Unit 9: The Crisis of the Ancien Régime - PDF

UNIT 9 THE CRISIS OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME PRESENTACIÓN DE LA UNIDAD MARTES 14 JUEVES 16 VIERNES 17 MARTES 21 JUEVES 23 VIERNES 24 POINT 1. POINT 2. POINT 3. POINT 4 POINT 5...

UNIT 9 THE CRISIS OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME PRESENTACIÓN DE LA UNIDAD MARTES 14 JUEVES 16 VIERNES 17 MARTES 21 JUEVES 23 VIERNES 24 POINT 1. POINT 2. POINT 3. POINT 4 POINT 5 E Agriculture and Why did the New ways of Bourbon´s The American Society of the wealth and thinking in the acces to the War of X power of the 18th century. Spanish throne Independence Ancient Regime. bourgeoisie The US A grow? Activity 1 Constitution. M Review and Activity 2 E N + 0,25*  POINT. 1 THE ECONOMY OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME  Subsistance Agriculture ¿What do you think it means? Farming and agriculture were the main activities. 80% of the population worked in agriculture. Subsistence farming, in which yields (rendimientos) were low, traditional methods were used, and almost crops were grown for the farmer and his family was the main economical activity. Trading was uncommon. It was based in the three-field system. The village divided the land was divided into three open fields. One of which was left fallow (barbecho) every three years. The residents had plots in each field, and the cattle grazed and fertilized the fallow land. What happens with the bad weather? DROUGHTS > CROP FAILURE > HIGH PRICES > HUNGER AND EPIDEMICS > POPULAR REVOLTS Manorial system (señoríos) The nobility and the clergy owned large states, which consisted of more than two- thirds of the land. They usually rented to farmers. But the land, could not be divided, bought or sold.  CLASS – BASED SOCIETY Society in the Ancient Régime consisted of estaments, which were divided into two very unequal groups: The privileged classes: nobility and clergy The non privileged classes (Third State): peasants and bourgeoisie The difference was based on birth, not money  Privileged classes Privileges were established by law All the nobles had rights: Access to high status position and jobs in politics or the military. They were exempt from taxation and the common law. The Church (higher and lower clergy) received tithes (diezmo) from the peasants and owned large properties.  Non - Privileged classes Most of the population (90%) formed the Third Estate: peasants, serfs, traders and rich members of the bourgeoise. Despite their economic differences, they shared the same limited rights. Most paid rents as tenants on land owned by the privileged classes. They had to follow rules, were prevented from innovations and they could not access to high-level positions. Imagine that we all are urban working classes and peaseants. Are we happy with the current situation? Could we access to a high-status position? Do we have rights? Do we have to pay taxes? What can we do now? PUNTO ¡Importancia a lo importante! 1 In the 18th century, the societies of the Ancient Régime dominated Europe: 1. Their economy was based on traditional agriculture and subsistence farming. 2. They were divided into social classes: privileged and non privileged. 3. Were governed by absolute monarchies  UNIT 9 THE CRISIS OF THE ANCIENT RÉGIME How will you define the Ancien Régime? It was a politic, economic and social system that developed in Europe between Modern Age (…) and the French Revolution (1789). It was characterized by monarchical absolutism of divine origin, an estamental society and an eminently agricultural and manorial economy.  POINT. 2 THE GROWTH OF BOURGEOISIE´S POWER AND WEALTH  CHANGES IN THE 18TH CENTURY 1. THE POPULATION AND PRODUCTION INCREASED Europe´s population grew significantly in the 18th century. Unlike the previous century, there were no pandemics or wars. Also, agriculture production increased and there were improvements in the diet. The birth rate increased and the population grew rapidly > > As a result of this grown, the demand for food increased > The rising population also caused industry to increase its supply by two new production systems: The domestic system and manufacturing.  CHANGES IN THE 18TH CENTURY 2. THE RISE IN PRODUCTION AND BUSINESS BOOSTED TRADE In Europe, roads and waterways were improved and transport became cheaper. However, the main driver of the economy in the 18th century was the colonial trade. Netherlands, Great Britain and France had joined Portugal and Spain as colonial powers. In these countries, major stock companies monopolized trade with their colonies (compañías de Indias).  TRIANGULAR TRADE Europe imported raw materials from colonies and sold products to other countries. Slaves were bought from traffickers in Africa and sold to American plantations. This formed the so-called Triangular trade between Europe, Africa and America. The financial benefits of colonial trade was extremely high and favored the proliferation of merchants, bankers and moneylenders, as well as the development of banks and commercial companies.  Spanish America in the 18th century Some major reforms were introduced in the 18th century, including the viceroyalties of New Granada and the Río de la Plata. The economy there was boosted. American exports included Mexican silver and products such as cocoa, sugar and tobacco. The American colonies contributed significant revenue to the Spanish Crown. Spain´s legacy there included its language, culture and religion. In addition, a major urbanization progress was culminated. The development of businesses meant that the bourgeoisie became even richer than the nobility and clergy, whose wealth was based on agricultural property. This increased the social power and influence of the bourgeoisie, but they were still treated unequally as members of the Third Estate. PUNTO ¡Importancia a lo importante! 2 Europe became more industrial in the 18th century and the population grew significantly The main driver of the economy in the 18th century was trade between Europe and its colonies. POINT 3. THE ENLIGHTENMENT  Let´s review some things… Monarchs had absolute power 1. Power was hereditary, and monarchs ruled by divine right. 2. The monarch held all legislative, executive and judicial powers and controlled all government institutions. 3. Louis XIV of France (Sun King). L´ État, c´est moi 4. The most powerful nobles and clergymen held court positions. LA ILUSTRACIÓN / THE ENLIGHTEMENT Throughout the 18th century there was a new intellectual movement in Europe, especially in France, the Enlightenment. Thinkers used reason and observation (basic tools of the scientific method) was to explain different fields of human knowledge. They rejected tradition, religion, and superstition as sources of knowledge and were confident that reason would lead to progress and happiness. Enlightenment thinkers also put their trust in education, in teaching citizens how to think and in technical training to create a prosperous society.  The best example of this desire to educate citizens, was the creation of the Encyclopèdie (by Dideroy ENCYCLOPÈDIE and D´Alembert, published between 1751 – 1772) It consisted in 35 volumes. ENLIGHTENED THINKERS John Locke (1632 - 1704): Established that government derives from an agreement between rulers and individuals. It is only legitimate if people have John Locke had an enormous rights, liberty and prosperity, and if influence in the French there is an elected parliament that passes the law. Enlightenment thinkers, who laid the foundations of the political liberalism. Voltaire Montesquieu Rousseau  VOLTAIRE (1694 – 1778) Criticized religion, privileges and absolutism. Parliament should limit the power of the monarch and that the Thirst Estate should not be responsible for paying taxes.  MONTESQUIEU (1689 – 1755) Proposed the separation of powers: - Legislative power: represented by the Parliament (chosen by the citizens). Drafts the Constitution and make laws. - Executive power: exercised by the monarchy or the president of the Republic. Execute laws and appoints ministers from Parliament. - Judiciary power: exercised by independent judges. Ensure compliance with laws.  ROUSSEAU (1712 – 1778) Developed the notion of popular soverignity, in which power emanates from citizens and is expressed through voting. MAIN IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT NATURAL FREEDOM RIGHTS: EQUALITY SOCIAL SOCIAL DIVISION RIGHTS: FAITH IN PROGRESS POLITICS SEPARATION OF POWERS PRINCIPLES: POPULAR SOVEREIGNITY  POINT. 4 THE BOURBON´S ACCESS TO THE THRONE  Situación en España Charles II of Spain (The Bewitched) died in 1700 with no heirs.  DOMINIOS DE CARLOS II Península Ibérica (Reino de Castilla, Reino de Navarra y la Corona de Aragón). Continente Europeo: Italia (Nápoles, Sicilia, Cerdeña, Milán y Toscana) Herencia Borgoñona: Países Bajos Españoles, Ducado de Luxemburgo, Franco – Condado y el Condado de Charolais. África: Islas Canarias, Melilla, Ceuta y varias zonas más. Asia: Islas Filipinas, Marianas, Carolinas. América: Virreinato de Nueva España y el Virreinato del Perú  In 1700 Carlos II died with no heirs. This caused a conflict regarding his succession between the French candidate, Felipe of Bourbon (Duque of Anjou) and the Austrian Candidate, Carlos of Habsburg.  Opción 1 POSIBLE DOMINIO DE FELIPE DE ANJOU + FRANCIA Península Ibérica (Reino de Castilla, reino de Navarra y la corona de Aragón). Continente Europeo: Italia (Nápoles, Sicilia, Cerdeña, Milán y Toscana) Herencia Borgoñona: Países Bajos Españoles, Ducado de Luxemburgo, Franco – Condado y el Condado de Charolais. África: Islas Canarias, Melilla, Ceuta y varias zonas más. Asia: Islas Filipinas, Marianas, Carolinas. América: Virreinato de Nueva España y el Virreinato del Perú  Opción 2 POSIBLE DOMINIO DEL ARCHIDUQUE CARLOS DE AUSTRIA + The Austrian Empire Península Ibérica (Reino de Castilla, reino de Navarra y la corona de Aragón). Continente Europeo: Italia (Nápoles, Sicilia, Cerdeña, Milán y Toscana) Herencia Borgoñona: Países Bajos Españoles, Ducado de Luxemburgo, Franco – Condado y el Condado de Charolais. África: Islas Canarias, Melilla, Ceuta y varias zonas más. Asia: Islas Filipinas, Marianas, Carolinas. América: Virreinato de Nueva España y el Virreinato del Perú  WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCESSION (1701 – 1713). Was caused by a confrontation between two claimants to the Spanish throne and involved many European Powers.  1. A CIVIL WAR The Crown of Castile fully supported Felipe de Anjou. However, most of the territories of the Crown of Aragon were worried about losing their rights and institutions, so they supported Carlos of Habsburg. Battle of Almansa (1707) and the defeat of Barcelona in 1714.  2. AN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and the Austrian Empire were concerned about the Bourbon´s growing strength in Europe, so they supported Archduke Carlos and declared war on Spain and France. FELIPE´S SUPPORTERS FRANCE REIGN OF NAPLES BAVAIRA NAPLES, SARDINIA AND SICILY CROWN OF CASTILLA ARCHDUKE´S SUPPORTERS BRITAIN PORTUGAL THE NETHERLANDS AUSTRIAN EMPIRE CROWN OF ARAGON  The appointment of Carlos of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor led to the end of the KEY FACTOR conflict, as his international supporters feared a revival of Austrian power. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713)  CONSEQUENCES POLITICAL Recognition of Felipe of Bourbon as king of Spain. Austria gained: Duchy of Milan, Naples, Sardinia, Flanders and Luxembourg. TERRITORIAL Savoy gained: Sicily Britain acquired: Gibraltar and Menorca Britain gained two commercial advantages: - The monopoly to supply them with black slaves (asiento de ECONOMIC negros) - The right to send one ship every year to trade with the Americas (navío de permiso)  FELIPE V (Centralized measures) Legal Nueva Planta decrees (1701 – 1716) were adopted. These abolished the laws and institutions of the Crown of Aragón standardization and put an end to the composite monarchy. Administrative The Cortes were abolished, except in Castile and the reorganization councils lost power to the secretariats (future ministries). Foreign policy aimed to recover some of the territories lost in Revision of the Treaty of Utrecht. Utrecht. After several conflicts, the kingdom of Naples, Sicily and the Duchy of Parma were restored.