Practical Research 1 - Quarter 1, Module 1 - Nature of Inquiry and Research PDF
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2020
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This module covers the nature of inquiry and research, including its importance in daily life. It also includes discussions about research characteristics, processes, and ethics. It is aimed at Grade 11 students in the Philippines.
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Quarter 1- Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research Department of Education Republic of the Philippines Practical Research 1 – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1– Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, secti...
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Quarter 1- Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research Department of Education Republic of the Philippines Practical Research 1 – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1– Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: “No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from the respective copyright owners. The publisher and author do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Undersecretary: Assistant Secretary: Development Team of the Module Authors: Maria Euleen Pastor Editor: Milger A. Baang, Ph.D Reviewers: Noreen Mae B. Llego, William N. Almonia, Ph.D Illustrator: Noriel V. Abella Layout Artist: Jose D. Plasabas Management Team: Nelson B. Absin Printed in the Philippines by: _____________________________ Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd – BLR) Office Address: ______________________________________ Telefax: ______________________________________ E-mail Address: ______________________________________ 11 Practical Research 1 Quarter 1 – Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected]. We value your feedback and recommendations. INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE It is our desire that this module on Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research will provide you with a general understanding of how to conduct practical qualitative research and possibly even encourage you to undertake a study that may have been thinking about doing. Research is a delightful way to discover valuable learning and skills. Through this subject, you help develop your abilities in establishing connections, listening, writing, and observing which the primary elements are needed in the qualitative research process. You will find out how to conduct practical researches that you can apply in your specific track. Often, when we find out that we are going to engage in research, we immediately worry and put on a skeptical face. It is our goal to replace that worry with excitement, skepticism with confidence. You will discover how much fun it is to do research as we eagerly learn new things and develop a new and better perspective about research. The twenty-first century learning allows you to discover, to improvise, and to interact, using research as a tool to expand your knowledge and skills. With this module on Practical Research 1, we hope that you will be able to nurture yourself to be active, creative, and collaborative researchers. How to learn from this module 1. In order to achieve the objectives of this module, here’s a simple guide for you: 2. Read and follow instructions carefully. 3. Answer the pretest before going through the lessons. 4. Take note and record points for clarification. 5. Compare your answers against the key to answers found at the end of the module. 6. Do the activities and fully understand each lesson. 7. Answer the self-check to monitor what you learned in each lesson. 8. Answer the posttest after you have gone over all the lessons. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages MODULE 1 NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH Learning Objectives 1 Pretest 2 Lesson 1 The Importance of Research in Daily Life I. What is Research? 3 II. Nature of Inquiry 3 III. Investigation and Immersion 4 IV. Difference between Inquiry and Research 4 V. Purpose of Research 4 VI. Importance of Research in daily Life 4 Post test 9 Pretest 11 Lesson 2 The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research I. Characteristics of Research 13 II. The Seven Steps of a Research Process 14 III. Ethics in Research 15 IV. Rights of Research Participants 17 V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing 18 Post test 24 Pretest 27 Lesson 3 Quantitative and Qualitative Research I. When to use Qualitative versus s Quantitative 28 Research II. Differences: Qualitative Research versus 29 Quantitative Research III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative 32 Research Post test 36 Pretest 38 Lesson 4. The Kinds of Research across Fields of Inquiry I. Kinds of Research across Fields of Inquiry 39 Post test 46 iv What I need to know Every day you encountered various problems in any facets of life be it social, political, environmental and personal. It may link between persons, groups or an organization. In this case, there must be a solution not only to resolve it but can be a progress that everybody benefited from it. As a learner how can you find a solution to these problems that is based on knowledge not on ordinary beliefs, predictions or theories? You need to have this knowledge through organized and well-planned procedures that are accurate and useful. Thus you need to do research. Research is asking what you know and think. It helps us to inquire on the right information. It is of great importance to man in everyday life. The quality of man’s life is improved through research making it easier and valuable from simple to modern. Research develops you to an attitude to not believe everything easily available and seek for truth - Research sharpens our mind to give a judicious vision to look. It is a catalyst in solving complex issues in different sectors including health, communications, business and the environment. This module will assist you in understanding the following lessons: Lesson 1. The Importance of Research in Daily Life Lesson 2. The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research Lesson 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Research Lesson 4.The Kinds of Research across Fields of Inquiry Learning Objectives After going through this module, you are expected to be able to: 1. share research experiences and knowledge 2. explain the importance of research in daily life 3. describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research 4. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research 5. provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports, science, business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication technology, and social inquiry) 1 What I know Direction: A. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement describes a research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers on the blank. _______1.There should be adequate data before conducting a research. _______2.To have an objective view of his or her study, the researcher should avoid listening to another researcher. _______3.A researcher must read literature that relates to the problem he or she is studying. _______4.An opinion from any person is recognized and considered as an answer to the question asked by the researcher. _______5.The researcher has the final say in his findings. B. Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of research. biases Instrument theories factual investigation intuition discovery system subjective Interview dreams experiences data phenomena guessing productivity drama validate opinions Literature C. Using the words encircled, formulate your own definition of research. Use the blanks provided. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________ 1 This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. 2 Lesson The Importance of Research in 1 Daily Life What’s in? In your junior high school, you learned that research is essential knowing that it is used in your daily life. It will enable you for inquiry and research in finding solutions to problems especially in real life situations. Sharing your experiences and knowledge on the importance of research develops your skills to think critically and relate it in every decision you do. What’s New? I. What is Research? 1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s speculation with reality. 2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses or theories. 3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the need in order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness. 4. It is a process of inquiring1. II. Nature of Inquiry. (Lichman,G.,2013) 1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”. It is a problem solving technique. 2. The information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering by applying the different human senses. 3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death. 4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation. ____________________ Focus on Research: a Guide to Developing Students ‘Research Skills (1990).Alberta. Canada. 1 3 III. Investigation and Immersion Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”. It is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon. Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in the data gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined by him in detail. Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of “research” comes in. IV. Differentiate Inquiry from Research Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth, information, or knowledge. Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a system or method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge creation (a creative process) V. Purpose of Research 1. To inform action. 2. To prove or generate a theory. 3. To augment knowledge in a field or study. VI. Importance of Research in Daily Life 1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and findings by proving lies and supporting the truth. 2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in life. It helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology and environment. 3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness. 4 Activity 1: Question and Answer Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space provided, 1. What is Research? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. What is inquiry and its nature? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the difference between inquiry and research? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. How important is research in your daily life activities? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. Why is there a need to conduct research? What is it? Discussion of Activity 1 You just learned the importance of research in daily life. Answer the following questions briefly on the blanks provided. 1. Was there an instance in your life when you did an inquiry or research? Share and describe your experiences.What are your challenges and difficulties? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. As a learner in senior high school, how important is research in your daily life? 5 ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ What’s more? Direction: What makes these images a portrayal of what research is? Write your reflection on the right space of the image. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6 What I have learned Let’s check how well do you know about research. Write your answers on the space provided. 1. Research is different from inquiry because the later will ask you a question.If inquiring is synonymous with investigation then what makes inquiry different from research which also investigates? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. Research in our daily life help us to understand various issues in life leading to a solution, in what way does research empowers you with knowledge to learn new things? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ What I can do Direction. Answer the following question. 1. What is the importance of research in your education as a 21st Century learner? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. As a learner, what do you want to research on? Why? 7 ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Additional Activities Interview your classmate or a friend about their plans after senior high school..Ask them how research played a major role in their chosen track or strand. Make a report about it and share it to your teacher. Write your report using a narrative format. Make use of the notes you wrote down before and after you conducted your interview to flesh out the report. The first is the brief detail about what the report is, who is the interviewee and the location of the interview. Then break up the interview into paragraphs, like narrating a story and finally a conclusion paragraph to end your report. Assessment Direction: A. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement describes a research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers on the blank. _______1. An opinion from any person is recognized and considered as an answer to the question asked by the researcher. _______2. A researcher must read literature that relates to the problem he or she is studying. _______3. The researcher has the final say in his findings. _______4.To have an objective view of his or her study, the researcher should avoid listening to another researcher. _______5.There should be adequate data before conducting a research. B Underline the words in the box that are related to the definition of research. 8 phenomena experiences theories discovery validate biases interview investigation intuition dreams guessing system instrument Literature drama subjective factual opinions data productivity C. Using the words underlined, formulate your own definition of research. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________ 1 This set of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. REFERENCES: 9 Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt Baraceros, E.L. (2016).Practical Research 1. Ist ed. Rex Book Store. Manila Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide.Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig City Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store. Manila Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc.Quezon City. Accessed in June 2020 https://www.slideshare.net/annnams1/lesson-1-nature-of-inquiry-and-research https://rdcastro1.wordpress.com/2017/12/04/practical-research-1-quiz-1-reviewer/ https://studentniche.blogspot.com/2017/06/practical-research-lesson-1.html Key Answer productivity data opinions factual subjective drama Literature instrument system guessing dreams intuition investigation interview biases validate discovery theories experiences phenomena B. 3. FALSE 4.FALSE 5.TRUE A. 1.FALSE 2. TRUE Post Test and instrument as tools.It improves productivity. opinions from a discovery or phenomena. Information is gathered through literature Research is systematic procedure, validating the investigation of theories and C.Sample answers. drama productivity Literature opinions validate experiences dreams Guessing phenomena data discovery intuition Interview subjective system Instrument biases investigation factual theories B. A. 1.TRUE 2.FALSE 3.TRUE 4.FALSE 5.FALSE Pretest 10 What I know Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy. a. Honesty b. Objectivity c. Competence d. Care 2. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized. a. Integrity b. Legality c. Social Responsibility d. Responsible Publication 3. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations. a. Openness b. Respect for intellectual property c. Non-discrimination d. Responsible mentoring 4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another should be done. a. Objectivity b. Legality c. Care d. Responsible Publication 5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the study. a. Confidentiality b. Competence c. Legality d. Openness 6. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students. a. Responsible Publication b. Non-discrimination c. Respect for colleagues d. Social Responsibility 11 7. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected by the research and its results. a. Care b. Human subjects protection c. Respect for colleagues d. Social Responsibility. 8. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in the study. a. Voluntary participation b. Informed consent c. Risk of harm d. Social responsibility 9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions? a. Talking to him or her privately b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire c. Writing him or her a letter d. Using a padrino system 10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions? a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview d. Taking his or her picture ____________________ 1 This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. 12 Lesson The Characteristics, Processes, and 2 Ethics of Research Research is a process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information to answer questions. A good research follows processes that must have certain characteristic. It must be systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical and critical. To avoid unethical practices researchers had obligations to adhere professional standards in conducting research.Thus to consider a research writing ethical it must be clear, accurate, just and authentic.. What’s in? ( In the previous lessons, you learned the meaning of research and its importance in your daily life. Research is different from inquiry. When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth, information, or knowledge. The importance of research helps improved life as well as finding a solution to problems through reliable and validated information. What’s New? I. Characteristics of Research1 1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. 2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. 3. Cyclical.Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. __________________ 1 For more information on this Characteristics of Research, see Calmorin,E.& Calmorin,A.(2015).Research Methods and Thesis Writing. Retrieved from http:/www. https://www.rexestore.com/e-books/ 13 4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study. 5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. 6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures. 7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem). Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem 1. Researcher‘s area of interest 2. Availability of funds 3. Investigator‘s ability and training Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related Literature). Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology). Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research) (Data Gathering Activities). Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical tools (for quantitative research). Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative research) and recommendations. Step 7. Define new problem. ___________________ 1 For more information on this Seven Steps of the Research Process, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt III. Ethics in Research 14 Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness. Ethical considerations in conducting research 1. Objectivity and integrity 2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and protection of subjects from personal harm 3. Presentation of research findings 4. Misuse of research role 5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance 6. Distortions of findings by sponsor What are these ethics in research1? 1. Informed Consent.This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time they are available. Participation to the study will be completely voluntary. 2. Honesty.It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data. 3. Objectivity.Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. 4. Integrity.Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action. 5. Carefulness.Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities. ____________________ 1 For more information on this Ethics of Research, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt 15 6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas. 7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify. 8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records. 9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions. 10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication. 11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not outsmart others. 12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy. 13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity. 14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole. 15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies. 16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments. 17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity. IV.Rights of Research Participants 16 1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all human beings. 2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and a commercial value. 3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are breached by a third party Examples: a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use. b. Recording movies in a theatre c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission d. Copying software code without giving proper credit e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips 4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in research process. Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed about the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate. 5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which informant’s name is not given nor known. 6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It is the ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity. V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants. Plagiarism 17 Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation of intellectual property rights. Three different acts are considered plagiarism: 1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas, 2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and. 3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words. Activity 1: Question and Answer Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space provided. 1. Why is research practical and realistic? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. The first step of research process is to develop your topic or research problem. What is the importance of considering those factors in selecting a research problem? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new problem. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the purpose of research ethics in doing research work? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. A research can be replicated but not the findings. Why? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 18 What is it? Discussion of Activity 1 You just learned the characteristics, processes and ethics of research. 1. As a researcher, you can play the role of a member of a research team, can you identify the processes involved in conducting research and its characteristics? Enumerate those processes. 2. What are the various research ethics and rights of a research participant 19 What’s more? Read and Analyse Direction: Read the following articles below and answer the questions that follow.Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Ethics in Qualitative Research Certain ethical challenges in qualitative research necessitate sustained attention of two interconnected worlds: the world of the researcher and the world of the participant. A critical view of some of the ethical challenges in the participants’ andresearchers’ world reveals that how we examine both these worlds’ effects how we design our research. In addition, it reflects the need for researchers to develop an ethical research vocabulary at the inception of their research life through multiple modes. The modes may include dialogue in the spoken and written and visual to affect their aims to adhere to the principles of respect, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice in a way that is mutually beneficial to the participant and the researcher.1 Further, the deliberations in this paper reveal that a critical conscious research ethics are embedded in the unfolding research ethics process involving the participants and the researchers, and both the participant and researcher add equal weight to the transparency of the ethical process and add value to building methodological and ethical rigor to the research. 1 The global public health response to COVID-19 could be significantly enhanced by safe, effective vaccines and treatments, reliable measures of correlates of immune protection, and improved scientific knowledge of the disease and its transmission. It is widely agreed that vaccines would be particularly important, and over 100 candidate vaccines are currently being developed. Well designed human challenge studies provide one of the most efficient and scientifically powerful means for testing vaccines, especially because animal models are not adequately generalizable to humans. _____________________ 1 Aluwihare-S. (2012). Ethics in Qualitative Research: A View of the Participants’ and Researchers’ World from a Critical Standpoint. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11(2), 1. Challenge studies could thus be associated with substantial public health benefit in so far as they (a) accelerate vaccine development, (b) 20 increase the likelihood that the most effective (candidate) vaccines will ultimately become available), (c) validate tests of immunity, and (d) improve knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.2 Questions: 1.Based on the article, how will you define ethics in research? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2.Are SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.study on humans rather than animal models unethical? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3.If you were a part of the research teams conducting such phenomenon, what will you do to correct the unethical feature of the experiment? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ What I have learned Complete the sentence stem below. Write your answers on the space provided. 1. Research process is a step by step procedure that guides the researcher in conceptualizing and conducting the research. These seven steps are ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2 World Health Organization (2020). Key criteria for the ethical acceptability of COVID-19.human challenge studies. WHO/2019-nCoV/Ethics criteria/2020.1 2. According to Sanchez (2002) research is a continuous undertaking of making known the unknown. This definition of research leads to common 21 characteristics of research. Can you elaborate further on this? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. What are some of the ethical codes of research? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. What are some tips to avoid plagiarism when one is conducting research? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ What I can do Answer the following question and write your answers on a space provided. 1. How do you characterize good research writing? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. What is the importance of following the ethical standards in conducting a research? 22 ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Additional Activities Look for a sample of local or foreign research in your own field of specialization (internet).Evaluate the research if it follows the ethical practices in conducting research. Assessment Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students. a. Responsible Publication b. Non-discrimination c. Respect for colleagues d. Social Responsibility 2. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected by the research and its results. a. Care b. Human subjects protection c. Respect for colleagues d. Social Responsibility. 3. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in the study. a. Voluntary participation b. Informed consent c. Risk of harm d. Social responsibility 4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another should be done. a. Objectivity 23 b. Legality c. Care d. Responsible Publication 5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the study. a. Confidentiality b. Competence c. Legality d. Openness 6. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy. a. Honesty b. Objectivity c. Competence d. Care 7. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized. e. Integrity f. Legality g. Social Responsibility h. Responsible Publication 8. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations. a. Openness b. Respect for intellectual property c. Non-discrimination d. Responsible mentoring 9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions? a. Talking to him or her privately b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire c. Writing him or her a letter d. Using a padrino system 10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions? a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview d. Taking his or her picture ____________________ 1 This set of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. REFERENCES Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt 24 Aluwihare-S. (2012). Ethics in Qualitative Research: A View of the Participants’ and Researchers’ World from a Critical Standpoint. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11(2), 1. Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide.Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc.Pasig City Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store.Manila. Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc.Quezon City Sanchez, C.A. (2002).Method and Techniques of Research, (Rev.ed).Philippines: Rex Printing Co. Inc. World Health Organization (2020). Key criteria for the ethical acceptability of COVID- 19.human challenge studies. WHO/2019-nCoV/Ethics criteria/2020.1 Accessed in June 2020 https://www.slideshare.net/jedliam/meaning-and-characteristics-of-research https://www3.nd.edu/~pkamat/pdf/ethics.pdf http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/ https://www.fhi360.org/sites/all/libraries/webpages/fhiretc2/Resources/RETC2_Test_ and_Evaluations.pdf Key Answer 10.b 9.c 8.a 6.d 7.a 5.b 4.d 3.a 2.b 1. d Post test 10.b 9.c 8.a 7.b 6.d 5.b 4.d 3.a 2.a 1. d Pre-test What I know 25 Direction: Determine whether each word or group of words indicates Qualitative Research or Quantitative Research. ___________________1.Objective ___________________2.Subjective ___________________3.Naturalistic ___________________4.To validate the already constructed theory ___________________5.Open-Ended Questions ___________________6.Highly-structured Research ___________________7.Hypothesis ___________________8.Multiple Methods ___________________9.Pure words, phrases, sentences, compositions and Stories are used in data analysis ___________________10.No criteria ____________________ 1 This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Abdullah, S.N.(2018) Practical Research 1-Pre/Post Test. Retrieved from http:/www.academia.edu.co/preposttest 26 Lesson Quantitative and Qualitative 3 Research Research has two broad methodologies; qualitative research and quantitative research. Quantitative and qualitative researches are complementary methods that you can combine in your research studies to get results that are both wide-reaching and profound. To get the best results from these methods in your research, it’s important that you understand the differences between them which you will study in this lesson. What’s in? ( In the previous lessons, you learned that research should be systematic, objective, feasible, empirical and clear. These characteristics guide you in realizing the real nature of research following the processes as well as the factors in selecting your general problem or topic. As a researcher you need to consider the ethics and unethical practices in conducting research. What’s New? I. When to use Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Quantitative data can help you see the big picture. Qualitative data adds the details and can also give a human voice to your survey results. 27 Concept Map showing the Designs of Research.1 DESIGN TYPES Ethnography Experimental Research Grounded Theory 1. Pre-Experimental 2. True-Experimental Case Study 3. Quasi-Experimental Discourse Analysis Phenomenology Non-Experimental Historical Research Research (Survey Research) Narrative Report 1. Descriptive Research Biography 2.Comparative Research 3.Correlational Research 1. Scholarly Chronicle 2. Intellectual Biography Action Research 3. Life History Writing 4. Memoir Biography 5. Narrative Biography II. Difference: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research2 Qualitative Quantitative It aims to create new theory The purpose is to test a based on the gathered data. hypothesis or theory. Objective A fact-finding research used to Measures problem using rating gain understanding of individual scale and other research differences in terms of feelings parameters of group and experiences. similarities. 28 -natural setting -measurement setting Data Description -making stories out of a certain -performs measures out of a phenomenon. certain phenomenon. -Uses pictures, words, - Uses numbers, scales, sentences, paragraphs, hypotheses, calculations, compositions, narrations and computations and statistics short stories tools. Sample (size) Small judgment (by decision) Large sample representatives sampling of population Data Gathering Unstructured or semi structured Standardized /Structured (flexible processes) Uses census, survey Uses interviews, participant questionnaire, checklist, paper- observation, group discussions. pencil test and Ex: Case Study, field research experimentation. Uses open ended questions. Uses closed ended questions. It is a freeform survey questions This questions can only be allow a participant to answer in answered by selecting from a open-text format, responses are limited number of options, unlimited to a set of options. usually “multiple-choice”, “yes or no”, or a rating scale Example: Example: Guide questions for the Strongly agree to strongly interviews disagree In quantitative research closed 1. What was your experiences ended questions are the basis during quarantine period on the of all statistical analysis COVID-19 pandemic? How did techniques applied on you handle the situation caused questionnaires and surveys. by the pandemic? 2. Was the support of the Sample Question: National and Local Government Do you agree on online enough for your basic needs? modality class in transitioning Did they conduct evaluation for the new normal of education? those who were affected? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Disagree d. Strongly disagree 29 Inductive Deductive The researcher starts with the Starts from a hypothesis or Activities observations, an open mind already created theory without biases, gathering all emphasizing the previously exact details of the topic and researched phenomenon from generalization or new theory is different views (tested against given towards the end of the observations). research process. Uses both inductive and deductive They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research. Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the researcher starts Data discussions discussions from the lowest and highest means then explains the and Presentation overall mean. Deductive or “top-down “if discussion is from the overall mean going to the lowest and highest means, deductive. Opinions are based on Opinions are based on laws, experience or observation. rules, or other recognized There are no criteria used in principles. data discussions. Synthesize data, interpret, Statistical thematic. Subjective Objective Data Analysis Data analysis is influenced by The researcher employs the personal experiences and standard criteria in analyzing views. data. Cultivates understanding with Endorse a development. high validity. Has high output replicability. Outcome There are no conclusions Conclusion is formulated formulated. towards the end of the research process. ___________________ 1 For more information on these Designs of Research, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt 2 For more information on “Differentiate Qualitative and Quantitative Research”, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt 30 III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research 1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation. 2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving solutions to our problems 3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem. 4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data. 7. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data. Activity 1: Question and Answer Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. 1. How do you define the two designs of research: qualitative and quantitative? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the differences and similarities between these methods? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ What is it? Discussion of Activity 1 You just learned to differentiate quantitative from qualitative research. 1. In one sentence, differentiate a quantitative research from qualitative research? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 31 2. Tell whether the following statement is a quantitative research or qualitative research. Explain your answer. a. Prefer for statistical summary of results. b. Prefer for narrative summary of results. What’s more? Direction: Using a Venn Diagram below, illustrate the differences and similarities between a quantitative and qualitative method of research by filling in completely the Venn diagram presented in the next page. One example is done for you to follow. Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Similarities Natural Dependent on Setting Both are rigorous & statistical tool uses textual form in data analysis 32 What I have learned Complete the box by filling out the missing description of qualitative or quantitative research. Qualitative Research Quantitative Research 1. Dependent on statistical tools Uses open-ended questions 2. Inductive in data gathering activities. 3. 4. Results oriented and highly structured Uses more flexible processes. 5. 6. Has high output replicability. No conclusions formulated. 8. 9. Uses large sample size. Data analysis is subjective. 10. 33 What I can do What do the figures below mean? Explain and write your answer below. Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Additional Activities Decide whether the following topics or research questions is qualitative or quantitative. Explain why and what is your basis. Write your answers on the spaces provided. Culinary Arts: Then and Now _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ How do the TVL students feel about their chosen strand? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 34 ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ What is the degree of satisfaction of students taking the different SHS? Tracks? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ The Why and How of Social Networking Use ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ The Level of Social Media Addiction among the Youth ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 35 Assessment Direction: Determine whether each word or group of words indicates Qualitative Research or Quantitative Research. ___________________1.Naturalistic ___________________2.To validate the already constructed theory ___________________3.Hypothesis ___________________4.Multiple Methods ___________________5.No criteria ___________________6.Pure words, phrases, sentences, compositions and stories are used in data analysis ___________________7.Open-Ended Questions ___________________8.Highly-structured Research ___________________9. Objective ___________________10.Subjective ____________________ 1 This set of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Abdullah, S.N.2018) Practical Research 1-Pre/Post Test. Retrieved from http:/www.academia.edu.co/preposttest 36 REFERENCES Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt Baraceros, E.L. (2016).Practical Research 1. Ist ed. Rex Book Store. Manila Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education Practical Research 1 Teachers Guide.Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig City Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store. Manila Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc.Quezon City Accessed in June 2020 http://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-qualitative- research-and-quantitative-research/ Key Answer 10. Qualitative Research 10. Qualitative Research 9. Quantitative Research 9. Qualitative Research 8. Quantitative Research 8. Qualitative Research 7. Qualitative Research 7. Quantitative Research 6. Qualitative Research 6. Quantitative Research 5. Qualitative Research 5. Qualitative Research 4. Qualitative Research 4. Quantitative Research 3. Quantitative Research 3. Qualitative Research 2. Quantitative Research 2. Qualitative Research 1. Qualitative Research 1. Quantitative Research Post-test Pre-test 37 What I know Modified Identification Direction: For the following research titles, identify from which field it belongs to by choosing your answers from the box below. Write only the letter as your answer on the space provided below each number. A. Science Research B. Fisheries research C. Information & Communication Technology Research D. Arts Based Research E. Business Research F. Humanities Research G. Agriculture Research H. Sports Research I. Mathematics Research J. Social Science Research _______1 Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and other Marine Animals _______2.The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators _______3. Students’ Misconceptions in Calculus _______4. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips _______5.The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners Efficiency in Academics _______6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers _______7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School Students _______8. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom Structuring _______9. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth of Selected Vegetables _______10.Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single Parents 38 Lesson The Kinds of Research Across 4 Fields Developing an interest in different kinds of research will help you look into something that affects your personality or your life in some important way. If you are interested on a topic you are researching, you will enjoy reading and learning about it. To define clearly the types of research in areas of interest you want to embark, focus your scientific skills, your passion and ideas. It supports you to connect to your career path. The examples of research in areas of interest will lead you to choose specific topic of your research study which you will be exploring to create new knowledge. What’s in? ( Review In the previous lessons, you learned about research methods to be used in your particular field of study. Whatever methods are used, there are many resources to support research, and any number of variations to the basic methods. Choosing a method of research that is adaptable in your study as a learner guides you to start making a decision on what topic you want to pursue. What’s New? I. Kinds of Research across Fields Areas of Description Example of Studies Interest Arts-Based Personal expression in various 1.The Role of Arts in Student Research art forms is use as a primary Achievement in Reading mode of inquiry 2.How Classroom Artistic Structure Motivates Learning 39 Deals with human culture such Research in as philosophy, religion, 1 Values Education in the Public Humanities literature, linguistics and history Schools: Practices and Challenges It includes ancient and modern languages, human geography, 2. Children In-Conflict with the laws, politics and other social Law: A Resolution and sciences. Intervention Sports Research Intended for athletes to endure 1. Student Involvement in their health and wellness goals Athletics and their Academic through proven high quality Performance products. 2.Sports and Fitness Support on It helps the coaches and Students in Public Schools athletes to access information and apply it to develop programs and techniques in sports. Science Discover laws, postulates 1.Utilization of Garbage and Research theories that can explain other Waste Resources as natural or social phenomena. Cleaning Materials Applies systematic and 2.Making of COVID -19 Cure out constructed scientific method to of Heat Transfer obtain, analyze and interpret data. A strong and testable hypothesis is the fundamental part of the scientific research. Provides mathematics mastery 1.Student Difficulties in General topics and helps develops Mathematics: Remediation and Mathematics confidence and interest to solve Interventions Research more mathematical problems. 40 It may also assist to find new methods to simplify 2.A Systemic Approach to calculations. Changing Classroom Practices for Enhancing Mathematics Outcomes Agriculture Improves productivity and 1.Green Space in School: Social Research quality of crops irrigation, and Environment Perspective storage methods, effective farm management and marketing of 2. Is Urban Gardening as a agricultural resources. Source of Well-Being? Agriculture is the backbone of the economic system providing food, raw material and employment opportunities. Fisheries Increase the productivity and 1.Finding a Future: Sustaining research management of fishery Inland Fishery resources to provide food: protect and maintain different bodies of water for sustainable 2.Fishing for Change: Fishery supply of aquatic resources. Policy in the Philippines Information and Aim to adapt current technology 1.The Role of ICT in the New Communication advancement which enhances Normal Education Technology (ICT) development of resources. Research 2.Exploring the Interactive Computer Simulation in Public Schools Business Acquire information in business 1.Developing a Framework for Research to maximize the sales and Small Scale Business profit. It aids business companies regulates which 2.Business Practices and product or service is most Strategies of Small Enterprises profitable or in demand. at Limketkai Mall 41 Social Science Finds solutions for human 1.The Impact of COVID-19 Research behavior gathering information Pandemic on Employment about people and societies. Opportunities 2. Implementation of Enhanced Community Quarantined in Low Risk Area of Misamis.Oriental. (Source: Abdullah, S.N. (2018), Practical Research 1-Qualitative.ppt) Activity 1: Question and Answer Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space provided. 1. What are those kinds of research across fields? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. How do samples of research in different areas of interest help you in writing the research proposal? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 42 What is it? Discussion of Activity 1 You just learned the kinds and samples of research in areas of interest. Answer the following questions on the space provided. 1. What are your views in using the samples of the research papers presented previously in areas of your interest? 2. Can you write your qualitative research proposal through the use of such pattern from the sample research paper? What’s more? Enrichment Activity Direction: Compare and Contrast. Write in a separate sheet of paper. Choose two researches from the different areas of interest like those in the field of arts, humanities, sports, science, mathematics, business, agriculture, fisheries, ICT and social science. Be able to differentiate your chosen topics. Highlight their similarities and differences. 43 What I have learned Identify the specific area of interest for each given topic by writing the letter of each type in the correct column. Likewise, below the letter representing your answer, write the importance of such research in your daily life. Arts-Based Humanities Science ICT Business A. Digital Age B. Child in Conflict with the Law C. Classroom Environment D. Herbal Medicines E. Financial Management 44 What I can do In the space provided, make a graphical presentation of the type of research which interest you the most. Additional Activities Think of your own topic for research which you would like to work on. Keep in mind what you have learned from this lesson to justify the specific research type for each chosen topic. Write your “top two” most interesting topics below. 1) 2) 45 Assessment Modified Identification Direction: For the following research titles, identify from which field it belongs to by choosing your answers from the box below. Write only the letter as your answer on the space provided below each number. K. Science Research L. Fisheries research M. Information & Communication Technology Research N. Arts Based Research O. Business Research P. Humanities Research Q. Agriculture Research R. Sports Research S. Mathematics Research T. Social Science Research _______1. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom Structuring _______2. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth of Selected Vegetables _______3.Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single Parents _______4.Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and other Marine Animals _______5.The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators _______6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers _______7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School Students _______8. Students’ Misconceptions in Calculus _______9. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips _______10.The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners Efficiency in Academics REFERENCES 46 Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt Baraceros, E.L. (2016).Practical Research 1. Ist ed. Rex Book Store. Manila Buenseco, D.B, Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A. (2016).Department of Education Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide.Ist ed. Lexicon Press, Inc. Pasig City. Calmorin, L.P. (2016).Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics and Computer Application. Rev.ed.Rex Book Store Cristobal, A.P., Jr, & Cristobal, M.D. (2016). Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. Ist ed.C & E Publishing Inc. Quezon City. Accessed in June 2020 https://sites.google.com/deped.gov.ph/research1 https://docs.google.com/document/d/17z5_eXy2wp-LDVgBaBrrvIHqLtD- JIarMDe0jOi0VX0/edit?usp=sharing http://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/qualdsgn.html https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1KYoixU3L9SerYAYcurbHOZ0IM0Vsdz6z Key Answer 10.H 9.A 8.I 7.F 6.E 5.C 2.G 3.J 4.B 1. D Post Test 10.J 9.G 8.D 7.F 6.E 5.H 2.C 3.I 4.A 1. B Pre- Test 47