Psy 110 Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

Intro to Psychology – Final Exam Study Guide - Dr. Matthew Kelley The format of the final exam will be similar to the format of the quizzes. It will consist of 55 multiple-choice questions (5-6 questions from each section below). To assist in your study, I’ve compiled a list of the most relevant an...

Intro to Psychology – Final Exam Study Guide - Dr. Matthew Kelley The format of the final exam will be similar to the format of the quizzes. It will consist of 55 multiple-choice questions (5-6 questions from each section below). To assist in your study, I’ve compiled a list of the most relevant and important topics that we have covered in the course. Section 1 (Research Methods, Statistics, & Psych Science) Research methods (experimental, correlational, observational); Strengths & weaknesses Independent & dependent variables; Operational definitions Experimental design, controls, confounds, random assignment, random selection, causality Descriptive statistics (measures of central tendency, dispersion, correlation) Inferential statistics (null hypothesis, statistical significance) Identifying and applying all the above Section 2 (Neurons, Brains & Behaviors) Neuronal anatomy and communication Neurotransmitters (e.g., Serotonin, Dopamine, GABA) and their functions Hemispheres, lobes, and their primary functions; Split-brains and corpus callosum Specific brain regions and their functions (e.g., hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala) Nature & nurture; Genes & environment; Methods for examining influence of genes and env. Identifying and applying all the above Section 3 (Sensation & Perception) Visual sensation (key anatomy, pathways, transduction from physical signal to action potentials) Visual perception (visual cues, depth cues, heuristics; interactions with hearing) Auditory sensation (key anatomy, pathways, transduction) and auditory perception (interactions) Smell & Taste (key anatomy, receptor function, pathways, interactions among these senses) Touch (key anatomy, receptor function); Pain (anatomy; gate-control theory) Identifying and applying all the above Section 4 (Conditioning & Learning) Classical conditioning procedures and concepts (e.g., US, UR, CS, CR; key requirements for CC) Operant conditioning procedures and concepts (e.g., reinforcement, punishment, positive, negative, appetitive, aversive, escape, avoidance) Positive and negative reinforcement, positive and negative punishment Schedules of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI), responding rates and patterns, pauses in responding Identifying and applying all the above Section 5 (Human Memory & Cognitive Development) Short-term/Working memory (capacity, forgetting, memory span, coding of info) Long-term memory (capacity, forgetting, type of memories: episodic, semantic, procedural) Memory loss (decay, retroactive and proactive interference) Mnemonics & memory improvement (level of processing; relationships; distinctiveness; imagery) Transfer-appropriate processing; context effects; mood effects Seven sins of memory; Loftus’ work on eyewitness memory; Misinformation & false memories Piaget’s stages (key years and milestones for each, such as object permanence and conservation) Identifying and applying all the above Section 6 (Cognition & Intelligence) Problem solving strategies (e.g., trial/error; algorithms, heuristics, analogies) Problem solving obstacles (e.g., functional fixedness, mental set) Reasoning and decision-making heuristics and errors (e.g., representativeness, availability, conjunction fallacy, framing effects, opt-in/op-out; power of non-options) Importance of reliability, validity, standardization in testing and intelligence Theories of Intelligence (Binet & Simon; intelligence quotient; Spearman’s G-factor; Sternberg’s triarchic theory; concept of factor analysis) Identifying and applying all the above Section 7 (Motivation, Emotion, Stress, Coping, & Health) Internal drives; external incentives; needs, arousal, homeostasis, Yerkes-Dodson law. Theories of emotion (Common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schacter’s cognitive, etc.) Stress; distress; eustress; stressors; daily life hassles; stress and immune system HPA-axis; General Adaptation Syndrome: alarm, resistance, exhaustion Emotion-focused coping; problem-focus coping; positive appraisal; hardiness; resilience; overall well-being Identifying and applying all the above Section 8 (Personality & Consciousness) Personality traits; Big Five Model (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) Freud’s psychodynamic perspectives (id, ego, supergo; defense mechanisms:rationalization, repression, projection, reaction formation, regression) Behavioral perspectives (Skinner’s work on operant conditioning; Bandura’s social cognitive theory) Biological perspectives (behavioral genetics research; twins; adoption studies; heritability) Easy vs. Hard problem of consciousness; dualism vs. materialism; binocular rivalry Identifying and applying all the above Section 9 (Psychological Disorders & Treatments) Anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive- compulsive disorder); key symptoms and origins of these disorders. Mood disorders (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder); key symptoms and origins. Schizophrenic disorders; positive and negative symptoms; origins. Personality disorders (antisocial, borderline, narcissistic); key symptoms and origins. Cognitive-behavioral therapies (general principles, processes, and uses), Beck’s cognitive therapy, rational emotive therapy, systematic desensitization, exposure and ritual prevention). Biomedical therapies (drug treatments: antianxiety, antidepressant, mood stabilizers; effectiveness). Identifying and applying all the above Section 10 (Social Behavior) Persuasion (elaboration likelihood model, foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, group identity) Conformity (Asch), obedience (Milgram), power of the situation (Stanford prison simulation) Behavior in groups (bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility, group polarization, groupthink) Attitudes (explicit, implicit, cognitive dissonance) Attributions (internal, external, fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias) Identifying and applying all the above