PR2_MODULES1-5 PDF Research Modules 1-5

Module 1. Nature and Inquiry of Research Objectives: 1. Describe the characteristics, strength, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research. 2. Illustrate the importance of quantitative research across fields. 3. Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses. Etymolog...

Module 1. Nature and Inquiry of Research Objectives: 1. Describe the characteristics, strength, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research. 2. Illustrate the importance of quantitative research across fields. 3. Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses. Etymologically, the word research was derived from the French word “recherche “meaning the act of searching. The prefix re means “again”, while the word search means “to look for”. In other words, “research is the process of looking for information again.” (Espinosa, 2016 p. 3.) Research is an activity of gathering data, information to prove a claim, existing principles, and find solution or answer on certain issues or question. When conducting the research activity, it involves the use of scientific approach. According to Espinosa, 2017 “Science is a conceptualized as a procedural and systematic approach in gaining new knowledge by making thorough observations and using controlled and precise method” The use of Scientific Method in Research has the following characteristics: 1. Empirical- direct experience and observation in gathering factual information 2. Observation-awareness of environment to get ideas 3. Question- inquiries which are answerable 4. Hypotheses- an educated guess, an attempt to explain a phenomenon. 5. Experiments- a proof of scientific procedures to assure testability, accuracy, and reliability. 6. Analyses-data gathered are subject for analysis through statistical method.  7. Conclusion- the process of arriving to inferences or result of the findings of study, usually it must be objective after a thorough analysis of data. 8. Replication-means doing the same study to a different set of participants which will pave the way for new, “additional and essential purposes” Importance of Research 1. Knowledge is established 2. Perception are corrected 3. Phenomena are validated 4. Presents solution are tested for effectivity 5. Problems are solved. Goals of Research 1. Description- way of defining the phenomena being studied 2. Prediction- what is the possible results of the present event based on the present knowledge. 3. Understanding, explanation- process of analyzing information to find out the causes behind the phenomena. Procedures: Capture students’ interest Uncover previous knowledge Assessment: Completion of concept/ developing sample composition Assignment: Read and research further about research. Espinosa, Allen A. Practical Research 2: Diwa Learning System: Manila, Philippines, 2017. 1 Created by Antoline Degayo Module 2. Parts of the Thesis Format Research Objectives: 1. Identify the parts of the research 2. Describe each part. The thesis format research has 5 chapters namely: Chapter 1- Background of the study, Chapter 2- RRL or Review of Related Literature, Chapter 3- Methodology, chapter 4- Presentation and Analysis of Data and Chapter 5- Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation. The Introduction of the Research Study: Chapter 1 is all about the introduction of the topic being study. Under this part the following subsections are found in part of the research study: 1. Nature and background of the study 2. Statement of problem/ research question 3. Purpose/objectives of the study 4. Significance of the study 5. Scope Background of the study – consist of statements on what led the investigator to launch the studies - What is the identified research problem - Why is there needed to do the study about the said problem - Setting or place the place of the study Statement of the problem- There should be a general statement of the whole problem by the specific questions or sub problems into which the general problem is broken. The problem should be expressed in quantifiable and measurable statements. The specific questions should be stated using the following questions: How, what, Objectives of the study- includes both the general and specific objectives (must be parallel to SOP. Or statement of the problem). Espinosa, Allen A. Practical Research 2: Diwa Learning System: Manila, Philippines, 2017. 2 Created by Antoline Degayo Significance of the study- what contribution will the results of the study make to concerned individuals, administrators, agencies, service providers, clients, beneficiaries, general society and to others. Scope and Limitation- Scope involves the boundaries in terms of time; samples, location, subject or people involved and others. Limitation includes the constraints or weaknesses of the study which are beyond the control of the researcher. Module 3. RRL or Review of Related Literatures Objectives: 1. Synthesize information from relevant literature 2. Write coherent review of literature 3. Present a written review of related literature and conceptual framework. A literature review is one whole essay that has the introduction, body and conclusion and should present the ideas of the author in relation to the reviewed relevant material Review of related literature- consist of discussions of facts and principles to which your study is related. They are usually unpublished materials like unpublished thesis, books, encyclopedias, journals, magazines or printed materials. Related studies- inquiries, investigations, researches already conducted before your proposed study. According to Maximiano M. Rivera , in his book Thesis and Dissertation Writing , he enumerated the importance of Related Literature to wit as follows: 1. They assist the writer in searching for a research topic. 2. They guide the researcher in the formulation of the conceptual framework and in preparation of the research design methodology, sampling techniques, statistical analysis, instrumentation etc., Espinosa, Allen A. Practical Research 2: Diwa Learning System: Manila, Philippines, 2017. 3 Created by Antoline Degayo  3. They also provide information that may support and strengthen the findings of the study on hand. (Rivera, How to write a literature review: 1. Decide on a topic area to discuss 2. Narrow down that area to specific issues surrounding your study 3. Find the right kind of sources 4. Determine the number of sources you need 5. Write your outline 6. Create your first draft 7. Revise and edit source:www.paperduecom/tools for writing/creating good-literature review. Procedure: Teacher facilitates discussion as students work together while watching and listening to the students’ interaction. Assessment: Quiz/ seatwork/ research paper Assignment: Write your review of related literature of the proposed study you want to do. Module 4. Citation, Referencing and Documenting Your Sources Objectives: 1. Cite related literature using APA, MLA, or Chicago Manual of Style. 2. List references 3. Use an MS office template to easily cite literature Citation is the process of acknowledging the sources of information that you have used in your manuscript. An example of most common format used in citing information is by writing the last name of the author ( e.g. Adriano, 2019). It can be written before or after a sentence, or a paragraph, it will depend on the style that will be used Include a list of references not just search and readings citation alone. Espinosa, Allen A. Practical Research 2: Diwa Learning System: Manila, Philippines, 2017. 4 Created by Antoline Degayo  “Referencing is the process of organizing the written works cited in your text. It is in the form of list found at the end of the document. References will demonstrate the through literature search and readings” (Espinosa, 2016p 58.) Reasons for Citation of the source: 1. To identify and relocate the sources used in the study for verification purposes. 2. To present a proof. 3. To acknowledge the authors of the research materials mentioned in the study. 4. When you copy the written work of others without acknowledging the source, it is plagiarism.( Espinosa, 2016, pp. 60-61) There are different ways of Citing a Source Materials: 1. As a direct quote ( authors’ last names, date and page number after the quote text. 2. As a paraphrase ( authors’ last names, year} 3. As a summary (authors’ last names, year) Two ways of Referencing Source Materials: 1. In–text Citation- using a directly quoted, paraphrased, and summarized content of a manuscript, insert the source of the information enclosed in a parenthesis within or after the information that you have included. a. Direct quotation: author surname(s), title, date of publication,page number Example: “Key development of the education would depend to educational planners of our country. In this present situation we have The use online learning with the application of technology is vital” (Diaz, 2019,p. 94 ) Espinosa, Allen A. Practical Research 2: Diwa Learning System: Manila, Philippines, 2017. 5 Created by Antoline Degayo  On the otherhand, if you want to point out specific idea from the source, the name of author becomes the subject of the sentence followed by the date of publication enclosed in parenthesis. The page will come after the quoted words. Example: In addition, Estevez (in Triumph, 1994) explained that “ a truly dedicated student will do everything to overcome all the challenges and obstacles in acquiring knowledge. There is no barrier in doing tasks to have knowledge.” (p.44) b. Paraphrased text- author surname(s), date of publication Example: a truly dedicated student even without the gadget to be used in this time of pandemic crisis will not give up to acquire knowledge. He has to be resourceful in many things he will do in this situation. ( De Vera, 2017.) c. Summarized text/content Example: Educational planners are now thinking of the alternative learnings in the delivery of lessons to students in all levels. The public and private sectors may have different approaches with the use of technology ( Lazaros, 2010). if you want to point out specific idea from the source, the name of the author can become the subject of the Espinosa, Allen A. Practical Research 2: Diwa Learning System: Manila, Philippines, 2017. 6 Created by Antoline Degayo  sentence followed by the date of publication enclosed parenthesis. Example: In his attempt of about the new learnings approach, Lazaro (1991) introduce the new approach in today’s educational learnings.. 2. Reference List- includes full publication details. It appears on the last section of your research work in alphabetical order. Example: , Inc. References: Alley, T. & Greene, M. (2010). “ “ The Perception of New Normal Educational Learnings” Canada: Malaya Publishing House Procedure: Teacher facilitates discussion as student work together while watching and listening to the students interactions. Assessment: Assignment: Research online about the different citation styles based on existing guides. Read and study each and visit the following Web sites. 1. Modern Language Association (MLA) Style http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/mla Espinosa, Allen A. Practical Research 2: Diwa Learning System: Manila, Philippines, 2017. 7 Created by Antoline Degayo Module 5. Methodology Objectives: 1. Know the procedure of data collection 2. Describe the sampling procedure This section of the research will present the procedures of how the collection of data will be done by a researcher. According to Espinosa (2016) he explained there are broad categories of research designs. They are descriptive study design, correlational study design, causal-comparative, quasi-experimental design and experimental study designs (p.79). When appropriate designs have been selected, the next thing to do is to decide and choose the sampling techniques. What is a sample? A sample is chosen or representative population of the whole group selected. Population is the group by which the researcher has interest in the research activity to do. There are four types of Sampling Techniques 1. Random sampling - all individuals in the defined population have an equal and independent chance of being chosen. 2. Stratified sampling - subgroups of the population are selected. The subgroups are the representative population chosen as sample. Random sampling will be applied to each subgroup. 3. Cluster sampling - group are randomly selected. The members of each group have the same characteristics. 4. System Sampling - in this sampling, individuals are chosen from a list by taking every nth in the list. In this case, sampling error occurs. To avoid this, the researcher should ensure homogeneity in sampling. Sampling error is the difference between the sample and the population. Hypothesis testing- is done if the quasi or an experimental research design is used. Espinosa, Allen A. Practical Research 2: Diwa Learning System: Manila, Philippines, 2017. 8 Created by Antoline Degayo  “Whenever possible, the sample should be large. Different types of research design require a different minimum number of samples. Generally recommended for causal-comparative and correlational research are at least 30 in each group, and 15 in experimental research.” (Espinosa, 2016 p.82). He also mentioned that in social sciences research, nonprobability sampling is also applied. They are the following: Convenience sampling. It is the use of volunteers and existing group. Judgment or purposive sampling or the use of believed groups. Then, we have the quota sampling or the use of quota meaning not all members of the group can be used as sample. Procedures: Designed to help students extend their understanding of the concept in new situations. Assessment: Quiz/ Research Paper/ Go online Assignment: Prepare chapter 3 using a sample survey to gather data of your proposed study. Espinosa, Allen A. Practical Research 2: Diwa Learning System: Manila, Philippines, 2017. 9 Created by Antoline Degayo