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What political concept did Rousseau introduce regarding the source of power?
What political concept did Rousseau introduce regarding the source of power?
Which of the following was a major conflict regarding the succession to the Spanish throne after Charles II's death?
Which of the following was a major conflict regarding the succession to the Spanish throne after Charles II's death?
What term best describes the belief that all individuals are entitled to certain rights naturally?
What term best describes the belief that all individuals are entitled to certain rights naturally?
Who was the French candidate for succession after Charles II's death?
Who was the French candidate for succession after Charles II's death?
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Which European power claimed Felipe of Anjou as a candidate for the Spanish throne?
Which European power claimed Felipe of Anjou as a candidate for the Spanish throne?
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What political principle emphasizes the separation of government powers?
What political principle emphasizes the separation of government powers?
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What was a key reason for the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession?
What was a key reason for the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession?
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What areas did Charles II of Spain's dominions include?
What areas did Charles II of Spain's dominions include?
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What was the primary agricultural system utilized during the Ancien Régime?
What was the primary agricultural system utilized during the Ancien Régime?
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What percentage of the population worked in agriculture during the Ancien Régime?
What percentage of the population worked in agriculture during the Ancien Régime?
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Which of the following best describes subsistence farming?
Which of the following best describes subsistence farming?
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What was the major factor contributing to hunger and epidemics during the Ancien Régime?
What was the major factor contributing to hunger and epidemics during the Ancien Régime?
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What was the status of land ownership under the manorial system?
What was the status of land ownership under the manorial system?
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What was the role of trading in the economy of the Ancien Régime?
What was the role of trading in the economy of the Ancien Régime?
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Which class primarily owned the majority of land during the Ancien Régime?
Which class primarily owned the majority of land during the Ancien Régime?
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What could happen as a direct result of crop failure in the Ancien Régime?
What could happen as a direct result of crop failure in the Ancien Régime?
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What percentage of the population formed the Third Estate in the Ancient Régime?
What percentage of the population formed the Third Estate in the Ancient Régime?
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What was a significant characteristic of the privileged classes under the Ancien Régime?
What was a significant characteristic of the privileged classes under the Ancien Régime?
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On what basis were the privileged classes distinguished from the non-privileged classes?
On what basis were the privileged classes distinguished from the non-privileged classes?
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What form of governance characterized the societies of the Ancient Régime?
What form of governance characterized the societies of the Ancient Régime?
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What type of economy predominated under the Ancient Régime?
What type of economy predominated under the Ancient Régime?
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What major change occurred in Europe during the 18th century related to the population?
What major change occurred in Europe during the 18th century related to the population?
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What was one of the privileges of the clergy in the Ancient Régime?
What was one of the privileges of the clergy in the Ancient Régime?
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How did the rights of the Third Estate compare to those of the privileged classes?
How did the rights of the Third Estate compare to those of the privileged classes?
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What was the main belief of monarchs during the time of absolute power?
What was the main belief of monarchs during the time of absolute power?
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Which Enlightenment thinker emphasized the idea of government deriving from an agreement between rulers and people?
Which Enlightenment thinker emphasized the idea of government deriving from an agreement between rulers and people?
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What did Enlightenment thinkers primarily reject as sources of knowledge?
What did Enlightenment thinkers primarily reject as sources of knowledge?
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What was the purpose of the Encyclopèdie created during the Enlightenment?
What was the purpose of the Encyclopèdie created during the Enlightenment?
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Which thinker proposed the separation of powers in government?
Which thinker proposed the separation of powers in government?
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What criticism did Voltaire have regarding the government?
What criticism did Voltaire have regarding the government?
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What was John Locke's view on the legitimacy of government?
What was John Locke's view on the legitimacy of government?
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What key change did Enlightenment thinkers advocate for in terms of government structure?
What key change did Enlightenment thinkers advocate for in terms of government structure?
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What was the primary cause of the increased demand for food in the 18th century?
What was the primary cause of the increased demand for food in the 18th century?
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Which of the following accurately describes the Triangular Trade?
Which of the following accurately describes the Triangular Trade?
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How did colonial trade impact the economy in the 18th century?
How did colonial trade impact the economy in the 18th century?
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Which factor contributed to the proliferation of the bourgeoisie in the 18th century?
Which factor contributed to the proliferation of the bourgeoisie in the 18th century?
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What significant reforms occurred in Spanish America during the 18th century?
What significant reforms occurred in Spanish America during the 18th century?
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What was the status of the bourgeoisie in relation to the nobility and clergy in the 18th century?
What was the status of the bourgeoisie in relation to the nobility and clergy in the 18th century?
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What major changes in transport occurred in 18th century Europe?
What major changes in transport occurred in 18th century Europe?
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Which colonial powers were prominent in the 18th century alongside Spain and Portugal?
Which colonial powers were prominent in the 18th century alongside Spain and Portugal?
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Study Notes
The Economy of the Ancien Régime
- Agriculture was the main economic activity of the Ancien Régime, employing 80% of the population.
- Subsistence farming was prevalent, with low yields and traditional methods.
- The three-field system was used, where land was divided into three fields, one of which remained fallow every three years.
- The village's residents had plots in each field.
- Cattle grazed on the fallow land, providing fertilization.
- Bad weather often led to crop failures, high prices, hunger, epidemics, and popular revolts.
- The Manorial System (señoríos) saw nobility and clergy owning large estates, renting them to farmers.
- This system was based on class, with the privileged classes (nobility and clergy) owning most of the land.
- The non-privileged classes (Third Estate) included peasants, serfs, traders, and wealthy members of the bourgeoisie.
The Growth of the Bourgeoisie’s Power and Wealth
- The population and production increased significantly in the 18th century.
- Improvements in diet, agriculture, and fewer pandemics contributed to population growth.
- Increased demand for food led to a rise in industry, resulting in the domestic system and manufacturing as new production systems.
- The 18th century saw a rise in trade, with improved roads and waterways.
- Colonial trade became the main driver of the economy.
- Major stock companies monopolized trade with colonies.
- This led to the development of banks and commercial companies, further benefiting merchants, bankers, and moneylenders.
- The triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and America involved trade in raw materials, slaves bought from Africa, and products sold to other countries.
- Spanish America experienced economic growth with the establishment of new viceroyalties.
- Exports from American colonies to Spain included Mexican silver, cocoa, sugar, and tobacco.
- The bourgeoisie became wealthier than the nobility and clergy, increasing their social power and influence.
The Enlightenment
- The Enlightenment, a philosophical and intellectual movement, embraced reason and observation as key tools to understand the world.
- Enlightenment thinkers rejected traditional beliefs, religion, and superstition.
- They believed in the power of reason to bring progress and happiness.
- Enlightenment thinkers emphasized education and technical training to create a prosperous society.
- The Encyclopédie, a 35-volume encyclopedia edited by Diderot and D’Alembert, exemplifies the Enlightenment's commitment to knowledge and education.
- Key Enlightenment figures include John Locke, who advocated for limited power of the monarchy, Rousseau who believed in popular sovereignty, Montesquieu who advocated for separation of powers, and Voltaire who criticized religion, privileges, and absolutism.
- Key ideas of the Enlightenment included natural rights, freedom, equality, social rights, faith in progress, separation of powers, and popular sovereignty.
The Bourbon’s Access to the Throne
- Charles II of Spain died in 1700 with no heirs.
- His death sparked a succession crisis, with two contenders: Felipe of Bourbon (French candidate) and Carlos of Habsburg (Austrian candidate).
- The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) involved many European powers, as it challenged existing power balance and alliances in the European continent.
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Description
Explore the economic foundations of the Ancien Régime, where agriculture dominated and subsistence farming was the norm. This quiz delves into the manorial system, the role of the bourgeoisie, and the impact of crop failures on society. Test your knowledge on this crucial period of economic history!
