PR1-Lesson-1 Research Methods PDF

GOOD AFTERNOON!  CHAPTER 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH LEARNING COMPETENCIES AT THE END OF THE LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. SHARE RESEARCH EXPERIENCES AND KNOWLEDGE; 2. DIFFERENTIATE INQUIRY AND RESEARCH; 3. EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE; 4. DESCRIBE THE CHARA...

GOOD AFTERNOON!  CHAPTER 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH LEARNING COMPETENCIES AT THE END OF THE LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. SHARE RESEARCH EXPERIENCES AND KNOWLEDGE; 2. DIFFERENTIATE INQUIRY AND RESEARCH; 3. EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE; 4. DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS IN RESEARCH; 5. DIFFERENTIATE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH; AND 6. PROVIDE SAMPLES OF RESEARCH ACROSS AREAS OF INTEREST. MARITEST OR MARE’SEARCH !  E ST What are the ways to I T reduce plastic waste in R communities? MA MARITES OR MARE’SEARCH!  Is there a statistically significant relationship C H EA R between parental involvement and E’ S academic achievement A R in elementary school M students? MARITES OR MARE’SEARCH!  ST What is the relationship E T between diet and RI weight loss in adults? MA MARITES OR MARE’SEARCH!  What strategies can be C H A R implemented to E E’ S improve academic A R engagement in middle M school students? MARITES OR MARE’SEARCH!  Does social media use C H A R have a negative impact E E’ S on self-esteem in young A R adults? MMARITES OR MARE’SEARCH!  INQUIRY AND RESEARCH  INQUIRY IS ASKING QUESTIONS TO OBTAIN INFORMATION. THIS IS AN INVESTIGATION TO DISCOVER NEW INFORMATION THAT COULD ADD TO AN EXISTING KNOWLEDGE TO CLARIFY DOUBTS AND EVEN TO SOLVE EXISTING PROBLEMS. IT CAN BE LAUNCHED TO GET BEHIND THE COMMON UNDERSTANDING OF CERTAIN ISSUES, EVENTS, AND CIRCUMSTANCES THAT ARE OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO COMPREHEND DUE TO SOME MISSING INFORMATION.  INQUIRY IT INVOLVES CHECKING THE CREDIBILITY AND VALIDITY OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION, CLARIFYING POINTS OF VIEW, AND DRAWING INFERENCES, CONCLUSIONS, AND MEANING. THE PROCESS RELIES UPON COLLECTIVE AND EVEN INTERDISCIPLINARY EFFORTS THAT CAN BE PUT TOGETHER, TO PRODUCE CREDIBLE INFORMATION.  RESEARCH CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO “RE” AND “SEARCH” MEAN “TO LOOK AGAIN.” IS REEXAMINING AND REINVESTIGATING A PARTICULAR TOPIC OR, ISSUE FOLLOWING LOGICAL STEPS. THERE ARE THREE MAJOR STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH: (A) ASKING THE QUESTION, (B) FINDING THE RIGHT DATA TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS, AND (C) PRESENTING AN ANSWER TO THE QUESTION BASED ON THE PROCESSED DATA (CRESWELL 2002).  RESEARCH ASKING THE QUESTION SETS THE FOCUS OF THE INVESTIGATION AND DEFINES WHAT NEEDS TO BE ANSWERED. THIS IS THE STARTING POINT OF THE SEARCH FOR THE APPROPRIATE DATA THAT COULD HELP UNDERSTAND THE ISSUE AT HAND. THE DATA IS PROCESSED, ANALYZED, AND INTERPRETED TO COME UP WITH A LOGICAL AND CREDIBLE CONCLUSION. THE RESULT OF WHICH IS THE ANSWER TO THE QUESTIONS ASKED, THAT WOULD BE AN ADDED KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC OR THE ISSUE BEING INVESTIGATED.  RESEARCH PROCESS The research process describes the various steps the study will pass through starting from identification of the problem to utilization of the results of the study. A. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM THE FIRST STEP IN RESEARCH WRITING IS TO IDENTIFY AND PROBLEMATIZE AN AREA OF INTEREST. THE RESEARCHER POINTS OUT THE AREA THAT NEEDS FURTHER STUDY OR INVESTIGATION GIVEN THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON THE MATTER. B. LITERATURE REVIEW AFTER THE PROBLEM HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED, THE RESEARCHER CHECKS FOR RELATED MATERIALS ON THE TOPIC THAT ARE AVAILABLE THAT COULD SERVE AS A STARTING POINT OR REFERENCE FOR THE STUDY. THE MATERIALS PROVIDE THE INITIAL VIEW OF THE EXTENT OF EFFORTS DONE TO STUDY THE TOPIC AS WELL AS THE AREAS THAT NEED FURTHER RESEARCH OFTEN CALLED THE GAP. THE RESEARCH GAP WILL BE THE BASIS FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.  C. SETTING THE DIRECTION OF STUDY THIS CONTAINS THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY, THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS, AND THE MANNER IN WHICH THE STUDY WILL BE CONDUCTED OR THE METHODOLOGY. THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY EXPLAINS WHY THE STUDY IS NEEDED. IT IDENTIFIES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY IN TERMS OF ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DISCIPLINE AS WELL AS ITS IMPACT ON SOCIETY OR ITS SOCIAL VALUE.  C. SETTING THE DIRECTION OF STUDY THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS NARROW DOWN THE PROBLEM TO MANAGEABLE AND FEASIBLE TASKS WHICH WILL BE CARRIED OUT IN THE METHODOLOGY. METHODOLOGY DESCRIBES HOW TO OBTAIN AND PROCESS THE MATERIALS AND INFORMATION NEEDED TO ANSWER THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS.  D. COLLECTING, ANALYZING, AND INTERPRETING DATA AT THIS STAGE, THE MATERIALS AND NEEDED INFORMATION ARE GATHERED, ANALYZED, AND INTERPRETED. THE TREATMENT OF THE DATA DEPENDS ON THE APPROACH THAT WILL BE USED APPROPRIATE FOR THE STUDY.  E. EVALUATION AND REPORT WRITING FROM THE ANALYZED DATA, CONCLUSION AND LEARNING ARE DRAWN. THE CONCLUSION IS THE SYNTHESIZED ANSWER TO THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS WHICH IS ALSO THE ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED IN THE STUDY. THE CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY WILL BE THE BASIS FOR THE RECOMMENDATIONS THAT DEFINE THE ACTIONS AND INTERVENTIONS THAT COULD IMPACT THE CONTEXT WHERE THE PROBLEM EMANATES.  F. COMMUNITY APPLICATION OR UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH THIS IS THE STAGE WHERE THE RESULT OF THE STUDY IS DISSEMINATED BACK TO THE COMMUNITY. FOR A RESEARCH TO MAKE AN IMPACT ON SOCIETY, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT IT IS SHARED ESPECIALLY WITH THE COMMUNITY CONCERNED. THIS IS BEST COMPLEMENTED WITH A PLAN ON HOW RESEARCH WILL BE UTILIZED TO REALIZE ITS FULL POTENTIAL IN CREATING A SOCIAL VALUE. ORGA-NICE! Chapter 1 Chapter 5 Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 2 Appendices  Chapter 1 Literature Review Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Data Community Application or Utilization of Research Setting the Direction of Study Evaluation and Report Writing Identification of the Problem Chapter 1 Identification of the Problem Chapter 1 Identification of the Chapter 5 Problem Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 2 Appendices  Chapter 2 Setting the Direction of Study Evaluation and Report Writing Identification of the Problem Collecting, Analyzing, and Literature Review Interpreting Data Community Application or Utilization of Research Chapter 2 Literature Review Chapter 1 Chapter 5 Identification of the Problem Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 2 Appendices Literature Review  Chapter 3 Collecting, Analyzing, and Evaluation and Report Interpreting Data Writing Setting the Direction of Study Identification of the Problem Literature Review Community Application or Utilization of Research  Chapter 3 Setting the Direction of Study Chapter 1 Chapter 5 Identification of the Problem Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Setting the Direction of Study Chapter 2 Appendices Literature Review Setting the Direction of Chapter 4 Literature Review Study Community Application or Utilization of Research Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Data Identification of the Problem Evaluation and Report Writing  Chapter 4 Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Data Chapter 1 Chapter 5 Identification of the Problem Chapter 4 Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Data Chapter 3 Setting the Direction of Study Chapter 2 Appendices Literature Review  Chapter 5 Identification of the Problem Community Application or Evaluation and Report Utilization of Research Writing Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Data Setting the Direction of Literature Review Study  Chapter 5 Evaluation and Report Writing Chapter 1 Chapter 5 Identification of the Evaluation and Report Problem Writing Chapter 4 Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Data Chapter 3 Setting the Direction of Study Chapter 2 Appendices Literature Review  Appendices Evaluation and Report Writing Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Data Setting the Direction of Study Literature Review Identification of the Community Application or Problem Utilization of Research Appendice Community sApplication or Utilization of Research Chapter 1 Chapter 5 Identification of the Evaluation and Report Problem Writing Chapter 4 Collecting, Analyzing, and Chapter 3 Interpreting Data Setting the Direction of Study Chapter 2 Community Application or Utilization of Research Appendices Literature Review Chapter 1 Identification of the Problem Chapter 2 Literature Review Chapter 3 Setting the Direction of Study Appendices Community Application or Chapter 4 Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Data Utilization of Research Chapter 5 Evaluation and Report Writing ORGA-NICE! IMPORTANCE OF DOING RESEARCH A. IT ADDS TO THE EXISTING BODY OF KNOWLEDGE. THE FINDINGS IN A RESEARCH STUDY PROVIDE ADDED INFORMATION TO BETTER UNDERSTAND ISSUES OR PHENOMENA BY CONFIRMING OR CONTESTING PREVIOUS RESULTS. RESEARCH CAN LIKEWISE BE A WAY TO BREAK GROUND ON AREAS OF INTEREST THAT HAVE NOT BEEN INVESTIGATED OR STUDIED BEFORE. THE RESULT WILL BECOME THE BASIS OR REFERENCE FOR FURTHER STUDIES. SAMPLE: COLLEGE EDUCATORS LIFE BALANCE DURING K- 12 TRANSITION: FOCUS ON WELLNESS -THE STUDY EXPLORED THE RELATIONSHIP OF K-12 ACTION PLANS TO EDUCATORS’ LIFE BALANCE (RAMOS, 2019). B. IT CAN IMPROVE OR ENHANCE CURRENT PRACTICES. RESEARCH CAN EVALUATE CURRENT PRACTICES IN TERMS OF EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY. EFFECTIVENESS REFERS TO THE ABILITY OF A PRACTICE TO PRODUCE THE SET GOAL OR SOCIAL VALUE, WHILE EFFICIENCY REFERS TO THE FACILITY IN PRODUCING THE SOCIAL VALUE. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY CAN BE THE BASIS FOR DECISIONS, INTERVENTION PROGRAMS, OR PLANS FOR IMPROVEMENT. SAMPLE: TEACHER-PARENT COLLABORATIVE ETHICS IN FACILITATING STUDENTS’ HOMEWORK -THE STUDY HIGHLIGHTED THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN INITIATING COLLABORATION WITH PARENTS IN DOING THE HOMEWORK OF THE STUDENTS (MIGUEL & ABULON, 2019). C. IT CAN INFORM POLICY. THE RESULTS OF A RESEARCH STUDY CAN BE A STARTING POINT FOR CHANGING POLICIES THAT COULD AFFECT THE WHOLE ORGANIZATION, COMMUNITY, OR SOCIETY. A POLICY, LAW, OR REGULATION CAN BE DRAWN AS A RESPONSE OR INTERVENTION TO THE NEW INFORMATION OBTAINED IN A RESEARCH STUDY. SAMPLE: URBAN POOR AND CLIMATE ADAPTATION: THE ISSUE OF EQUITY IN TWO EMERGING URBAN AREAS OF EASTERN INDONESIA -THE STUDY LOOKED AT EQUITY ISSUE IN THE CLIMATE ADAPTATION PARTICULARLY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE URBAN POOR (FATHONI, 2018). CHARACTERISTIC S OF A GOOD RESEARCH  A. RIGOROUS THE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH MUST BE SYSTEMATIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND LOGICAL. IT MUST FOLLOW CLEAR AND LOGICAL PROCEDURES AIMED AT ANSWERING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM. EACH STEP MUST BE PROPERLY JUSTIFIED IN TERMS OF APPROPRIATENESS.  B. REPLICABLE THE PROCEDURES UTILIZED IN RESEARCH MUST BE REPLICABLE IN OTHER CONTEXT OR THE RESULTS MUST HAVE A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICABILITY. IT IS NOT ENOUGH THAT THE RESULTS ARE ONLY TRUE FOR A SINGLE SITUATION. THEY MUST HAVE A CERTAIN DEGREE OF GENERALIZABILITY.  C. ACCURATE THE DATA THAT WILL BE USED TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS MUST BE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ACTUAL RESPONSES OF THE PARTICIPANTS OR ACTUAL DATA AS RECORDED IN THE INSTRUMENTS USED.  D. OBJECTIVE IN THE ANALYSIS OF DATA, THE PERSONAL BIAS OF THE RESEARCHER MUST BE MANAGED WELL. PERSONAL INCLINATIONS OR DESIRED RESULTS MUST BE ALWAYS AVOIDED. OTHERWISE, THE RESULT WILL NOT BE CREDIBLE.  E. ETHICAL DATA OR INFORMATION FROM RESPONDENTS MUST BE HANDLED WITH UTMOST CONFIDENTIALITY AND HONESTY. CREDIT MUST ALSO BE GIVEN WHERE IT IS DUE. FILL MY WORD!  4 2 3 1 E I A FILL MY WORD! I 5 E E  4 2 3 1 E T H I C A FILL MY L WORD! I 5 E E  4 2 3 FILL MY R 1 E T H I C A L G O WORD! I R O U S 5 E E  4 2 3 FILL MY R 1 E T H I C A L G O C C WORD! I R U O R U A S T E 5 E E  4 2 3 FILL MY R R 1 E T H I C A L P L G O C C WORD! I R U C O R A U A B S T L E 5 E E  4 2 3 FILL MY R R 1 E T H I C A L P L G O C C WORD! I R U C O R A U A B S T L E 5 E O B J E C T I V E  MY WORD IS NOW COMPLETE BECAUSE OF U!  MAJOR APPROACHES IN RESEARCH AND AREAS OF INTERESTS THE MANNER ON HOW RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED DEPENDS ON THE APPROACH AND THE TYPE OF DESIRED DATA APPROPRIATE FOR THE STUDY. A RESEARCH STUDY CAN BE EITHER QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. HOWEVER, THERE ARE CASES WHEN BOTH CAN BE UTILIZED FOR A HOLISTIC VIEW OF THE ISSUE OR CONCERN.  QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ANSWERS THE PROBLEM BY DESCRIBING THE TREND IN A SET OF DATA OFTEN PRESENTED AS FREQUENCY OR PERCENTAGE, OR BY ESTABLISHING THE EFFECT OR RELATIONSHIP OF THE VARIABLES OF THE STUDY USING STATISTICAL COMPUTATION. FURTHER, LITERATURE REVIEW PLAYS A BIG ROLE IN ESTABLISHING THE CONTEXT OF THE STUDY, INCLUDING THE KIND OF QUESTIONS THAT WILL BE ASKED.  QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH THE PARTICIPANTS ARE DETERMINED FOR THE PURPOSE OF BEING ABLE TO GENERALIZE THE RESULT OF THE STUDY TO THE WHOLE POPULATION. BY THE NAME ITSELF, QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DEALS WITH NUMERICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF A PHENOMENON.  QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IT CAN BE APPLIED TO EVALUATING WORK PERFORMANCE OF THE EMPLOYEES WHICH CAN SERVE AS INPUT TO PLANS FOR INTERVENTIONS LIKE INCENTIVES, SANCTIONS, AND REWARD PACKAGES. IT CAN ALSO BE USED TO PREDICT THE UPCOMING TRENDS IN THE AREAS OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGY, AND FINANCE.  QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IT CAN BE EMPLOYED IN DETERMINING PREFERENCES OF CUSTOMERS IN NEW PRODUCTS THROUGH SURVEYS AS WELL AS IN DETERMINING PROFILE OF A SOCIETY INA CENSUS. THIS APPROACH IS ALSO APPLIED IN PSYCHOMETRIC TESTS LIKE DETERMINING THE APTITUDE, COGNITIVE ABILITY, AND AFFECTIVE TENDENCIES OF A PERSON.  QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SAMPLE: STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF THE SAFETY AND SECURITY OF THE BOARDING HOUSES AROUND PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY MINDANAO -THIS IS A PERCEPTION STUDY ON THE SAFETY AND SECURITY OF THE BOARDING HOUSES AROUND PNU MINDANAO BY THE THIRD (3RD) AND FOURTH (4TH) YEAR STUDENTS. THE DATA INDICATED THAT ALL OTHER FACTORS ARE FAVORABLE AND SAFE EXCEPT LOCATION WHICH IS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT (DIMPAS, AZARCON, DELA CRUZ, & TAMPON, 2019).  QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CAN BE DESCRIBED GENERALLY AS BEING CONCERNED WITH THE DETAILS OF THE PHENOMENON AS EXPERIENCED BY THE PARTICIPANTS. THE RESULT OF THE STUDY IS AN IN-DEPTH TREATMENT OF THE RESPONSES DESCRIBING THE PHENOMENON BEING STUDIED. RELATED LITERATURE COMES HANDY AS A SUPPORT TO OR AN ENRICHMENT OF THE PHENOMENON.  QUALITATIVE RESEARCH THE PARTICIPANTS ARE DETERMINED IN TERMS OF HOW MUCH KNOWLEDGE OR EXPERIENCE THEY HAVE OF THE PHENOMENON BEING STUDIED. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DEALS WITH THE NARRATIVE RESPONSES OF THE PARTICIPANTS.  QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IT IS SUITABLE FOR IDENTIFYING THE IMPORTANT VARIABLES IN A TOPIC THAT IS BARELY OR NEVER BEEN STUDIED BEFORE, LIKE DETERMINING THE IMPORTANT COMPONENTS IN THE HEALING RITUAL AMONG THE TRIBES IN A REMOTE COMMUNITY. IT IS ALSO GOOD TO USE FOR OBTAINING PERSONAL AND CULTURAL INFORMATION LIKE VALUES, PURPOSE, MOTIVATION, AND PERSONAL UNDERSTANDING OF CERTAIN PRACTICES.  QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE APPROACH IS FIT FOR STUDIES THAT INVOLVE SENSITIVE INFORMATION NOT OPENLY TALKED ABOUT, LIKE THE EXPERIENCES OF PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM A CERTAIN ILLNESS. INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM SUCH STUDY CAN BE AN INPUT FOR INTERVENTION PROGRAMS.  QUALITATIVE RESEARCH SAMPLE: ELEMENTARY SCIENCE TEACHERS OF BIFIAN CITY TOWARDS SELF-EFFICACY -THIS IS A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE EXPERIENCE OF SELF-EFFICACY AMONG TEACHERS IN THE DIVISION OF BINIAN (ANUNCIATION, 2019). ETHICS IN RESEARCH A RESEARCH, ESPECIALLY THOSE THAT INVOLVE HUMAN PARTICIPANTS AND ANIMALS, MUST PASS THROUGH AN ETHICS REVIEW BOARD. THE ETHICS REVIEW BOARD MAKES SURE THAT NO RIGHTS ARE VIOLATED IN THE CONDUCT OF THE STUDY AND RELATED LAWS ARE OBSERVED LIKE THE DATA PRIVACY ACT OF 2012. THE CRITICAL AREAS THAT ARE SUBJECT FOR ETHICAL EVALUATION INCLUDE THE PROTECTION OF THE PARTICIPANTS, PROTOCOLS IN DATA GATHERING, AND PROPER REPORTING. THE RIGHTS OF THE PARTICIPANTS ARE PARAMOUNT IN THE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH. IT IS VITAL THAT THEIR IDENTITIES ARE KEPT CONFIDENTIAL AND IN ANONYMITY. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THEIR CONSENT IS SOUGHT BEFORE PARTICIPATING THROUGH THE INFORMED CONSENT. WITH THE INFORMED CONSENT, THE PARTICIPANTS ARE BRIEFED ABOUT THE STUDY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THEIR PARTICIPATION AS WELL AS THE VOLUNTARY NATURE OF THEIR PARTICIPATION. INCLUDED ARE THEIR RIGHTS TO REFUSE AND WITHDRAW FROM THE STUDY AT ANY TIME THEY WISH. IN DATA GATHERING, PROPER PROTOCOL MUST BE OBSERVED. NECESSARY PERMITS AND PROPER COORDINATION WITH THE SITE OF THE STUDY NEED TO BE IN PLACE BEFORE ANY DATA GATHERING IS DONE. THE RESEARCHER MUST ALSO BE SENSITIVE IN MINIMIZING THE DISRUPTION OF ACTIVITIES OF THOSE WHO WILL BE ENGAGED IN THE STUDY. REPORTING OF THE STUDY REQUIRES INTELLECTUAL HONESTY AND COMMITMENT TO CREATE SOCIAL VALUES. SOURCES ARE TO BE PROPERLY CITED, AND CREDIT IS GIVEN TO WHERE IT IS DUE. PLAGIARISM AND INTELLECTUAL DISHONESTY HAVE NO PLACE IN RESEARCH. ANY MANIPULATION OF DATA COULD BE DETRIMENTAL TO THE WELFARE OF THE COMMUNITY INVOLVED. FURTHER, CREDIBLE RESULTS OF THE STUDY MUST NOT JUST BE KEPT IN LIBRARIES BUT MUST BE SHARED AND DISSEMINATED TO MAKE REAL IMPACT ON SOCIETY.