Development Through the Lifespan - PSYC304 Lecture Notes

DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE LIFESPAN Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 1...

DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE LIFESPAN Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 1 Psychology PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD Body Skeletal Asynchronies Brain, lymph nodes Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 2 Psychology  BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD Frontal lobe Left hemisphere Linking areas of the brain develop Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 3 Psychology HANDEDN ESS Handedness and dominant cerebral hemisphere Few left-handers Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 4 Psychology INFLUENCES O N PHYSICAL GROWTH A N D HEALTH Heredity and Hormones Emotional Well- Being Nutrition Infectious Disease Childhood Injuries Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 5 Psychology IMMUNIZATIONS Many American children lack full set Cost Schedules Misconcepti ons about vaccines Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive Psychology 6 MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 7 Psychology  INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR SKILLS Genetics Size, shape Gender Practice Caregiver encouragement Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 8 Psychology  PIAGET’S PREOPERATIONAL STAGE Ages 2 to 7 Symbol-Real World Relations Early Childhood Development of Make- Believe Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 9 Psychology EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT OF MAKE- BELIEVE Make-believe play allows a child to practice critical social skills, such as sharing, turn-taking, and communication. As they play, your child can develop empathy and understand the perspectives of others. Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 10 Psychology DUAL REPRESENTATION Viewing a symbolic object as both an object and a symbol Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 11 Psychology  LIMITATIONS OF PREOPERATIONAL THOUGHT Mental operations ? Egocentrism and animistic thinking ? others’ views from one’s own ? Belief that inanimate objects qualiti have lifelike es Conserve ? hierarchical ? classificatio Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 12 n? Psychology EDUCATIONAL PRINCIPLES DERIVED FROM PIAGET’S THEORY Discovery learning Acceptance of individual differences Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 13 Psychology VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY (PRESCHOOL) Private Speech (talk loud): basis for cognitive development Zone of Proximal Development Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 14 Psychology CHILDREN’S PRIVATE SPEECH Piaget called Private Speech as“egocentric speech” Vygotsky : Private Speech is foundation for all higher cognitive processes Helps guide behavior Gradually becomes more silent Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 15 Psychology  ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT Scaffolding ? Make-Believe Play? Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 16 Psychology  EVALUATION OF VYGOTSKY’S THEORY Helps explain cultural diversity in cognition Emphasizes importance of teaching Focus on language deemphasizes observation, other learning methods Says little about biological contributions to cognition Vague explanation of change Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 17 Psychology MODEL OF INFORMATION PROCESSING Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 18 Psychology IMPROVEMENTS IN INFORMATION PROCESSING Attention Planning Memory Memory Strategies Everyday Experiences Theory of Mind Metacognition Emerging Literacy Mathematical Reasoning Ordinality, Counting, and Cardinality Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 19 Psychology RECOGNITION A N D RECALL Recognition Recall Noticing that a Generating a mental stimulus is identical representation of an or similar to one absent stimulus previously More difficult than experienced recognition Easier than recall Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive Psychology 20 MEMORY Memory strategies? Autobiographical memories Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 21 Psychology DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY OF MIND Awareness of Mental Life Infancy – age 3 Mastery of False Beliefs Around age 4 Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 22 Psychology METACOGNITION Awareness and understanding of various aspects of thought Develops with theory of mind Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 23 Psychology EARLY CHILDHOOD Literacy spoken language skills Informal literacy Mathematical Reasoning Ordinality Cardinality Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 24 Psychology PRESCHOOL CHILDREN MENTAL DEVELOPMENT: ASSESSMENT Factors Contributing to Individual Differences Features of a High-Quality Home Environment Types of Preschool Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 25 Psychology LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD Vocabulary Fast-mapping Grammar Overregularization Conversation Pragmatics Supporting Language Development Expansions, Recasts Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 26 Psychology LEARNING GRAMMAR Basic Rules Subject-verb-object structure by age 4 Plurals To be Overregularization Complex Structures Questions Not complete until middle childhood Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 27 Psychology PRAGMATICS 2-year-olds can have effective conversations Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 28 Psychology SUMMARY OF THE LECTURE Let’s summarize the main points: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Dr. F Z Sai, Associate Professor in Cognitive 29 Psychology