Postharvest Operations of Rice (PH 16 Report) PDF

Postharvest Operations of Rice (ORYZA SATIVA) PH 16 REPORT PREPARED BY GROUP 1 A. Postharvest Management of Rice in the Philippines o Postharvest manage in the Philippines refers to the series of activities in handling agricultural products, particularly rice, after th...

Postharvest Operations of Rice (ORYZA SATIVA) PH 16 REPORT PREPARED BY GROUP 1 A. Postharvest Management of Rice in the Philippines o Postharvest manage in the Philippines refers to the series of activities in handling agricultural products, particularly rice, after they have been harvested. It aims to minimize losses and maintain the quality of the produce. 1. Harvesting; 2. Threshing; 3. Drying; 4. Milling; 5. Storing 6. Transportation B. Causes Of Postharvest Losses In Rice o Postharvest losses in rice is can significantly impact food security and economic sustainability. Harvesting and threshing losses Storage losses Processing losses Transportation losses Market losses C. Moisture Content of Rice o the ideal moisture content of rice varies depending on its intended use For milling: 12-14% is the ideal moisture content of the rice to reduce broken rice, improved milling yield and optimal for husk removal. For storing: 9-11% is the ideal moisture content of the rice to prevent spoilage, preservation of quality, reduce losses as well increasing the shelf life. D. Postharvest Operations of Rice 1. Harvesting A moisture content of 20-25% is the ideal for harvesting rice because it ensures optimal conditions for threshing and subsequent drying. Why? - Efficient threshing: making them easier to separate from the stalks during the threshing process. - Preparation for drying: as the water can be removed more quickly during drying process.  METHODS USED DURING RICE HARVESTING; Manual harvesting - Sickles: a traditional tool used to cut the rice stalks. - Knives: a finger-bladed knife has been utilized by rice farmers in southeast Asian for many centuries. Mechanical harvesting - Combine harvester: a large machine that combines multiple operations including cutting, threshing and cleaning. This is the most efficient method for large-scale harvesting. *Important consideration when harvesting rice crops is the timing, weather conditions and postharvest handling to prevent more losses while in the process. 2.Threshing/Shelling -Is the process of separating the grains from stalks. METHODS IN THRESHING/SHELLING Manual threshing; -Beating: the rice stalk are beaten against a hard surface to dislodge the grains. -Treading: animal or human trample on the stalks to separate the grains. -Flailing: a flail use to beat the stalks. Mechanical method; -Pedal thresher: a simple machine operated by a pedal which rotates a threshing drum to separate the grains. -Stationary threshers: have a threshing drum with teeth or pegs that strips the grains from the stalks. -Combine harvesters: large machine combine multiple operations, including harvesting thrashing and cleaning. 3. Drying -is very crucial step in postharvest management to prevent spoilage and maintain quality. METHODS IN DRYING RICE Sun drying; -Net drying: a specialized netting designed for the drying of paddy rice, made from plastic nylon. -Pavement drying: rice is spread on a concrete pavements to dry under the sun. -Field drying: rice panicles are cut and stacked in the field to dry before threshing. Mechanical drying; -Batch dryers: this dryers process a batch of rice at a time, using heated air to remove moisture. -Continuous flow dryer: these dryer continuously process rice, using a flow of heated air to remove moisture. 4. Milling -a that involves removing the husk and bran layers from paddy rice to produce white rice. METHODS IN MILLING Mortar and pestle: a simple method involving pounding paddy in a mortar with a pestle to remove the husk and bran. Modern method and equipment - Husker: this machine removes the outer husk from the paddy. - Whitener: removes the bran layer from the brown rice to produce white rice. - Separator: this machine separates the milled rice from the broken grains and bran. - Polisher: this machine polishes the white rice to improve it`s appearance. - Grader: this machine sorts the milled rice based on size and quality. 5. Packaging -involves a series of steps to ensure the product reaches the market in a safe, hygienic and appealing manner. METHODS IN PACKAGING Plastic bags: commonly used in packaging smaller quantities of rice. Jute bags: this are traditional packaging materials often used for bulk packaging of rice. They are durable and breathable but can be susceptible to moisture and pests. Packaging machinery - Weighing machines: these machines accurately measure the desired quantity of rice to be packaged. - Bagging machines: these machines automatically fill bags with the measured amount of rice and sealed them. - Labeling machines: apply labels to the packages with product information, such as weight, brand name and expiration date. - Palletizing machines: these machine stack the packaged rice onto pallets for efficient storage and transportation. 6. Storage - effective rice storage is crucial to maintain quality and minimize losses. METHODS IN STORING RICE Traditional storage structures; - Rice granaries: these are elevated structures, often made of wood or bamboo that provides protection from pests and moisture. Modern storage structures; - Warehouses: these are large, climate controlled structures that provide optimal storage conditions. - Silos: these are tall, cylindrical structures that store large quantities of grain. - Hermetic storage structures: these are airtight structures can help to prevent insect and maintain quality. 7. Transporting - Rice transportation involves moving harvested rice from the field storage facilities, processing plants or markets. METHODS IN TRANSPORTING RICE Road transportation; - Trucks: most common mode of transportation especially for short to medium distances. - Tractor with trailers: used for transporting smaller quantities of rice, particularly in rural areas. Rail transportation; - Rail wagons: used for large distance transportation of bulk quantities of rice, especially in countries with well developed railway networks. Water transportation; - Barges and ships: used for transporting large quantities of rice over long distances, especially for international trade. 8. Modern technologies on rice production -modern technologies have significantly improved rice production, leading to higher yields, better quality and increased efficiency. MECHANIZATION Tractors: used for various task such as plowing, harrowing and transporting. Transplanters: mechanically transplant rice seedlings into the fields. Harvesters: efficiently harvest rice, reducing labor costs and time. Threshers: separates grains from the stalks. Dryers: quickly and efficiently dry harvested rice. PRECISION AGRICULTURE GPS technology: precisely maps field and guides machinery for efficient operation. Remote sensing: monitor crop health and soil conditions using satellite imagery. Drone technology: collects data on crop growth, pest infestations and soil moisture levels.  BIOTECHNOLOGY High-yielding varieties: develops genetically modified rice varieties with higher yields and resistance to pests and diseases. Biofertilizers: uses beneficial microorganisms to improve soil fertility and plant growth. Biopesticides: utilizes natural enemies or biological agents to control pests. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICT) Mobile apps: provide farmers with real time information on weather forecast, market prices and best practices. Online market places: connect farmers directly with buyers, reducing middlemen and increasing profits. OTHER TECHNOLOGIES Hydroponics and aeroponics: growing rice in nutrient-rich water solution without soil. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING…  PRESENTER: GROUP 1 MEMBERS: BAGUILAT, AZER CHIWAY, JOEY HOPDAYAN, JIAN BAZHILL OLIPPO, ARGIE TINDUNGAN, RENZY GARCIA, BELJUN