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Questions and Answers
What concept emphasizes the importance of teaching in cognitive development?
What concept emphasizes the importance of teaching in cognitive development?
At what age do children typically master false beliefs, according to the development of theory of mind?
At what age do children typically master false beliefs, according to the development of theory of mind?
Which of the following is considered easier than recall?
Which of the following is considered easier than recall?
Which aspect of Vygotsky’s theory is criticized for its vague explanation of change?
Which aspect of Vygotsky’s theory is criticized for its vague explanation of change?
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Which improvement in information processing involves awareness of one's own thought processes?
Which improvement in information processing involves awareness of one's own thought processes?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a part of memory strategies?
Which of the following is NOT considered a part of memory strategies?
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Which cognitive skill entails understanding counting and cardinality?
Which cognitive skill entails understanding counting and cardinality?
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Which component of recognition is typically more challenging than recalling a stimulus?
Which component of recognition is typically more challenging than recalling a stimulus?
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What age range does Piaget's preoperational stage cover?
What age range does Piaget's preoperational stage cover?
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What is one key benefit of make-believe play during early childhood?
What is one key benefit of make-believe play during early childhood?
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What is meant by dual representation in cognitive development?
What is meant by dual representation in cognitive development?
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Which of the following is a limitation of preoperational thought according to Piaget?
Which of the following is a limitation of preoperational thought according to Piaget?
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What educational principle is derived from Piaget's theory?
What educational principle is derived from Piaget's theory?
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According to Vygotsky, what is the significance of private speech in cognitive development?
According to Vygotsky, what is the significance of private speech in cognitive development?
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What did Piaget refer to as ‘egocentric speech’?
What did Piaget refer to as ‘egocentric speech’?
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What concept mainly describes the gap between what children can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance?
What concept mainly describes the gap between what children can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance?
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What do handedness and the dominant cerebral hemisphere influence?
What do handedness and the dominant cerebral hemisphere influence?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing physical growth and health in early childhood?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing physical growth and health in early childhood?
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Which aspect is NOT a focus of motor skill development in early childhood?
Which aspect is NOT a focus of motor skill development in early childhood?
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What is one major reason many American children do not have the full set of immunizations?
What is one major reason many American children do not have the full set of immunizations?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to individual differences in motor skills?
Which factor does NOT contribute to individual differences in motor skills?
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Which area of the brain is primarily involved in development during early childhood according to the content?
Which area of the brain is primarily involved in development during early childhood according to the content?
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What is one misconception associated with immunizations?
What is one misconception associated with immunizations?
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Which of the following is considered a determinant of brain development in early childhood?
Which of the following is considered a determinant of brain development in early childhood?
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What is metacognition primarily concerned with?
What is metacognition primarily concerned with?
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At what age do children typically begin to demonstrate a subject-verb-object structure in their grammar?
At what age do children typically begin to demonstrate a subject-verb-object structure in their grammar?
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Which mechanism refers to the effective use of vocabulary learning in early childhood?
Which mechanism refers to the effective use of vocabulary learning in early childhood?
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What aspect of language development can be described as simplistically applying rules to irregular forms?
What aspect of language development can be described as simplistically applying rules to irregular forms?
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What type of environment is crucial for high-quality early childhood mental development?
What type of environment is crucial for high-quality early childhood mental development?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of supporting language development?
Which of the following is NOT a component of supporting language development?
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At what age can children start having effective conversations, demonstrating pragmatics?
At what age can children start having effective conversations, demonstrating pragmatics?
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Which type of reasoning is associated with understanding quantity in early childhood?
Which type of reasoning is associated with understanding quantity in early childhood?
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Study Notes
Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
- This chapter focuses on physical and cognitive development in early childhood.
- Physical development includes body growth, skeletal development, brain and lymph node growth.
- There are asynchronies in physical development affecting the different parts of a child's body.
- Brain development in early childhood includes development of the frontal lobe, left hemisphere and linking areas of the brain.
- Handedness and dominant cerebral hemisphere. Fewer left-handers.
- Influences on physical growth and health include heredity, hormones, emotional wellbeing, nutrition, infectious diseases and childhood injuries.
- Immunization rates among American children are affected by factors such as costs, schedules and misconceptions about vaccines.
- Motor skill development encompasses gross motor skills and fine motor skills.
- Individual differences in motor skills are influenced by genetics, size, shape, gender, practice and caregiver encouragement.
- Piaget's preoperational stage (ages 2-7): children's understanding of real world relations and early childhood development of make-believe.
- Make-believe play allows children to practice crucial social skills like sharing, turn taking and communication, and lets them develop empathy and understand others' perspectives.
- Dual representation - viewing a symbolic object as both an object and a symbol.
- Limitations of preoperational thought include: mental operations, egocentrism, animistic thinking, ability to consider different views from one's own, belief inanimate objects have life-like qualities, ability to conserve quantity and hierarchical classification .
- Educational principles derived from Piaget's theory include discovery learning and acceptance of individual differences.
- Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes private speech as a foundational cognitive development tool, and also highlights the zone of proximal development (ZPD).
- Children's private speech can be viewed as egocentric speech according to Piaget but is seen by Vygotsky as necessary for higher-level cognitive processes. Private speech gradually reduces in frequency becoming more silent as children progress.
- ZPD is connected to scaffolding and make-believe play.
- Evaluating Vygotsky's theory acknowledges its ability to explain cultural diversity in cognition, and highlight the importance of teaching and the role of language. However, the theory doesn't emphasize biological contributions to cognition, and is unclear how change happens.
- Information Processing Model in early childhood explains the response output, response generator, sensory register, attention, working or short-term memory, storage, retrieval, and long-term memory.
- Improvements in information processing result in development in attention, planning, memory, strategies, everyday experiences, theory of mind, metacognition, emerging literacy, mathematical reasoning, ordinality, counting and cardinality.
- Recognition is easier than recall as it refers to noticing if a stimulus is identical or similar to a previously experienced one, while recall involves generating a mental representation of an absent stimulus.
- Memory strategies and autobiographical memories are part of the memory in early childhood.
- Theory of Mind development involves awareness of mental life, mastery of false beliefs, and develops around age 4.
- Metacognition is related to awareness and understanding of various aspects of thought, it develops alongside the theory of mind.
- Early childhood literacy encompasses spoken language skills, informal literacy, mathematical reasoning, ordinality, and cardinality.
- Preschool children's mental developmental factors, features of high-quality home environments, and types of preschools are important assessment considerations.
- Language development includes vocabulary, fast-mapping, grammar, overregularization, conversation, pragmatics, supporting language development (expansions, recasts).
- Basic grammar rules, such as subject-verb-object structure, plurals, and use of "to be" emerge in early childhood, whereas more complex structures, like questions develop in middle childhood.
- Pragmatics is seen in the ability of 2-year-olds to hold basic conversations.
- The lecture concludes with a summary.
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