Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Questions and Answers

What concept emphasizes the importance of teaching in cognitive development?

  • Scaffolding (correct)
  • Cultural Diversity
  • Theory of Mind
  • Biological Contributions

At what age do children typically master false beliefs, according to the development of theory of mind?

  • Age 3
  • Age 4 (correct)
  • Age 5
  • Age 2

Which of the following is considered easier than recall?

  • Mastering false beliefs
  • Generating a mental representation
  • Noticing a similar stimulus (correct)
  • Creating autobiographical memories

Which aspect of Vygotsky’s theory is criticized for its vague explanation of change?

<p>Focus on Language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which improvement in information processing involves awareness of one's own thought processes?

<p>Metacognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a part of memory strategies?

<p>Attention Control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive skill entails understanding counting and cardinality?

<p>Mathematical Reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of recognition is typically more challenging than recalling a stimulus?

<p>Generating a mental representation from memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range does Piaget's preoperational stage cover?

<p>2 to 7 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key benefit of make-believe play during early childhood?

<p>Promotes critical social skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by dual representation in cognitive development?

<p>Seeing a symbolic object as both an object and a symbol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of preoperational thought according to Piaget?

<p>Egocentrism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What educational principle is derived from Piaget's theory?

<p>Discovery learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, what is the significance of private speech in cognitive development?

<p>It serves as a basis for cognitive development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Piaget refer to as ‘egocentric speech’?

<p>Private speech in children (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept mainly describes the gap between what children can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance?

<p>Zone of Proximal Development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do handedness and the dominant cerebral hemisphere influence?

<p>Motor skill development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing physical growth and health in early childhood?

<p>Personal hygiene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT a focus of motor skill development in early childhood?

<p>Cognitive motor skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major reason many American children do not have the full set of immunizations?

<p>Cost (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to individual differences in motor skills?

<p>Social media influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily involved in development during early childhood according to the content?

<p>Frontal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one misconception associated with immunizations?

<p>Immunizations are harmful (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a determinant of brain development in early childhood?

<p>Linking areas of the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metacognition primarily concerned with?

<p>Awareness and understanding of thought (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin to demonstrate a subject-verb-object structure in their grammar?

<p>By age 4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism refers to the effective use of vocabulary learning in early childhood?

<p>Fast-mapping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of language development can be described as simplistically applying rules to irregular forms?

<p>Overregularization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment is crucial for high-quality early childhood mental development?

<p>A supportive home environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of supporting language development?

<p>Overregularization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can children start having effective conversations, demonstrating pragmatics?

<p>By age 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reasoning is associated with understanding quantity in early childhood?

<p>Ordinality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Early Childhood Brain Development

The brain grows rapidly during early childhood, with significant development in the frontal lobe, left hemisphere, and areas connecting different brain regions.

Handedness

The preference for using one hand over the other, often linked to the dominant hemisphere of the brain.

What influences physical growth in early childhood?

Heredity, hormones, emotional well-being, nutrition, infectious diseases, and childhood injuries all play a significant role in how a child's body grows.

Importance of Immunizations

Vaccinations help protect children from serious diseases, but many children lack a full set due to cost, schedule conflicts, and misconceptions about vaccines.

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Gross Motor Skills

These are large movements that use the big muscle groups, like running, jumping, and throwing a ball.

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Fine Motor Skills

These are smaller, more precise movements using smaller muscle groups, like drawing, writing, and buttoning.

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Factors influencing Motor Skill Development

Genetics, body size, gender, practice, and caregiver encouragement all play a role in how well children develop their motor skills.

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What are some examples of body asynchronies in early childhood?

Different parts of the body grow at different rates, leading to asynchronies. For example, the brain and lymph nodes develop more rapidly than other body parts.

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Preoperational Stage

Piaget's cognitive development stage from 2 to 7 years old, where children develop symbolic thinking and imagination.

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Make-Believe Play

A form of play central to a child's development in the preoperational stage, where they use pretend scenarios to explore social roles, emotions, and problem-solving.

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Dual Representation

The ability to view a symbolic object as both a real thing and a representation of something else.

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Egocentrism

A preoperational child's difficulty seeing things from another person's point of view.

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Animistic Thinking

A preoperational child's belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and feelings.

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Conservation

The understanding that the amount of a substance stays the same even if its appearance changes.

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Private Speech

A child's talking to themselves, often out loud, as a tool for guiding their thoughts and behaviors.

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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with help from a more knowledgeable person.

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Scaffolding

Providing temporary support to learners as they progress through a task or activity.

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Theory of Mind

The ability to understand that others have different thoughts, feelings, and beliefs than oneself.

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False Belief

Understanding that someone might hold a belief that is incorrect or not true.

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Recognition vs. Recall

Recognition is noticing something familiar, recall is remembering something from memory without seeing it.

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Memory Strategies

Techniques that help people remember information, such as rehearsal, organization, and elaboration.

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Autobiographical Memories

Personal memories of past events, often tied to specific times and places.

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Metacognition

The ability to think about one's own thinking processes, including awareness of what one knows, how one learns, and how one can improve thinking.

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Early Childhood Literacy

Developing the skills necessary for reading and writing, including spoken language, vocabulary, and understanding how print works.

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Ordinality

Understanding the order of numbers, such as first, second, third.

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Cardinality

Understanding that a number represents a specific quantity, such as 3 apples.

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Fast-mapping

The ability to learn the meaning of a new word after only a single exposure, common in early childhood.

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Overregularization

Applying grammatical rules incorrectly, such as saying 'goed' instead of 'went'.

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Pragmatics

The social rules of language, such as taking turns speaking, understanding facial expressions, and knowing how to have a conversation.

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Study Notes

Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

  • This chapter focuses on physical and cognitive development in early childhood.
  • Physical development includes body growth, skeletal development, brain and lymph node growth.
  • There are asynchronies in physical development affecting the different parts of a child's body.
  • Brain development in early childhood includes development of the frontal lobe, left hemisphere and linking areas of the brain.
  • Handedness and dominant cerebral hemisphere. Fewer left-handers.
  • Influences on physical growth and health include heredity, hormones, emotional wellbeing, nutrition, infectious diseases and childhood injuries.
  • Immunization rates among American children are affected by factors such as costs, schedules and misconceptions about vaccines.
  • Motor skill development encompasses gross motor skills and fine motor skills.
  • Individual differences in motor skills are influenced by genetics, size, shape, gender, practice and caregiver encouragement.
  • Piaget's preoperational stage (ages 2-7): children's understanding of real world relations and early childhood development of make-believe.
  • Make-believe play allows children to practice crucial social skills like sharing, turn taking and communication, and lets them develop empathy and understand others' perspectives.
  • Dual representation - viewing a symbolic object as both an object and a symbol.
  • Limitations of preoperational thought include: mental operations, egocentrism, animistic thinking, ability to consider different views from one's own, belief inanimate objects have life-like qualities, ability to conserve quantity and hierarchical classification .
  • Educational principles derived from Piaget's theory include discovery learning and acceptance of individual differences.
  • Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes private speech as a foundational cognitive development tool, and also highlights the zone of proximal development (ZPD).
  • Children's private speech can be viewed as egocentric speech according to Piaget but is seen by Vygotsky as necessary for higher-level cognitive processes. Private speech gradually reduces in frequency becoming more silent as children progress.
  • ZPD is connected to scaffolding and make-believe play.
  • Evaluating Vygotsky's theory acknowledges its ability to explain cultural diversity in cognition, and highlight the importance of teaching and the role of language. However, the theory doesn't emphasize biological contributions to cognition, and is unclear how change happens.
  • Information Processing Model in early childhood explains the response output, response generator, sensory register, attention, working or short-term memory, storage, retrieval, and long-term memory.
  • Improvements in information processing result in development in attention, planning, memory, strategies, everyday experiences, theory of mind, metacognition, emerging literacy, mathematical reasoning, ordinality, counting and cardinality.
  • Recognition is easier than recall as it refers to noticing if a stimulus is identical or similar to a previously experienced one, while recall involves generating a mental representation of an absent stimulus.
  • Memory strategies and autobiographical memories are part of the memory in early childhood.
  • Theory of Mind development involves awareness of mental life, mastery of false beliefs, and develops around age 4.
  • Metacognition is related to awareness and understanding of various aspects of thought, it develops alongside the theory of mind.
  • Early childhood literacy encompasses spoken language skills, informal literacy, mathematical reasoning, ordinality, and cardinality.
  • Preschool children's mental developmental factors, features of high-quality home environments, and types of preschools are important assessment considerations.
  • Language development includes vocabulary, fast-mapping, grammar, overregularization, conversation, pragmatics, supporting language development (expansions, recasts).
  • Basic grammar rules, such as subject-verb-object structure, plurals, and use of "to be" emerge in early childhood, whereas more complex structures, like questions develop in middle childhood.
  • Pragmatics is seen in the ability of 2-year-olds to hold basic conversations.
  • The lecture concludes with a summary.

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