Post-Harvest Management of Rice PDF

Introduction Rice is our most important cultivated plant, feeding more people than any other crop. Rice is a cereal grain and the staple food over half of the worlds population particularly in Asia. The scientific name is Oryza sativa and it belongs to the Poaceae family. Moisture Co...

Introduction Rice is our most important cultivated plant, feeding more people than any other crop. Rice is a cereal grain and the staple food over half of the worlds population particularly in Asia. The scientific name is Oryza sativa and it belongs to the Poaceae family. Moisture Content Of Rice  Moisture Content of Rice OPERATION DESIRED MOISTURE PRIMARY LOSSES CONTENT Harvesting 20-25 percent Shattering if the grain is to dry Unfilled and many green grains if to wet Threshing Ø 20- 25 percent mechanical Incomplete threshing, grain damage Ø > 20 percent hand threshing and cracking/breakage Drying 14 percent or lower Spoilage, fungal damage and discoloration Storage Ø 14 percent grain storage, Fungal, insect and rat damage Ø 12 percent for seed storage Loss of vigor Milling 13-14 percent Grain cracking and breakage Over milling  Rice Matured Content Harvest the paddy when most of grains are golden yellow or when the palay is 85-90 percent matured for manual harvesting. Harvest the crop when grain MC IS 18-21 percent during the wet season. Rice Matured Content Harvest the palay when the crop reaches 95-100 percent maturity. Dry the paddy until it reaches 13-14 percent MC. Seeds may be dried to a lower 11-12 percent MC  Post- Harvest MAGANEGEMENT in Philippines Involves various aspect Production 1. Crop planning and planting 2. Irrigation management 3. Fertilization and pest control 4. Harvesting and drying  Post- Harvest MAGANEGEMENT in Philippines Post harvest 1. Storage and handling 2. Milling and processing 3. Quality control and grading  Post- Harvest MAGANEGEMENT in Philippines Marketing and distribution 1. Wholesale and retail 2. Price regulation and subsidy programs 3. Export and import management  Post- Harvest MAGANEGEMENT in Philippines Government initiatives 1. Department of Agriculture programs (DA) 2. National Food Authority Interventions (NFA) 3. Agricultural insurance and schemes Average post- harvest losses in Rice (DA) qJUN 24, 2024 The country is losing an average of 342,000 metric tons of rice or equivalent to P7.89 billion in post-harvest losses annually. (Arnel de Mesa)  POST HARVEST OPREATION 1. Harvesting 2. Transporting 3. Threshing 4. Drying 5. Milling 6. Packaging 7. Storage 8. Modern technologies on rice production  Post- Harvest Operations of Rice Harvesting if the grains are fully mature, it is now ready to harvest. Harvesting can be done by either cutting the mature panicles and collecting them in basket or cutting a handful of plants, laying them on the stubble, and gathering the cut plants near the threshing area Transporting Cleaning and drying- remove impurities and excess moisture Grading and sorting- separate rice by quality and size Packaging- use suitable containers and bags to prevent damage Monitor temperature and humidity Control pest and rodents Secure cargo to prevent spillage Transporting Loading- carefully load rice into containers Hauling- transport rice to facilities and markets Unloading- unload rice to destination will minimize damage Transporting Inspection- check damage and quality issue Storage- store rice in dry and well ventilated areas Milling- process rice for consumption Distribution- deliver rice to market area Threshing 1.When threshing manually by beating the harvested crop against a wooden plank some more rice grains remain in the threshed crop.In some countries, these bundles are threshed once again by treading with animals 2. Rice grains scatter around when lifting the small bundles just before the manual threshing above; 3. Some grains stick to the mud floor and cannot be recovered; 4.Birds and domestic flows feed on the grains. Threshing Mechanical using mechanical thresher Thresh immediately the harvested paddy. Use mechanical thresher Fix the blower of the thresher properly blow off and remove the dirt or any foreign matter Fix the drum speed of the mechanical thresher to recommended rpm to avoid damaging the grain Threshing Process of separating the grains from the panicle of the paddy. Manual Threshing- trampling or treading threshing done by the farmer animals or tractor by passing along the bundles of paddy. Beating- threshing is done by hand- beating the bundles of paddy against a bamboo or wooden rack or tub Drying 1. Grains shatter from the stalks or spill out of the grain bags during transport and handling ; 2. During sun drying, birds and domestic flows feed on the ; grains spill outside the drying area; 3. Over drying the grains , especially when sun drying by traditional method ; 4.Delayed drying or no grain aeration which causes stack burning. Drying Process of removing the excess moisture of the grains, delayed drying can cause grain deterioration which results to big amount of losses. Method of drying- sundrying sunshine favorable, air drying inside the buildings or sheds, using mechanical dyers like batch type, flatbed dryer, batch recirculating type dryer, continuous flow dryer. Drying In sun drying, mix the grain every 5-10 minutes avoid over drying In mechanical drying, use appropriate mechanical dryers Two- stage drying offer an alternative result. This is slow drying a flash dryer 18 percent and an store dryer 14 percent. This technology could help achieve better quality grains  Disadvantage of losses in Sun drying Grains are unevenly dried It requires more laborers and wide space for drying Drying cannot be done during rainy season It require long hours of drying and frequent mixture Dirt and other impurities tend to mix with the grains when dried in the open Huge losses are incurred if highway or roads are used as dying pavements Rice Milling Improper adjustment of milling equipment Spillage in traditional hand pounding method4 Under or over- dried paddy Rice Milling Single pass rubber roll mill- employs only one hulling and whitening machine. Commonly found in rural communities and are used for custom service milling paddy of farmers for home consumption. It could be stationary or mobile Cono multi- pass rice mill – this is characterized by the use of the under stone disc huller for hulling and 1 to 3 cone whiteners for the whitening process Rice Milling Modern multi-pass rice mill-this system is more sophisticated than the cano system. It has the capacity ranging from 1-10 tons per hour. Combines the rubber roll huller for the hulling operation with two or more abrasive and friction whiteners for the whitening process. Also employs mist polisher to brush off remaining bran dust, thus making a glossy characteristic on the milled rice. Mist polishers controlled amount of water mist, resulting in highly polished grain. Also improves storability milled rice because of the complete removal of the bran. Rice Milling Make sure that the grains are properly dried 14 percent moisture content before milling, During the drying process care should be done to prevent heat or temperatures stress that causes fissuring of the grain. Fissuring grain will break in the milling process. Always maintain the cleanliness in the rice mill To ensure safety of the area, place the milling facilities in wide space Rice Milling Use rubber roll huller to lessen and prevent the cracking of the grains The good quality grain will result to a well-milled grain. Good quality paddy means uniform sized grain and sized grain starts from high certified seeds and good agronomic practice Darkening of the endosperm is also caused by delays in threshing and drying. It cannot corrected during the milling process Clean paddy before milling to remove half filled or empty grains Packaging Use durable packaging material. Follow the recommended color- coded packaging to indicate quality blue special or fancy rice. Yellow premium white grade 1-5 1 having 90 percent head rice and 5 having 55 percent. Vacuum packaging is also recommended to preserve the quality and prolong the self-life of milled or special rice Types of packaging used in rice Primary Packaging Jute bags Paper bags Woven sacks Secondary Packaging Corrugated boxes Cartons Crates Secondary Packaging Pallets Shrink wraps Retail packaging Ziplock bags Paper- based Packaging Plastic containers Metal containers Storage In Grains 1. Storage grain is attacked by insect, rodent and bird pests due to inadequate protection; 2. Storing for long term, grain with moisture content above 14 percent or storing grain with moisture content of 18 percent longer than two weeks under ambient condition ; 3. Theft and pilferage in grain warehouses. Storage In Grains Maintain the cleanliness. Allow free air circulation inside the warehouse. Clean the wall, celling and floor before storing grains Ensure the stalk grains are dry and clean Observe the first in first out method Check regularly the warehouse to ensure that no birds, rodents and other pests are attacking the stored grains Storage In Grains Check roof of warehouse for leaks and if found, seal to prevent wetting of stored grains Make one meter distance of the staked grains from the wall and in between the stacked grains Use a base/pallets in every stacked grains to avoid moisture migration Separate the stored grains infested with pest Storage In Grains Burn or burry the grains affected by insects. Do this away from the warehouse Ensure that the air continuously flowing or circulating inside the storage to prevent increased of temperature of stored grains Once their is insect/pest infestation spraying, fogging and fumigation, should be done Rodents footprints and birds dung/faces on the sacks of stored grains indicate infestation of these pests inside the warehouse. Control measures have to be done Types of Storage qOn-field storage Barn/granary (kamalig) Holder/Receptacle qCommercial Storage Warehouse Flat Store Silo Tips Storing Cover all possible entry points of birds and rats Use live or snap traps and foot tangle to catch rats Rodenticides can also be used with baits to kill rats Use nests, screens in the windows or use a avescide to control entry of birds  MECHANICAL DRYING (FLATBED DRYER) MECHANICAL DRYING (FLATBED DRYER) Dry the paddy immediately after combine harvesting. As alternate air –dry the fresh paddy using the flatbed dryer until skin dried  MECHANICAL DRYING (FLATBED DRYER) When the moisture of grains reaches 14 percent, turn from heat drying to air drying for at least an hour to cool off the grain and stabilize its temperature. The recommended grain percent MC for storage is 14 percent.The storage duration range with the corresponding paddy MC requirement are the following  MECHANICAL DRYING (FLATBED DRYER) While waiting for cleaning, the dried paddy should be placed in sacks or stacked on top of pallets to protect from floor dampness. Use clean sacks or containers with proper labels. For temporary storage prior to cleaning, the dried paddy should be kept no longer than three days.  Modern Technologies on Rice production Reversible airflow dryer- to achieve uniform drying without mixing the grain. Combine harvester - finish the whole processes of rice or wheat harvesting from harvesting, threshing Recirculating dryer- the same and grain cleaning quantity of grain is re-cycled through the dryer until the final moisture content is reached.  Modern Technologies on Rice production Seed cleaner- uses a combination of winnowing with a fan to remove lighter particles Oxygen meter- use to meter the matured content of rice BIOTECNOLOGY-enchanced rice variaties Golden rice- combat vitamin A deficiency Bt rice- modified rice, resistant to pests, reducing pesticide use Submerged tolerant rice- can withstand flooding