering Structured surveys and standardized observation, and possibly focus group Method questionnaires. discussions. Thematic analysis to identify recurring Statistical techniques such as regression Data Analysis themes, patterns, and meanings within analysis, correlation analysis, and narratives. descriptive statistics. Empirical insights into socioeconomic Multifaceted insights into livelihood dynamics and demographic factors, Result of the Study aspirations and life struggles, highlighting facilitating targeted interventions and cultural context and social support. policy initiatives.  Difference between qualitative and quantitative research Aspect Qualitative Data Quantitative Data Aim of the To explore and understand underlying reasons, To quantify relationships, behaviors, attitudes, or research opinions, motivations, or behaviors. phenomena. Can range from small to large, often aiming for Sample size Typically smaller, focused on depth rather than breadth. statistical significance. Often flexible and evolving, focusing on emergent Typically follows a structured and predetermined Research design themes and contexts. design to test hypotheses. Data gathering Primarily relies on open-ended interviews, Often employs structured surveys, experiments, or method observations, or content analysis. systematic observations. Involves thematic analysis, content analysis, or Utilizes statistical techniques like regression Data Analysis narrative analysis. analysis, t-tests, or ANOVA. Result of the Presents rich, descriptive findings often in narrative Presents numerical data and statistical findings study form. often in tables or charts. Analysis How do the aims of qualitative research Exploring Research differ from those of Aims quantitative research?  Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Aims: Qualitative research Aims: Quantitative aims to explore and research aims to quantify understand underlying relationships, behaviors, reasons, opinions, attitudes, or phenomena. motivations, or behaviors. It often employs verbs like It typically uses verbs like "measure," "assess," or "explore," "understand," or "compare" to characterize "describe" to characterize its aims its aims.  Analysis Comparing Sample Size How do the sample sizes differ between the qualitative and quantitative studies? Analysis Understanding Data Analysis Methods: How do the research What are the advantages questions differ between and limitations of the data qualitative and quantitative analysis methods employed studies? in each type of research? Qualitative Research Questions: Qualitative studies often focus on exploring complex phenomena, understanding experiences, or generating theories. Research questions are open-ended and aimed at understanding the meaning behind behaviors or events. Quantitative Research Questions: Quantitative studies typically focus on testing hypotheses, determining associations, or predicting outcomes. Research questions are often structured and aim to quantify relationships between variables. APPLICATION ( Find a partner) As a researcher, you've been tasked with conducting ethnographic research within the Bajau Tribe. Your goal is to gain comprehensive understanding of their current situation concerning their livelihood, way of life and their struggles. Write atleast five interview questions that needs both quantitative and qualitative data. ASSESSMENT Decide whether the following topics or research questions is qualitative or quantitative. Sort and fill in the chart with your answers. 1. Culinary Arts: Then and Now 2. How do the TVL students feel about their chosen strand? 3. What is the degree of satisfaction of students taking the different SHS Assessment tracks? 4. The Why and How of ICT Use 5. The Level of Social Media Addiction among the Youth 1. Culinary Arts: Then and Now 2. How do the TVL students feel about their chosen strand? 3. What is the degree of satisfaction of students taking the different SHS Assessment tracks? 4. The Why and How of ICT Use 5. The Level of Social Media Addiction among the Youth Qualitative Research Quantitative Research ASSIGNMENT Using the link below, make a synthesis of the different kinds of qualitative research. Write your assignment in a short-sized bond paper with margin in all sides.  Review. Research situation Identify whether the following is qualitative or quantitative The researcher conducts in-depth interviews. Qualitative Research with ten participants to explore their experiences with online learning platforms. A survey is distributed to 500 adults to assess. Quantitative Research their attitudes towards renewable energy sources. The study aims to understand the effects of. Qualitative Research social media usage on mental health by analyzing public Instagram posts and comments. Review. Research situation Identify whether the following is qualitative or quantitative A randomized controlled trial is conducted Quantitative Research with 1000 patients to evaluate the effectiveness of a new drug in treating hypertension. Researchers observe and record the Qualitative Research behavior of children in a preschool setting to investigate peer interaction patterns. Activity. Concept Sorting (5 Minutes) Arts Based Humanities Sports Science Mathematics Fisheries Agriculture ICT Business Social Science Activity. Concept Sorting Arts Based Humanities Sports Science Mathematics Performance Literature Soccer Chemistry Geometry Visual Arts History Track and Field Physics Calculus Paint Philosophy Basketball Astronomy Algebra Fisheries Agriculture ICT Business Social Science Crop Cultivation Cybersecurity Organizational Political Science Fishing Techniques Management Fertilizers Programming Financial Economics Aquaculture Forecasting Livestock Network Market Analysis Psychology Marine Life Infrastructure Objective At the end of the lesson, You should be able to provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports, science, business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication technology, and social inquiry).  Research Across Fields Areas of Description Example of Studies Interest Arts-Based Personal expression in various art forms is 1. The Role of Arts in Student Research use as a primary mode of inquiry Achievement in Reading 2. How Classroom Artistic Structure Motivates Learning Research in Deals with human culture such as 1. Values Education in the Public Humanities philosophy, religion, literature, linguistics Schools: Practices and and history Challenges It includes ancient and modern languages, 2. Children In-Conflict with the human geography, laws, politics and other Law: A Resolution and social sciences. Intervention Research Across Fields Areas of Interest Description Example of Studies Sports Intended for athletes to endure their 1. Student Involvement in Athletics Research health and wellness goals through and their Academic Performance proven highquality products. It helps 2. Sports and Fitness Support on the coaches and athletes to access Students in Public Schools information and apply it to develop programs and techniques in sports. Science Discover laws, postulates theories 1. Utilization of Garbage and other Research that can explain natural or social Waste Resources as Cleaning phenomena. Materials Applies systematic and constructed 2. Making of COVID -19 Cure out of scientific method to obtain, analyze Heat Transfer and interpret data. A strong and testable hypothesis is the fundamental part of the scientific research.  Research Across Fields Areas of Interest Description Example of Studies Mathematics Provides mathematics mastery topics 1. Student Difficulties in General Research and helps develops confidence and Mathematics: Remediation and interest to solve more mathematical Interventions problems. 1. A Systemic Approach to Changing It may also assist to find new methods Classroom Practices for to simplify calculations. Enhancing Mathematics Outcomes Agriculture Improves productivity and quality of 1.Green Space in School: Social and Research crops irrigation, storage methods, Environment Perspective effective farm management and 2. Is Urban Gardening as a Source of marketing of agricultural resources. WellBeing? Agriculture is the backbone of the economic system providing food, raw material and employment opportunities.  Research Across Fields Areas of Interest Description Example of Studies Fisheries Increase the productivity and 1. Finding a Future: Sustaining Research management of fishery Inland Fishery resources to provide food: 2. Fishing for Change: Fishery protect and maintain different Policy in the Philippines bodies of water for sustainable supply of aquatic resources. Information and Aim to adapt current 1. The Role of ICT in the New Communication technology advancement Normal Education Technology (ICT) Exploring the Interactive Research which enhances development 2. of resources. Computer Simulation in Public Schools Research Across Fields Areas of Interest Description Example of Studies Business Acquire information in business 1. Developing a Framework for Research to maximize the sales and Small Scale Business profit. It aids business 2. Business Practices and companies regulates which Strategies of Small product or service is most Enterprises at Lim KetKai profitable or in demand. Mall Social Science Finds solutions for human 1. The Impact of COVID-19 Research behavior gathering information Pandemic on Employment about people and societies. Opportunities 2. Implementation of Enhanced Community Quarantined in Low Risk Area of Misamis Oriental. ABSTRACTION Provide one example of research concept or idea from the different fields. APPLICATION Based on your area of expertise and/or interest, what field do you prefer conducting a research? And what would be your focus? Assessment Identify the specific area of interest for each given topic by writing the letter of each type in the correct column. Likewise, below the letter representing your answer, write the importance of such research in your daily life. 1.Digital Age 2.Herbal Medicines 3.Child in Conflict with the Law 4.Financial Management 5.Interior Design Arts-Based Humanities Science ICT Business The Value of Qualitative Research KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH  In this session We will learn about kinds of qualitative research: (CS_RS11-IIIb-1) Topics We'll Cover Phenomenology Ethnography Grounded Theory Case Study Content and Discourse Analysis Historical Analysis  DESCRIBE IT! Determine what senses you will use to describe the things listed in the first column. Check appropriate column in the table to accomplish it. The first one is done for you. See it Taste it Smell it Touch it Listen to it Food / / / / Music Stone Dog Book Water PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  “We get to know things, people, and situations that we encounter through rich descriptions using our senses. In qualitative research, the same scenario is true. We have to understand the events by collecting rich sources of data.” QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ETHNOGRAPHY PHENOMENOLOGY GROUNDED THEORY CASE STUDY HISTORICAL ANALYSIS CONTENT AND DISCOURSE PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 ANALYSIS KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PHENOMENOLOGY ETHNOGRAPHY CASE STUDY CONTENT AND GROUNDED THEORY DISCOURSE ANALYSIS HISTORICAL ANALYSIS PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  PHENOMENOLOGY  It is the study of how people give meaning to their lived experiences  When you want to describe an event, activity or phenomenon  In a phenomenological study, you use a combination of methods, such as conducting interviews, reading documents, watching videos, or visiting places and events. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  PHENOMENOLOGY  Phenomenology is NEVER quantitative.  It is best suited for research that seeks to understand common shared experiences or phenomenon. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  PHENOMENOLOGY Process Description Purpose Describe the experiences, events, or situations from different angels Method Sampling and data collection by conducting interviews, observation, surveys, and reading documents. Describe and write the experience of the phenomena Analysis Classify the data and examine the experiences beyond human awareness. Outcome A database is formed to describe the findings from a subject’s viewpoint PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  PHENOMENOLOGY Examples of Phenomenology  A Phenomenological Study of Nurses’ Experiences in Caring for COVID-19 Patients.  The experiences of every war survivor: Their mental state and survival strategies in the new world.  The encounters with the paranormal. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PHENOMENOLOGY ETHNOGRAPHY CASE STUDY CONTENT AND GROUNDED THEORY DISCOURSE ANALYSIS HISTORICAL ANALYSIS PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CASE STUDY CONTENT AND PHENOMENOLOGY DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ETHNOGRAPHY HISTORICAL ANALYSIS GROUNDED THEORY PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  CASE STUDY  This study involves an investigation of a person, group, organization, or situation for a long period of time to explain why such things occur to the subject under study.  Examples are the fields of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, education, etc. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  CASE STUDY Process Description Purpose Describe an experience, person, event, or place in detail Method Direct observation and interaction with the subject Analysis Analyze the experiences Outcome An in-depth description of the subject PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  CASE STUDY Example Topics:  The most common misconceptions about children with Autism  Covid-19 and related anxiety cases among college students.  The negative influence of Instagram and distorted body image.  The earthquake prevention system in the Philippines PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  CASE STUDY  Emily is an 8-year-old student in the third grade at Ramon Magsaysay Elementary School, she has been facing challenges with reading and comprehension. Known for her enthusiasm and creativity, she struggles with reading tasks. The primary purpose of this case study is to analyze Emily’s reading difficulties, implement targeted interventions, and assess effectiveness. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  CASE STUDY PHENOMENOLOGY A Case study describes a case and explains its existence while Phenomenology explore experiences about a phenomenon. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CASE STUDY CONTENT AND PHENOMENOLOGY DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ETHNOGRAPHY HISTORICAL ANALYSIS GROUNDED THEORY PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CONTENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS CASE STUDY HISTORICAL ANALYSIS PHENOMENOLOGY GROUNDED THEORY ETHNOGRAPHY PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  CONTENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS  This method requires the examination or analysis of the substance or content of the communication that takes place through letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings, short message services, online messages, emails, audio-visual materials, etc.  It focuses on knowledge beyond the word, clauses, phrases, and sentences that is needed in communication.  Analysis of the contents of documents. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  CONTENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Examples of Content and Discourse Analysis 1. Language choice in Policy Texts 2. Representation of Male and Female Characters in the Animation Movie, Frozen 3. Critical Discourse analysis of Online Soft Drink Advertisements 4. Honorifics in Filipino: Definition, Types, and Examples PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CONTENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS CASE STUDY HISTORICAL ANALYSIS PHENOMENOLOGY GROUNDED THEORY ETHNOGRAPHY PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH HISTORICAL ANALYSIS CONTENT AND DISCOURSE GROUNDED THEORY ANALYSIS CASE STUDY ETHNOGRAPHY PHENOMENOLOGY PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  HISTORICAL ANALYSIS  This is the study of primary documents to explain connection of past events to the present time.  It is gathering documents, records, and artifacts to provide a description and interpretation of past events or persons.  Mode of inquiry is investigation by analyzing artifacts or documents, and also interviewing people who experienced the events. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Process Description Purpose Describe and examines past events to understand present patterns and predicting future scenarios Method Develop idea after reading the relevant literature Identify sources – archives, libraries, papers. Clarify the reliability and validity of data sources Create a research outline to organize process Analysis Analyze the data by accepting or rejecting Identify the conflicting evidence Outcome Present the findings in the form of biography or paper PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Examples of Historical Analysis 1. The rise and fall of empires, in relation to conflict, and riots against corporate globalization and the threat of worldwide terrorism against the West. 2. Math and Science discoveries throughout ancient history that contribute to how we apply math and science today. 3. Black Death, cause, symptoms, and impact. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  CONTENT AND HISTORICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ANALYSIS Though most of the time researchers use text for analysis, Historical examines past events and narratives to understand its relevance and implications over time, Discourse on the other hand, explores the language within the text, conversations, or its underlying meaning PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH HISTORICAL ANALYSIS CONTENT AND DISCOURSE GROUNDED THEORY ANALYSIS CASE STUDY ETHNOGRAPHY PHENOMENOLOGY PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH GROUNDED THEORY HISTORICAL ANALYSIS ETHNOGRAPHY CONTENT AND DISCOURSE PHENOMENOLOGY ANALYSIS PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 CASE STUDY 03/02/2025  GROUNDED THEORY  This occurs when a researcher discovers a new theory based on the data collected. It is a research methodology for discovering theory in a substantive area.  Derives from collected data a theory that is “grounded” in the data, but therefore localized, dealing with a specific situation like how students handle multiple responsibilities.  Researchers continuously compare data with existing findings, refining, and developing theories. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  GROUNDED THEORY Process Description Purpose Used to develop theory, identify social development and ways to deal it. Involves the formulation and testing of data until theory is developed Method Data collection method such as interviews, observation, literature review, and document analysis Analysis Theory formation and development by a sampling of literature Outcome Theory supported by relevant examples from data PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  GROUNDED THEORY Examples of Grounded Theory 1. Exploring the Social Dynamics of Online Communities 2. Examining students engagement in Online Learning 3. Understanding consumer behavior in the Digital Age 4. Exploring leadership styles in Multinational Corporations. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH GROUNDED THEORY HISTORICAL ANALYSIS ETHNOGRAPHY CONTENT AND DISCOURSE PHENOMENOLOGY ANALYSIS PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 CASE STUDY 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ETHNOGRAPHY GROUNDED THEORY PHENOMENOLOGY HISTORICAL ANALYSIS CASE STUDY CONTENT AND DISCOURSE PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 ANALYSIS 03/02/2025  ETHNOGRAPHY  It is understanding of how a particular cultural group goes about their daily lives which includes their organizational set-up, internal operations, and lifestyle.  Researchers typically spend extended periods of time within a community, organizations PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  ETHNOGRAPHY Process Description Purpose Describe cultural characteristics Method Identify the cultural aspects and variables by viewing the literature Getting involved in the environment, live with the target audience, and collect data through observing and interacting with subjects Analysis Describe the main parameters of culture Outcome A detailed description of the social morals PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  ETHNOGRAPHY Examples of Ethnographic Research 1. Maasai people in Kenya: Their Routines, Rituals, and Beliefs. 2. Workplace culture and dynamics in City Hall 3. Urban street gangs and their social structure 4. Consumer behavior and purchasing habits in a specific market. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ETHNOGRAPHY GROUNDED THEORY PHENOMENOLOGY HISTORICAL ANALYSIS CASE STUDY CONTENT AND DISCOURSE PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 ANALYSIS 03/02/2025 Research Method When to Use Ethnography When you want to deeply understand the culture, behaviors, and social interactions within a specific group or community by immersing yourself in their environment. Grounded Theory When you aim to develop theory or conceptual framework based on the emergent patterns and themes derived from systematic data analysis Historical Analysis When you want to investigate and interpret past events, behaviors, and societal changes using historical documents, archives, and other sources. Content and When you need to analyze the content of texts, media, or language to uncover Discourse underlying meanings, ideologies, and discursive practices. Case Study When you want to conduct an in-depth examination of a specific individual, group, organization, or phenomenon within its real-life context. Phenomenology When you seek to understand and interpret individuals’ subjective experiences, perceptions, and interpretations of a particular phenomenon. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025 ASSESSMENT Phenomenology 1. Exploring the lived experiences of immigrants in a new country. Content & Discourse 2. Analyzing the perception of politicians surrounding climate change in Analysis political speeches. Grounded Theory 3. Exploring the coping mechanisms of families with a member diagnose with a chronic illness. Historical Analysis 4. Examining the evolution of gender roles over the past century. Ethnography 5. The social dynamics within remote indigenous community. Case study 6. Investigating the impact of gentrification on low-income neighborhoods. PRACTICAL RESEARCH I SESSION 9 03/02/2025  SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC Practical Research I Session 11 Research Topic ◦A concept, subject or issue that can be studied through research Choosing a Research Topic How to approach your chosen topic? Step 1: Understand what the topic is about. 1. What are the key words in the question/topic? 2. Which questions am I going to answer? 3. Which sphere of knowledge does it cover? 4. What variables will be considered? Activity 1 ◦ On your Worksheet number 1, list down all the topics that the group member have prepared. ◦ Make sure that all members were able to share the topics to the group Criteria for Selecting a Topic ◦ Feasibility Consider the complexity of the problem and the resources you will require to carry out the study ◦ Political Acceptability It is advisable to research a topic that has the interest and support of the authorities Criteria for Selecting a Topic ◦ Relevance The topic you choose should be a priority problem: Questions to be asked include: How large or widespread is the problem? Who is affected? How severe is the problem ◦ Avoidance of Duplication Investigate whether the topic has been researched Criteria for Selecting a Topic ◦ Applicability Possible chance that results and recommendations could be implemented or applied. ◦ Urgency Information is urgently needed and or prioritized Criteria for Selecting a Topic ◦ Ethical Acceptability Religious issues, racial conflicts, cast problems ◦ Interest You should choose a topic that interest and even possibly excites you. It should also be of interest to some external audience as well.  Scale for Rating Research Topics Factor Rating 1 2 3 Relevance Not relevant/not important Relevant/Important Very Relevant/ Vert important Avoidance of Sufficient information Some information are available but No sound information available Duplication already available major issues are not covered on which to base problem solving Feasibility Study not feasible Study feasible considering available Study very feasible considering considering available resources available resources resources Political Acceptability Topic not acceptable/ Topic somewhat acceptable Topic is fully acceptable controversial Applicability No chance of results being Some chance of results can be Good chance of results being implemented implemented implemented Urgency of data Information not urgently Information could be used but a delay of Data very urgently needed for needed needed some months would be acceptable decision-making Ethical Acceptability Major ethical problems Minor ethical problems No ethical problems Interest You are not interested with There are some areas of the topic you You are interested with the topic the topic are interested with Activity 2 ◦ Rate the listed topics based on the scale or criteria in rating a research topic. ◦ Rank the topics. Prioritize only those within ranks 1-5 Activity 3 Present your top 5 topics in front Writing a Research Title Session 9  The title is perhaps the single-most important element of your research paper. It is the first thing that journal editors and reviewers see when they look at your paper and the only piece of information that fellow researchers Importance will see in a database or search engine query. of a title Therefore, you want to make sure the title captures all of the relevant aspects of your study but does show in a way that is accessible and captivating to readers. Follow these steps to create a perfect title for your paper.  The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. Title A good title contains the fewest possible words needed to adequately describe the content and/or purpose of your research paper.  It should predict the content of the research paper. Characteristics It should be interesting to the reader. of a Good Research Title It should reflect the tone of the writing. It should contain important keywords that will make it easier to be located during a keyword search. Examples: Benefits of Meditation for the Nursing Profession: A Quantitative Investigation Why Mindful Nurses Make the Best Communicators Meditation Gurus Nurses on the Move: A Quantitative Report on How Meditation Can Improve Nurse Performance  your initial draft title that will allow you to get started on the research process. It may of course change as you work through your reading and carry out your investigation, but it is Working Title a necessary and useful starting point that allows you to narrow down the area of focus.  Predict Interesting Reflects Important content? ? tone? keywords? YES NO NO YES Benefits of Meditation for the Nursing Profession: A Quantitative Investigation NO YES YES NO Why Mindful Nurses Make the Best Communicators NO YES NO NO Meditation Gurus YES YES YES YES Nurses on the Move: A Quantitative Report on How Meditation Can Improve Nurse Performance Step 1: Try to answer these questions as briefly as Ask yourself a few possible, with one or two sentences each. You can create these questions by going through questions about each section of the paper and finding the your research MOST relevant information. paper What does “What is my Paper About?” your paper seek to answer and what “What methods/techniques did I use to does it accomplish perform my study? “ "What or who was the subject of my study?" "What are the possible result the results?" Sample “What is my Paper About?” “My paper will study how program volume affects outcomes for liver transplant patients on waiting lists.” "What methods/techniques did I use to “I will employ a case study.” perform my study? "What or who was the subject of my “I will study 20 cases of liver transplant study?" patients on a waiting list throughout the Philippines aged 20-50 years.” "What will be the possible results?“ “My study would possibly reveal a correlation between wait list volume and negative prognosis of transplant procedure.” Step 2 Identify and list keywords and phrases from these responses “My paper will study how program program volume volume affects outcomes for liver transplant patients on waiting lists.” outcomes liver transplant patients “I will employ a case study.” waiting lists “I will study 20 cases of liver transplant case study patients on a waiting list throughout the 20 cases Philippines aged 20-50 years.” Philippines “My study would possibly reveal a 20-50 years correlation between wait list volume and negative prognosis of transplant Negative outcome procedure.” Transplant procedure Step 3: Use these keywords to create one long sentence program volume "This study employed a case study outcomes of 20 liver transplant patients around the liver transplant patients Philippines aged 20-50 years to assess waiting lists how the waiting list volume affects the case study outcome of liver transplantation in 20 cases patients; results will indicate a possible Philippines correlation between increased waiting 20-50 years list volume and a negative prognosis Negative outcome after transplant procedure.” Transplant procedure This sentence is obviously much too long for a title, which is why you will trim and polish it in the next two steps. Step 4: Create a working title "This study employed a case "This study employed a case study study of 20 liver transplant patients of 20 liver transplant patients around the around the Philippines aged 20-50 Philippines aged 20-50 years to assess years to assess how the waiting list how the waiting list volume affects the volume affects the outcome of liver outcome of liver transplantation in transplantation in patients; results patients; results indicate a possible will indicate a possible correlation correlation between increased waiting list between increased waiting list volume and a negative prognosis after volume and a negative prognosis transplant procedure.” after transplant procedure.” Now shift some words around for proper syntax and rephrase it a bit to shorten the length and make it leaner and more natural. Step 4: Create a working title "This study employed a case “A case study of 60 liver transplant study of 20 liver transplant patients patients around the US aged 20-50 years around the Philippines aged 20-50 assessing the impact of waiting list volume on years to assess how the waiting list volume affects the outcome of liver outcome of transplantation and showing a transplantation in patients; results positive correlation between increased indicate a possible correlation between increased waiting list waiting list volume and a negative prognosis.” volume and a negative prognosis after transplant procedure.” (Word Count: 38) This is getting closer to what we want in a title, which is just the most important information. But note that the word count for this working title is still 38 words, whereas the average published journal article is 16 words or fewer. Therefore, we need to eliminate some words and phrases that are not essential to this title. Step 5: Eliminate all extra words or phrases to meet a suitable word count; place keywords at the beginning and end of your title “A case study of 60 liver “A case study of 60 liver transplant transplant patients around the US patients around the US aged 20-50 years aged 20-50 years assessing the assessing the impact of waiting list impact of waiting list volume on volume on outcome of transplantation outcome of transplantation and and showing a positive correlation showing a positive correlation between increased waiting list volume between increased waiting list and a negative prognosis.” volume and a negative prognosis.” (Word Count: 19) (Word Count: 38) This is getting closer to what we want in a title, which is just the most important information. But note that the word count for this working title is still 38 words, whereas the average published journal article is 16 words or fewer. Therefore, we need to eliminate some words and phrases that are not essential to this title. Step 5: Eliminate all extra words or phrases to meet a suitable word count; place keywords at the beginning and end of your title “A case study of 60 liver Assessing the impact of waiting list transplant patients around the US aged 20- 50 years assessing the impact of waiting volume on outcome and prognosis in liver list volume on outcome of transplantation transplantation patients. and showing a positive correlation (Word Count: 15) between increased waiting list volume and a negative prognosis.” (Word Count: 19) In this final version of the title, one can immediately recognize the subject and what objectives the study aims to achieve. Note the important terms are written at the beginning and end of the title: “Assessing,” which is the main action of the study, is placed at the beginning; and “liver transplantation patients,” the specific subject of the study, is placed at the end. This will aid significantly in being found in search engine and database queries, meaning that a lot more researchers will be able to locate your article once it is published. Use of Subtitles  Subtitles are frequently used in social sciences research papers because it helps the reader understand the scope of the study in relation to how it was designed to address the research problem. Think about Subtitles what type of subtitle listed below reflects the overall approach to your study and whether you believe a subtitle is needed to emphasize the investigative parameters of your research.  If you feel that a subtitle might be needed to give more immediate detail about methodology or sample, you can do this by putting this information after a colon: “ : a case study of US adult patients ages 20- 25” Adding subtitles If we abide strictly by our word count rule this may not be necessary or recommended. But every journal has its own standard formatting and style guidelines for titles, so it is a good idea to be aware of these while writing both the title and the study itself.  Explains or provides additional context Example: Linguistic Ethnography and the Study of Welfare Institutions as a Flow of Social Importance Practices: The Case of Residential Child Care of Subtitles Institutions as Paradoxical Institutions [Palomares, Manuel and David Poveda. Text & Talk: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse and Communication Studies 30 (January 2010): 193-212]  Adds substance to a literary, provocative, or imaginative title or quote Example: Importance "Listen to What I Say, Not How I Vote": Congressional Support for the President in of Subtitles Washington and at Home [Grose, Christian R. and Keesha M. Middlemass. Social Science Quarterly 91 (March 2010): 143-167]  Qualifies the geographic scope of the research Example: Importance The Geopolitics of the Eastern Border of the of Subtitles European Union: The Case of Romania- Moldova-Ukraine [Marcu, Silvia. Geopolitics 14 (August 2009): 409-432]  Qualifies the temporal scope of the research Example: Importance A Comparison of the Progressive Era and the Depression Years: Societal Influences on of Subtitles Predictions of the Future of the Library, 1895- 1940 [Grossman, Hal B. Libraries & the Cultural Record 46 (2011): 102-128]  Focuses on investigating the ideas, theories, or work of a particular individual Example: Importance A Deliberative Conception of Politics: How of Subtitles Francesco Saverio Merlino Related Anarchy and Democracy [La Torre, Massimo. Sociologia del Diritto 28 (January 2001): 75 - 98]  Identifies the methodology used Example: Importance Student Activism of the 1960s Revisited: A of Subtitles Multivariate Analysis Research Note [Aron, William S. Social Forces 52 (March 1974): 408-414]  Defines the overarching technique for analyzing the research problem Example: Importance Explaining Territorial Change in Federal of Subtitles Democracies: A Comparative Historical Institutionalist Approach [Tillin, Louise. Political Studies 63 (August 2015): 626-641.  Make sure your research title describes: the topic the method the sample the results of your study Tips for Writing an You can use the following formula: Effective [Result]: A [method] study of [topic] among [sample] Paper Example: Meditation makes nurses perform better: a qualitative study of mindfulness meditation among German nursing students  Avoid unnecessary words and jargons. Keep the title statement as concise as possible. You want a title that will be comprehensible even to people who are not experts in your Tips for field. Writing an Effective Make sure your title is between 5 and 15 words in length. Aim for 50 to 100 Paper characters, but not more (shorter titles are cited more often). Tips for Writing an Effective Paper If the title is too long, this usually indicates there are too many unnecessary words. Avoid language, such as, "A Study to Investigate the...," or "An Examination of the...." These phrases are obvious and generally superfluous unless they are necessary to convey the scope, intent, or type of a study. A title that is too short often uses words that are too broad and, thus, does not tell the reader what is being studied. For example, a paper with the title, "African Politics" is so non-specific the title could be the title of a book and so ambiguous that it could refer to anything associated with politics in Africa. A good title should provide information about the focus and/or scope of your research study. Tips for Writing an Effective Paper If you are writing a title for a university assignment or for a particular academic journal, verify that your title conforms to the standards and requirements for that outlet. For example, many journals require that titles fall under a character limit, including spaces. Many universities require that titles take a very specific form, limiting your creativity. Tips for Writing an Effective Paper Use a descriptive phrase to convey the purpose of your research efficiently. Most importantly, use critical keywords in the title to increase the discoverability of your article. Most Common Formats Declarative titles – state the main findings or conclusions Example: A three-month weight loss program increases self-esteem in adolescent girls Descriptive titles – describe the subject of the article but do not reveal the main conclusions Example: Effects of family support on patients with dementia Interrogative titles – introduce the subject in the form of a question Example: Does cognitive training improve performance on pattern recognition tasks? What NOT TO DO in Writing Titles A Handy List of Don’ts The period generally has no place in a title (even a declarative phrase can work without a period) Any kind of dashes to separates title parts (however, hyphens to link words is fine) Chemical formula, like H2O, CH4, etc. (instead use their common or generic names) Avoid roman numerals (e.g., III, IX, etc.) Semi-colons, as in “;” (the colon, however, is very useful to make two- part titles) A Handy List of Don’ts Do not use abbreviations (except for RNA, DNA which is standard now and widely known) Avoid initialisms and acronyms (e.g., “Ca” may get confused with CA, which denotes cancer) Avoid question marks (this tends to decrease citations, but posing a question is useful in economics and philosophy papers or when the results are not so clear-cut as hoped for) Do not use uncommon words (a few are okay, but too many can influence altmetric scoring) Do not use numerical exponents or units (e.g. km-1 or km/hr) A Handy List of Don’ts Do not use vague terms (e.g., “with” could be re-written with a more specific verb; “amongst” rectified by simpler word ordering) Do not use cryptic/complex drug names (use the generic name if allowed to) Do not include the taxonomic hierarchy of species of plants, animals, fungi, etc. is not needed A Handy List of Don’ts Do not use obvious or non-specific openings with a conjunction: e.g., “Report on”, “A Study of”, “Results of”, “An Experimental Investigation of”, etc. (these don’t contribute meaning!) Do not use italics, unless it is used for the species names of studied organisms Do not shorten scientific names (not coli, but write instead Escherichia coli) Avoid using an exclamation mark at the end of the title.