Psych Exam 4 PDF

Psych exam 4 10/28/24, 1:23 PM Psych exam 4 timeframe during which an organism must be exposed to specific stimuli for Critical period normal...

Psych exam 4 10/28/24, 1:23 PM Psych exam 4 timeframe during which an organism must be exposed to specific stimuli for Critical period normal development to occur (differs based on the milestone) The process by which the brain removes Neural pruning unnecessary connections between neurons, or brain cells innate involuntary muscle response Newborn reflexes to stimulation (replaced overtime with voluntary movements) a) Raise head from ground (0-2 months) b) Roll from back to front (3-5 months) c) Sit with support (4-6 months) d) Sit without support (6-8 months) e) Stand holding something (7-12 Motor milestones months) f) Crawl (7-10 months) g) Pull to stand/cruise (9-12 months) h) Walk with support (10-12 months) i) Walk alone (12 months +) about:srcdoc Page 1 of 8 Psych exam 4 10/28/24, 1:23 PM Visual activity and the critical period ability to distinguish between shapes, patterns and colours Critical period: birth-7 years old used to assess visual acuity in infants and young children who are unable to identify pictures or letters. It's based on the idea that infants prefer to look at Preferential looking technique novel stimuli over familiar ones. An examiner observes the infant's eye movements to determine which stimulus they fixate on. (longer looking time = more preference) repeatedly presenting stimuli to infants Habituation technique until they become accustomed to them and pay less attention Language development critical period 2-13 years speech characterized by higher pitch, slower speech, and over annunciation. Parentese (baby talk) - used when talking to babies and children - babies show preference for parentese ability to understand language (follow instructions, answer Receptive language comprehension questions) brain area in left temporal lobe Wernicke’s area responsible for speech comprehension. about:srcdoc Page 2 of 8 Psych exam 4 10/28/24, 1:23 PM ability to express wants and needs Expressive language through language (asking for something you want) brain area in left frontal lobe responsible Broca’s area for speech production and articulation 1.Sensorimotor Stage Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive 2. Preoperational Stage Development (4 stages) 3. Concrete Operational Stage 4. Formal Operational Stage 1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)- infants learn through their senses and motor skills understanding that objects exist even Object permanence when not seen. - develops by 9 months children search for a hidden toy in the same A-not-B problem place it was originally hidden, even after watching it get hidden in a new location. 2. Preoperational stage (2-7 years)- children begin to think symbolically but continue to reason intuitively, without logic. Conservation of quantity about:srcdoc Page 3 of 8 Psych exam 4 10/28/24, 1:23 PM knowing that a quantity doesn't change if it's appearance has been altered (by being stretched, cut, elongated, spread out, shrunk, poured, etc) Egocentrism difficulty taking another’s viewpoint. (7-12 years)- children think logically about real (concrete) objects. Concrete operational stage Operation- an action that can be undone children can reason about concrete objects, but struggle with abstract or hypothetical situations. (12+ years) - ability to think critically and Formal operational stage reason about abstract ideas. - involves hypothesis testing ability to recognize that other people might have different feelings, beliefs, and Theory of mind experiences than we do. - develops around 3-4 years of age about:srcdoc Page 4 of 8 Psych exam 4 10/28/24, 1:23 PM A test used to assess a child's ability False Belief Task to understand that another person can have a different belief or perspective than their own. involves presenting a scenario where a character is unaware of an object's location change, and asking the child where the character will look for it, thus testing if the child can attribute a "false belief" to the character based on their limited knowledge information and knowledge people have about themselves. - answer to the question “Who am I?” self concept - typically includes physical characteristics, social groups, personality traits greater reliance on peers for sense of What changes in adolescence? belonging and acceptance as people age, they view time as limited, and shift focus to meaningful events, experiences, and goals. - while reminiscing, older people report more positive emotions - older people report fewer and shorter Socioemotional Selectivity Theory negative daily events about:srcdoc Page 5 of 8 Psych exam 4 10/28/24, 1:23 PM a child's innate (born with) emotional Temperament style and how they adapt to situations. Adult personality traits: high sociability —→ high extraversion Temperament in children predicts: Life outcomes in adulthood: anxiety, depression, educational attainment focuses on how individuals differ in Trait approach personality traits and disposition theory suggesting that personality can be described by five factors, called the Big-Five – (OCEAN) Five factor theory 1. Openness to Experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism 1. Openness to Experience willingness to try new things 2. Conscientiousness hardworking, plans ahead, attentive 3. Extraversion outgoing, social about:srcdoc Page 6 of 8 Psych exam 4 10/28/24, 1:23 PM 4. Agreeableness kind, easily gets along with others5 5. Neuroticism poor emotional stability, greater reactivity Similarity-Attraction Effect People like those similar to themselves IV: traits portrayed in dating profiles (Big Five) De La Mare and Lee DV: interest in partners with similar traits (matching vs. swiping left) P’s showed preference for similarity but only for some of the Big Five traits RESULTS from De La Mare and Lee - matched on agreeableness, openness to experience, and extraversion. - all P’s preferred low neuroticism. -338 T/F questions - most commonly used in clinical settings - assesses antisocial personality, anxiety, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality depression, Inventory 2-RF interpersonal problems about:srcdoc Page 7 of 8 Psych exam 4 10/28/24, 1:23 PM a personality test in which subjects Projective tests are shown ambiguous images and asked to interpret them personality determined based on Rorschach Ink Blot Test response to unstructured inkblots A psychological assessment tool used to evaluate individuals' emotional Thematic Apperception Test responses and inner thoughts by analyzing their interpretations of ambiguous pictures about:srcdoc Page 8 of 8