PR2 REVIEWER.pdf

Practical Research 2 XyrishKit l Mr. Jaypee Jacinto l 1st Semester(1st Quarter) l s.y 2024-2025 NATURE OF INQUIRY AND researches that have smoothed the road changes in environmmental policies....

Practical Research 2 XyrishKit l Mr. Jaypee Jacinto l 1st Semester(1st Quarter) l s.y 2024-2025 NATURE OF INQUIRY AND researches that have smoothed the road changes in environmmental policies. RESEARCH 3. IMPROVING STANDARD OF LIVING - only through INQUIRY research can new inventions and discoveries come into life. is any process that has the aim of expanding knowledge, it was C.V. Raman's research that prompted invention of resolving doubt, or solving a problem. radio communication. The first ever practical telephone of Experts see inquiry as a process that focuses on problems Graham Bell for communication had not come out without or questions in discipline or between disciplines that are research. It was Martin cooper who made the research and open or unresolved. he presented the world the concept of mobile phones. learning process that motivated you to obtain knowledge 4. FOR A SAFER LIFE - Research has made ground breaking or information about people, things, places, or events. discoveries and development in the field of health, nutrition, requires to collect data, meaning, facts, and information food technology, medicine and so on. These things have about the object of your inquiry, and examine such data improved the life expectancy and the health conditions of carefully. human race in all parts of the world and helped eradicate BENEFITS OF INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING diseases like polio and smallpox completely. 1. Elevates interpretative thinking skills through graphic 5. TO KNOW THE TRUTH - it has been proven time and again skills. that many of established facts and known truths are just 2. Improves student learning abilities. cover ups or blatant lies or rumors. Research is needed to 3. Widens learner vocabulary investigate and expose these and bring out the truth. 4. Facilitates problem-solving acts. 6. EXPLORE HISTORY - Research about planet's history, and 5. Increase social awareness and cultural knowledge. human history has enabled people to learn and understand 6. Encourages cooperative learning. more about their forefathers and helped learn from their 7. Provide mastery of procedural knowledge. mistakes and absorb good things from their life. Research 8. Encourage higher-order thinking strategies. about the planet's history and existence has told everyone a 9. Hastens conceptual understanding lot about how things will shape up in years to come and how RESEARCH they need to respect the planet and work closely together to process of executing various mental acts for discovering stop global warming and other scenarios of destruction. and examining facts and information to prove the accuracy 7. UNDERSTANDING ARTS - this helps people in or truthfulness of your claims and conclusions about the understanding the work of artists in literature, paintings, topic of your research. sculptures and everything that can be attributed with artistic requires you to investigate about your chosen research touch. If no research is conducted into any of these, people topic by asking questions that will make you engage yourself will never be able to understand any of these as per the in top-level thinking strategies of interpreting, analyzing, artist's imagination. Also, a lot of great artistic work is hidden synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating, or creating to enable in the shadows of history, which needs to be drawn out. you to discover truths about many things you tend to THE CHARACTERISTICS, PURPOSES, TYPES, wonder. AND APPROACHES OF RESEARCH an act of studying a particular subject done carefully and RESEARCH extensively. is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena the intention of research is to attain profound which includes collection, presentation, analysis and understanding in a particular subject. interpretation of facts that lines an individual's speculation it is very vital to everyday decision making. with reality. it arms people from wrong information and save time and it must be systematic, arranged, summarized and recorded money. properly. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH 1. ACCURACY - it must give correct or accurate data, which 1. COLLECT ESSENTIAL INFORMATION - research provides the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries should the researcher with all crucial information in field of his honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledged. work, study or operation before he starts working on it. 2. OBJECTIVENESS - it must deal with facts, not with mere Before beginning a project, most of the companies do opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations, research to acquire fundamental idea about the things they predictions, or conclusions. must do for the project. Research also helps them get 3. TIMELINESS - it must work on a topic that is fresh, new, familiar with the processes and resources concerned and and interesting to the present society. reception from the market. This information facilitates in the 4. RELEVANCE - its topic must be instrumental in improving successful result of the project. society or in solving problems affecting the lives of people in 2. CREATE CHANGES - at times, there are inherent problems a community. in a process or a project that is difficult to find out, Research 5. CLARITY - it must succeed in expressing its central point or helps people inearth the root cause and related components discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and correct of a process. The concluding outcome of such a research language. raises a claim for change and at times is victorious in 6. SYSTEMATIC - it must take place in an organized or orderly producing changes also. For instance, there are many manner.  2 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH certain topic. Here, you will discover ideas on topics that 1. To learn how to work independently. could trigger your interest in conducting research studies. 2. To learn how to work scientifically or systematically. Action Research - this type of research studies an ongoing 3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something. practice of a school, organization, community, or institution 4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring higher-order thinking strategies (HOTS) of inferring, improvements in the system. evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and 3. BASED ON TYPES OF DATA NEEDED creating. Qualitative Research - requires non-numerical data, which 5. To improve your reading and writing skills. means that the research uses words rather than numbers to 6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the express the results, the inquiry, or investigation about the various techniques of gathering data and of presenting people's thoughts. beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyle research findings. regarding the object of the study. These opinionated 7. To free yourself, to a certain extent, from domination or answers from the people are not measurable; so, verbal strong influence of a single textbook or of the professor's language is the right way to express your findings in a lone viewpoint of spoon feeding. qualitative research. TYPES OF RESEARCH Quantitative Research - involves measurement of data. 1. BASED ON APPLICATION OF RESEARCH METHOD Thus, it presents research findings referring to the number Pure Research - it deals with concepts, principles, or or frequency of something in numerical form. (i.e., using abstract things. This type of research aims to increase your percentages, fractions, numbers). knowledge about something. Applied Research - if the intention is to apply your chosen The data you deal with in research are either primary or research to societal problems or issues, finding ways to make secondary data. Primary data are obtained through direct positive changes in society. observation or contact with people, objects, artifacts, 2. BASED ON PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH paintings, etc. Primary data are new and original information Descriptive Research - type of research aims at defining or resulting from our sensory experience. However, if such data giving a verbal protrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, have already been written about or reported on and are group, situation, etc. This is liable to repeated research available for reading purposes, the exist as secondary data. because its topic relates itself only to a certain period or APPROACHES OF RESEARCH limited number of years. Based on the result of your SCIENTIFIC OR POSITIVE APPROACH - you discover and descriptive studies about a subject, you develop the measure information as well as observe and control inclination of conducting further studies on such topic. variables in an impersonal manner. It allows control of Correlational Research - shows relationships or variables. Therefore, data gathering techniques appropriate connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents for this approach are structured interviews, questionnaires, called variables that affect the research. It is only concerned and observational checklists. Data given by these techniques in indicating the existence of a relationship, not the causes are expressed through numbers, which means that this and ways of development of such relationship. method is suitable for quantitative research. Explanatory Research - this type of research elaborates or NATURALISTIC APPROACH - it uses words. This approach explains not just the reasons behind the relationship of two directs you to deal with qualitative data that speak of how factors, but also the ways by which such relationship exists. people behave toward their surroundings. These are non- Exploratory Research - its purpose is to find out how numerical data that express truths about the way people reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study on a perceive or understand the world. Since people look at their world in subjective or personal basis in an uncontrolled or unstructured manner, a naturalistic approach happens in a natural setting. TRIANGULATION APPROACH - this approach, you are free to gather and analyze data using multiple method, allowing you to combine or mix up research approaches, research types, data gathering, and data analysis techniques. Triangulation approach gives you the opportunity to view every angle of the research from different perspectives. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH it aims to predict, establish facts and examine hypothesis that have already been stated, through finding evidence which supports or does not support on existing hypothesis. is a way of making any phenomenon or any sensory experience clearer or more meaningful by gathering and examining facts and information about such person, thing, place, or event appealing to your senses. you use mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication to study and express  3 relationships between quantities or magnitudes shown by 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH-reveals cause and effect numbers or symbols. relationship by systematically manipulating one parameter seeks to find answers to questions starting with how (the independent variables) and observing the influence on many, how much, how long, to what extent, and the like. another (the dependent variables). Answers to these questions come in numerals, percentages, IMPORTANCE/VALUE OF QUANTITATIVE and fractions, among others. RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE 1. More reliable and objective RESEARCH 2. Can use statistics to generalize finding. 1. Data gathering instruments include items that ask for 3. Often reduces and restructures a complex problem to a quantifiable characteristics of the population such age, the limited number of variables. number of children, educational status, economic status and 4. Looks at relationships between variables and can establish so on. cause and-effect in highly controlled circumstances. 2. Standardized, pre-tested instruments direct data 5. Tests theories or hypotheses. collection hence guaranteeing the accuracy, reliability and 6. Assumes sample is representative of the population 7. validity of data. Subjectivity of researcher in methodology is recognized less. 3. For more reliable data analysis, a normal population 8. Less detailed than qualitative data and many miss a distribution curve is favored over non-normal distribution. desired response from the participants. This needs a large population, the numbers of which depend Nature of Variables on how the characteristics of the population differ. This Variable- are changing qualities or characteristics parameter involves observing the application of the principle of random in the experiment that can change Something that you can sampling to prevent researcher's bias in constructing the measure results that might overpower the rationale behind the 2 Main Types of Variables research. 1. Independent- The one that causes changes, it stands 4. The data gathered using quantitative methods are alone, and cannot be changed by other variables prepared using tables, graphs, or figures that combine large (Nakakaapekto) numbers of data to show trends, relationships, or 2. Dependent- bear & manifest the changes caused by the differences among variables. This encourages understanding independent variable.(Naapektuhan) to the reader or clients of the research study. 3. Extraneous Variable are variables that are constant 5. Researchers can duplicate the quantitative method to -may have impact on dependent variables validate or substantiate the findings in another setting. This Types of Variables strengthens the validity of new discoveries or findings thus Based on the value taken by the variable abolish the chance of false or invalid conclusions Continuous Variable any value at a certain range 6. Quantitative models or formula taken from data analysis -ex.time, distance & temperature can predict outcomes. If-then scenarios can be created using Discrete Variable exact value & can be counted complex mathematical computations with the help of -whole numbers only computers. 7. Advanced digital or electronic instruments are -ex. No. of books used to determine or collect data from the field. Based on the scales of measurement KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Nominal- serves to identify a group and give qualitative 1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH-used to obtain information distinction concerning the current status of the phenomena. It Ordinal- sequencing, measures behaviors describes “what exists” with respect to variables or Ex. Income level, level of education conditions in a situation. This kind of research ranges from Interval- numerical scales which have the same the survey which describes the status quo; to the interpretation throughout correlational study which investigates the relationship -employs an arbitrary zero(0 still has a value) between variables; to developmental studies which seek to Ex. Temperature determine changes over time. Three main purpose of Ratio- Zero has no value at all , absence of value. descriptive research can be explained as describing, Ex. Age explaining, and validating research findings. Subject Matter of Research 2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH-tests relationship between 1. Interest in the subject matter two variables. Performing correlational research is done to 2. Availability of information find out what the effect of one on the other might be and 3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic 4. Limitations on the how that affects the relationship. It is conducted in order to subject clarify an observed occurence. 5. Personal Resources 3. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH-looks to unearth a Features of A Good Research Problem cause and effect relationship. This research is not conducted Clarity- Provides clear interpretation to the readers.- needs between the two groups on each other. Rather than look to be clear and thought-through only for a statistical relationship between two variables, it Specificity Narrowing down and avoiding general ideas for a tries to identify, specifically, how the different groups are larger topic. affected by the same circumstance. It involves comparison Well-defined Scope focus and direction should be clear  4 Measurable how are you going to assess your sources. Citations prevent plagiarism, demonstrate -can be measured accurately by research instrument research depth, and enhance credibility in academic writing. Manageable realistic about the scope and scale Types of Citations in APA 7th Edition: Review of Related Literature (RRL) Literature- Parenthetical Citations: oral/written record of man’s significant experience that are placed at the end of the sentence within parentheses. This artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner type is often used when the author’s name is not part of the - preserved world perceptions of a man narrative. Review of related Literature - analysis of man’s written or Example: spoken knowledge of the world. The results confirmed the hypothesis (Johnson, 2019). -fuse your understanding with the author’s world perception Narrative Citations: Purposes of RRL Here, the author’s name is incorporated into the sentence, 1. To obtain background knowledge of your research. 2. To followed by the publication year in parentheses. relate your study to the current condition/situation of the Example: world. Johnson (2019) observed that the results confirmed the 3. To show the capacity of your research work to introduce hypothesis. new knowledge. 4. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous Referencing: research studies. 1. Books 5. To increase your understanding of underlying theories, Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book (Edition, if principles, or concepts of your research. applicable). Publisher. 6. To explain technical terms involved. Example: Smith, J. A. (2020). Understanding psychology (2nd 7. To highlight the significance of your work to support the ed.). Psychology Press. conclusion. 8. To avoid repeating previous research studies 2. Journal Articles 9. To recommend the necessity of further research on a Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the certain topic. Journal, Volume(Issue), Page range. https://doi.org/xxxx Example: Doe, J. (2021). The impact of sleep on cognitive Styles/Approaches of RRL function. Journal of Sleep Research, 30(3), 123-134. 1. Traditional RRL- summarize present forms of knowledge https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13123 on a subject- expanding knowledge on a specific subject 3. Webpages 1.1 Conceptual Review- analysis of concept to give meaning Format: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the to some national or world issues webpage. Website Name. URL 1.2 Critical Review- focuses in theories and application in Example: Brown, L. (2022, January 15). The effects of climate situation change on coastal cities. Environmental News. 1.3 State-of-the-art Review- the researcher deals with the https://www.environmentalnews.org/climate-change- latest research studies on the subject to integrate to some coastal-cities product 4. Edited Books 1.4 Expert Review encourages a well-known expert to do the Format: Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year). Title of the book. Publisher. RRL because of the influence of a certain ideology, paradigm, Example: Green, R. (Ed.). (2019). Innovations in education. or belief on him/her Academic Press. 1.5 Scoping Review- prepares a situation for a future 5. Reports research work in the form of project Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the report (Report No. 2. Systematic RRL- requires you to go through the RRL steps xxx). Publisher. URL Example: World Health Organization. (2021). Global health Ethical Standards in Writing RRL statistics 2021 (Report No. WHO/2021/3). Ethical Writing is academic honesty. Sources are properly https://www.who.int/global-health-statistics taken credit In APA 7th edition, if certain elements are missing from a What to avoid in writing RRL? reference, you can follow specific guidelines to construct your Fabrication- making-up of data citation. Here’s how to handle common missing elements: Falsification- manipulating of data 1. Missing Author Plagiarism-taking and using another person’s work Format: Title of the work. (Year). Publisher. URL Types of Plagiarism: Example: The effects of climate change on biodiversity. Blatant- Drives the reader to believe that they are the (2021). Nature Publishing. originator of the work https://www.nature.com/climate-change-biodiversity Technical- writer fails to follow accepted methods of using 2. Missing Date and reading sources If the date is unknown, use "n.d." (no date). -unintentional Format: Author, A. A. (n.d.). Title of the work. Publisher. URL Citations are references to sources from which you have Example: Johnson, L. (n.d.). Understanding cultural diversity. borrowed ideas, information, or text. They give credit to the Open University Press. original author and allow readers to verify and follow up on https://www.openuniversity.edu/cultural-diversity  5 3. Missing Title If there’s no title, provide a description in square brackets. Format: Author, A. A. (Year). [Description of the work]. Publisher. URL Example: Smith, J. (2020). [Report on renewable energy sources]. Green Energy Institute. https://www.greenenergyinstitute.org/report 4. Missing Publisher If the publisher is unknown, use "n.p." (no publisher) and include other available information. Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the work (n.p.). URL Example: Doe, J. (2022). Innovations in artificial intelligence (n.p.). https://www.aiinnovations.org 5. Multiple Missing Elements If multiple elements are missing, combine the guidelines. Example: Title of the work (n.d.). [Description of the work]. (n.p.). URL Format: Global health impacts of air pollution (n.d.). [Research summary]. (n.p.). https://www.globalhealth.org/air-pollution