Practical Research: Bibliography & Data Analysis PDF

**PRACTICAL RESEARCH** **BIBLIOGRAPHY AND PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA** **[LESSON 1-2]{.smallcaps}** BIBLIOGRAPHY - An alphabetical list of all the materials consulted in the preparation of the research. - From the Latin word "Bibliographia" - Biblio: book...

**PRACTICAL RESEARCH** **BIBLIOGRAPHY AND PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA** **[LESSON 1-2]{.smallcaps}** BIBLIOGRAPHY - An alphabetical list of all the materials consulted in the preparation of the research. - From the Latin word "Bibliographia" - Biblio: book - Graphia: writing Styles Used in Writing Bibliography - American Psychological Association - Modern Language Association - Chicago Manual Of Style - Turabian Style - American Medical Association Reasons for Writing Bibliography - To show that you are respectfully borrowing other people's ideas, not stealing them. - To offer additional information to your readers who may wish to further pursue your topic. - To give readers an opportunity to check out your sources for accuracy. An honest bibliography inspires reader confidence in your writing. - To acknowledge and give credit to sources of words, ideas, diagrams, illustrations, quotations borrowed, or any materials summarized or paraphrased. Formats for Bibliography 1. Book - Author's surname, Author's initial - Publication Date (in brackets) - Title of the Book (Italics) - Place of Publication: Publisher 2. Book Chapter - Author's surname, Author's initial (of chapter) - Publication Date (in brackets) - Title of Chapter - In: Author's surname, Author's initial (of book) - Title of Book (Italics) - Pages of Chapter - Place of Publication: Publisher 3. Journal - Author's surname, Initial - Publication Date (in brackets) - Title of Article - Title of Periodical (Italics) - Volume - Volume Number (in brackets) - Page Number 4. Newspaper - Author's surname, Initial - Publication Date (in brackets) - Title of Article - Title of Periodical (Italics) - Volume - Volume Number (in brackets) - Page Number 5. Encyclopedia - Author's surname, Author's initial (of article) - Publication Date (in brackets) - Title of Article - Volume Number and Pages of Encyclopedia - Place of Publication: Publisher 6. Webpage - Author's surname, Author's initial - Date webpage created (in brackets) - Title of Webpage (Italics) - Retrieved and Date retrieved - From full URL PRESENTATION OF DATA Presentation of data Data presentation involves the use of a variety of different graphical techniques to visually show the reader the relationship between different data sets, to emphasize the nature of a particular aspect of the data. Data collected from a particular research study can be presented through: - Tables - Charts - Graphs - Scatter Plot Why are data presented in tables, charts, graph or scatter plot? - to organize data - to show comparison of data Analysis of Data - The process of obtaining raw data and converting it into useful information for decision-making. - Often uses data analysis software like SPSS. - Data is collected and analyzed to answer questions, test hypotheses, or disprove theories. Purpose of Data Analysis: - To answer questions. - To test hypotheses. - To disprove or support theories. **EXAMPLE:** Making a day-to-day decision by analyzing what happened in the past or predicting what will happen in the future based on available information. 2 Method of data analysis 1. Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques - Qualitative data refers to non-numerical information. - It uses labels, properties, and categorical variables. Techniques: a\. Content Analysis -- Measures content changes over time and across media. b\. Discourse Analysis -- Explores conversations within their social context. *NOTE*: - Easier, faster, and cheaper to perform. - Not as reliable as quantitative analysis. 2. Quantitative Data Analysis Techniques - Quantitative data refers to numerical information. - It involves statistics, percentages, calculations, and measurements. Techniques: - Uses algorithms, mathematical tools, and software to manipulate and analyze numerical data. - Helps uncover insights and values relevant to businesses or other areas. MPS -- Mean Percentage Score X -- Mean N Number of Items   INTERPRETATION OF DATA Data interpretation is the process of using diverse analytical methods to review data and arrive at relevant conclusions. The interpretation of data helps researchers to categorize, manipulate, and summarize the information in order to answer critical questions. Data analysis tends to be extremely subjective. That is to say, the nature and goal of interpretation will vary from business to business, likely correlating to the type of data being analyzed.