PSYC 1160 Study Guide PDF

**PSYC 1160 REVISED Study Guide** **Thinking, Reasoning, Language & Intelligence** - **Functional fixedness** - Inability to see alternative uses for an object. - **Mental set** - Tendency to approach problems using past strategies. - **Algorithms vs. heuristics** - **...

**PSYC 1160 REVISED Study Guide** **Thinking, Reasoning, Language & Intelligence** - **Functional fixedness** - Inability to see alternative uses for an object. - **Mental set** - Tendency to approach problems using past strategies. - **Algorithms vs. heuristics** - **Algorithms:** Step-by-Step procedures ensuring correct solutions. - **Heuristics:** Mental shortcuts for quick but sometimes flawed decisions - **Inductive vs. deductive reasoning** - **Inductive:** Specific observations general conclusions. - **Deductive:** General principles specific conclusions - **Cognitive biases** - **Availability Heuristic:** Estimating likelihood based on ease of recall. - **Representativeness Heuristic:** Judging based on similarity to prototypes. - **Confirmation Bias:** Seeking information that supports existing beliefs. - **Hindsight Bias:** Believing outcomes were predictable after the fact. - **Loss Aversion:** Preference for avoiding losses over gaining equivalent rewards. - **Sunk Cost Fallacy:** Continuing investments based on prior commitment. - **Anchoring Bias:** Over-relying on initial information. - **Gambler's Fallacy:** Belief that past events affect future probabilities. - **Framing effect:** Different responses to identical choices based on presentation. - **Metacognition:** Thinking about one's own thinking. - **Cognitive load:** The mental effort required for a task. - **Divergent vs. convergent thinking:** - **Divergent:** Generating multiple solutions. - **Convergent:** Narrowing down to the best solution. - **Top-down vs. bottom-up processing:** - **Top-down:** Using prior knowledge. - **Bottom-up:** Processing new information as it comes. - **Problem-solving strategies:** - **Insight vs. analytical problem-solving:** - Sudden realization vs. Logical analysis **Language & Cognition** - **Phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics, pragmatics:** Components of language. - **Language acquisition stages:** Babbling One-word Two-Word Complex - **Critical period hypothesis:** Optimal time for language learning - **Bilingualism and cognitive flexibility:** Benefits of speaking multiple languages. - **Linguistic relativity (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis):** Language influences thought. - **Code-switching:** Alternating between languages. - **Language deprivation and its effects:** Lack of exposure impairs. - **Relationship between language and thought:** - **The role of Broca's area and Wernicke's area**: Speech production vs. comprehension. - **Aphasia (types and effects):** Language impairments due to brain damage. **Intelligence & IQ Testing** - **Functional Fixedness:** Inability to see new uses for familiar objects. - **Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences:** (Bodily-Kinesthetic, Spatial, Linguistic) - **Inductive Reasoning:** Specific observations lead to general conclusions. - **Confirmation Bias:** Seeking information that supports pre-existing beliefs. - **IQ vs. Intellectual Disability (mental ability domains**): Differences in cognitive functioning. - **Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg):** Analytical, Creative, Practical. - **Heritability of Intelligence:** Influence of generics on intelligence. - **Boring\'s Dictum**: Intelligence is what intelligence tests measure. - **Binet and Simone\'s IQ test:** Early intelligence measurement. - **Spearmans G and S:** General intelligence vs. specific abilities. - **Catel & Horn\'s Fluid and Crystalized Intelligence:** Problem-solving vs. acquired knowledge. - **Calculating IQ:** Formula and interpretation. - **Eugenics Movement:** Controversial history of intelligence testing. - **WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale):** Standardized IQ test. - **Emotional Intelligence:** Understanding and managing emotions. - **IQ vs Mental disability (mental ability domains):** How IQ relates to intellectual disabilities. - **Heritability of Intelligence:** Genetics' role in intelligence. - **Fixed vs growth mindset:** Beliefs about intelligence affecting learning. - **Socioeconomic status and Intelligence:** How social factors impact intelligence. **Developmental Psychology** Nature vs. Nurture & Early Influences - **Gene-environment interaction:** Genetic predispositions shaped by environment. - **Epigenetics:** How experiences affect gene expression. - **Critical vs. sensitive periods:** Rigid vs. flexible developmental windows. - **Teratogens and their effects:** Harmful prenatal influences (alcohol, drugs, etc.). - **Prenatal development (germinal, embryonic, fetal stages):** Germinal EmbryonicFetal **Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory** - **Stages:** (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational) - **Object permanence** - **Egocentrism** - **Conservation** - **Assimilation vs. accommodation** **Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory** - **Zone of proximal development (ZPD):** What a learner can do with help. - **Scaffolding:** Guidance from skilled individuals. - **Role of culture in cognitive development:** Influence of social interactions. **Attachment Theory (Bowlby & Ainsworth)** - **Strange Situation Task:** Identifying attachment styles. - **Attachment styles:** (secure, avoidant, anxious, disorganized) - **Impact of early attachment on adult relationships:** Foundation for intimacy - **Role of caregiver responsiveness:** Importance of early interactions. - **Links to addiction:** Attachment-related emotional regulation. - **Response to a situation (vs. reaction)** - **Logic & Reason (when triggered)** - **Regulation of emotions/self-soothing** - **Understand own behaviour and (Partner, Family, Friends)** **Harlow's Contact Comfort Experiments** - **Importance of physical comfort in attachment** - **Effects of deprivation on social development** **Erikson's Psychosocial Development** - **Trust vs. mistrust** - **Autonomy vs. shame & doubt** - **Initiative vs. guilt** - **Industry vs. inferiority** - **Identity vs. role confusion** - **Intimacy vs. isolation** - **Generativity vs. stagnation** - **Integrity vs. despair** **Moral Development** - **Kohlberg's stages:** (preconventional, conventional, postconventional) - **Heinz dilemma and its interpretations:** Ethical decision-making. - **Cultural and gender considerations in moral development:** Variations in moral reasoning. - **Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg:** Gender considerations in moral reasoning. **Parenting & Social Development** - **Parenting styles:** (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved) - **Peer vs. parental influence:** Developmental impacts. - **Effects of divorce on development:** Psychological effects on children. - **Cultural differences in attachment and parenting:** Variations across societies. - Effects of early social interactions on later personality: Influence of childhood experiences.