Planning 2 Prelims PDF

PRELIMS THE ROLE OF URBAN DESIGN IN DEVELOPING COMMUNITIES BY: BOB GIDDINGS INTRODUCTION - HISTORICALLY, CITIES AND SOCIETY ARE DEVELOPED IN AN ALMOST SYMBIOTIC MANNER - LATIN WORD “CIVITAS” MEANS CITY; o WHICH CIVILISATION AND CITI...

PRELIMS THE ROLE OF URBAN DESIGN IN DEVELOPING COMMUNITIES BY: BOB GIDDINGS INTRODUCTION - HISTORICALLY, CITIES AND SOCIETY ARE DEVELOPED IN AN ALMOST SYMBIOTIC MANNER - LATIN WORD “CIVITAS” MEANS CITY; o WHICH CIVILISATION AND CITIZENSHIP ARE DERIVED - CITIES HAVE BEEN CATALYSTS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE AND REVOLUTION o AND BIRTHPLACE OF DEMOCRACY SMITH (2002) - CITIES CONTAIN CONNECTIONS AND ACTIVITIES (WORK, SHOP, PLAY) MEETING NEEDS OF ECONOMIC PRODUCTION AND SOCIAL REPRODUCTION. LOZANO (1990) - CITY IS A REALM WITH HIGH-LEVEL CULTURE LINKED W/ SOCIAL BEHAVIOR MUMFORD (1966) - DESCRIBED CITY AS MOST ADVANCED WORK OF ART OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION. TRADITIONAL CITIES HAVE COMPLEX SPATIAL LAYOUTS REFLECTING HUMAN EXCHANGES - W/ RICHNESS OF PATTERNS AND SYMBOLS THAT FULFIL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SPIRITUAL NEEDS LOZANO (1990) - SPATIAL PROVIDED BY MEDIEVAL WALLS SATISFIED MORE THAN DEFENSIVE PROTECTION. THEY ALSO PROVIDE PSYCHOLOGICAL STIMULATION AND PHYSICAL COMFORT. ALEXANDER (1987-1977) AND LYNCH (1960-1984)  - LEGIBILITY ARE BASED ON A VIVID AND PHYSICAL SETTING THAT PROVIDE RAW MATERIAL FOR A SYMBOLIC COMMUNITY MEMORY - LAYOUT, LANDMARKS AND PUBLIC SPACES CONTRIBUTE TO CITY’S DISTINCTIVE SENSE OF IDENTITY - URBAN SPACE: PLACE FOR COMMUNITY, RATHER THAN THE INDIVIDUAL o WHERE FRAMEWORK OF SOCIETY WAS DEBATED AND FORMULATED o ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TOOK PLACE o SQUARE: MOST ASSOCIATED WITH VALUES OF SOCIETY THAT CREATED IT- AGORA, FORUM ETC. Krier (1979) believes that modern cities have lost sight of the traditionally understood importance of urban space. FROM CENTRES TO SENSELESS - SPRAWL, TRAFFIC, ZONING, AND MAJOR REDEVELOPMENTS HAVE DESTROYED FABRIC OF BLSGS AND SPACES - REPLACING DIVERSITY WITH LARGE SINGLE-USE W/ HOSTILE PRESENCE - IN THE PROCESS OF MODERNISATION, URBAN COMMUNITIES LOST RICHNESS OF PATTERNS/ SYMBOLS MODERN CITIES - CENTRAL PLACES ARE RARE - LEAVING A SPATIAL VACUUM BETWEEN BUILDINGS o THIS TENDS TO BE SYMPTOMATIC THE BUREAUCRATIC NON-CITY - MODERN LANDMARKS REFLECT THE VALUES OF COMMERCIALISM o OFFICES AND RETAIL TO LIBRARY AND TOWN HALL Bookchin (1995) - WHEN THERE IS PHYSICAL LOSS OF CITYNESS, THERE IS A PARALLEL LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP. - ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP IS DISCOURAGED AND REPLACED BY ROLE OF CONSUMER OR VOTER. - RENAISSANCE LOZANO (1990) - DESIGNING BLDGS IN SCALE W/ TRADITIONAL PATTERN OF A CITY. o FIRST STEP TOWARDS REGAINING URBAN COMMUNITY 21ST CENTURY PROBLEM: DECLINE IN PUBLIC REALM  - WE MAY BE RICHER BUT CITIZENS ARE GETTING POORER - TIBBALDS (1990) URBAN DEVELOPMENT - NEEDS TO BE GUIDED BY PLANNED FRAMEWORK o NEEDS TO BE SPECIFIC TO A LOCALITY  TOPOGRAPHY KEEPING BLDGS AT VALLEY BOTTOMS  NATURAL FEATURES - REFLECT RULES OF CONSCIOUS AND ORDERED DESIGN MONOTONOUS STREETSCAPE - INCAPABLE OF DEALING W/ TOPOGRAPHY, EXCEPT INTRODUCING ARTIFICIAL LEVELS AND RAMPS TOPOGRAPHY SITTE (1889) - IF TRADITIONAL METHODS WERE TAKEN INTO MODERN PLANNING= CITY PLAN (PARKS, GARDENS, STREETS) ALL DEFINED BY GROUPS OF BLDGS. GIDDINGS (1999) TWO DISTINCT BUILDING TYPOLOGIES: 1. ASSOCIATED WITH PROFESSIONAL DESIGN 2. ASSOCIATED WITH GENERATION OF HUMAN HABITATS BUILDINGS OF PROFESSIONAL DESIGN SHOULD BE RECOGNIZED WITH STYLES OF HIGH CULTURE OR RESERVED. EXAMPLE: DESIGN SOLUTIONS - RULES OF STYLE - INNOVATION (ESSENTIAL INGREDIENT)  - CONTEXT, UTILITY, HARMONY - FOCAL BLDGS SHOULD RELATE TO A PLACE OF ASSEMBLY - ENTRANCE TO EACH FOCAL POINT SHOULD LEAD TO PUBLIC SQUARE o FOCAL BLDG DETERMINES THE DIRECTION OF THE SQUARE o FOCAL BLDG SHOULD HAVE VERTICAL EMPHASIS (CHURCH) AND HORIZONTAL EMPHASIS (CITY HALL) CONTEXTUAL BUILDINGS - SHOULD FORM THE SQUARES AND DEFINE THE STREETS TWO ROLES 1. PROVIDE FRAME FOR FOCAL BLDGS 2. DEFINE AND CONTAIN URBAN SPACES AMORPHOUS AND AMBIGUOUS URBAN SPACE - NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREET AND BUILDINGS CLEAR URBAN SPACE - STREET DEFINED BY BLDGS INTERACTION WITH CITY CENTRE SPACES ENTRANCE TO EACH FOCAL POINT SHOULD LEAD TO PUBLIC SQUARE - IF EACH BLDG DISPLAY DISTINCT ATTRIBUTE OF THE SOCIETY; - EACH SQUARE MARKS THE ARRIVAL AT THAT SYMBOL OF SOCIETY INDIVIDUALLY: EVERY PAIRING OF OD SYMBOLIC BLDG AND SQUARE HAVE DRAMATIC EFFECT ON PSYCHE OF CITIZENS TRADITIONALLY: URBAN SPACES HAVE BEEN FREQUENT THAT THEY WERE CONSIDERED THE RULE, AND SINGLE PUBLIC SQUARES AS THE EXCEPTION DAVIDSON (2000) GIDDINGS (2002) - HUMAN LIFE, ACTIVITY AND CULTURE DEPEND ON THE ENVIRONMENT - LAYOUT OF CITY CAN ENCOURAGE SOCIAL INTERACTION OR SOCIAL CONTROL ETHOS - ENABLES USEFUL PUBLIC SPACE TO THRIVE - STRENGTHENS IDENTITY OF PLACE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS RATHAUS: TOWN HALL - SYMBOL OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL ORDER ATLES-SCHLOSS: OLD CASTLE - SYMBOL OF HISTORY, LONGEVITY AND PAST CONFLICTS; RESULTING LESS DEVELOPED SOCIETY JUSTIZ MINISTRY - SYMBOLIZES LAW AND ORDER STIFTSKIRCH - SPIRITUAL FULFILMENT DEFINES SCHILLER-PLATZ (2ND IN IMPORTAANCE TO MARKT-PLATZ IN SPATIAL HIERARCHYY) THE SQUARE PAYS HOMAGE TO THE GREAT GERMAN POET, INDICATING SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ARTS MARKTHALLE (ALONG DOROTHEENSTRASSE): SYMBOL OF STRADE AND SUSTENANCE PROXIMITY OF CHURCH AND MARKET ILLUSTRATES TWO SIDES OF HUMAN NEED (SPIRITUAL, PHYSICAL) CONCLUSION STRENGTHEN CENTRE OF CITIES - SUPPORT LOCAL PEOPLE; BUSINESSES AND ACTIVITIES, LOCAL CULTURE, FESTIVALS HEALEY (1998) - PLACE DOES NOT MATTER CONTRARY TO NEO-LIBERALS AND ADVOCATES OF GLOBALIZATION HUTCHINSON (2002) MARKET ECONOMY IS THE ONLY FORM OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION THAT CAN PROVIDE FOR A SOCIETY PRIMARY FOCUS OF CITY - PEOPLE - OPERATING AT HUMAN SCALE - SYMBOLISM - SOCIAL INTERACTION - DAILY BUSINESS FOCAL BUILDINGS: REPRESENT SOCIETY AND RE-ESTABLISH THEIR SYMBOLISM URBAN DESIGN- INTRO, HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS, PARAMETERS 1950, CLARENCE STEIN - ARCHITECT AND URBAN PLANNER - URBAN DESIGN AS AN ART OF RELATING STRUCTURES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS TO SERVE CONTEMPORARY LIVING 1980, JONATHAN BARNETT - ARCHITECT AND URBAN PLANNER - URBAN DESIGN AS A PROCESS OF GIVING PHYSICAL DESIGN TO URBAN CONSERVATION, GROWTH AND CHANGE 1990, CHARLES STEGER - ARCHITECT AND URBANIST  - URBAN DESIGN AS A PROFESSION (FALLS BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING) AND; - DEALS WITH THE DESIGN OF A CITY ALONG WITH MASSING AND ORGANIZING BLDG AND IN-BETWEEN SPACES, BUT; - NOT WITH THE DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL BLDGS. FOUR DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF DEFINING URBAN DESIGN: 1. VIEWING IT AS PROCESS 2. LISTING ITS PRODUCTS 3. CONSIDERING ITS ASPECTS 4. EXPLAIN ITS CHARACTERISTICS ARCHITECTURE DESIGN: IN TERMS OF PROCESS: VIEWED AS THE ACTIVITY OF DESIGNING URBAN SPACES IN TERMS OF PRODUCT: LISTED AS A TYPE OF PROJECT, DEALT BY URBAN DESIGNERS (STREETSCAPE PLAN, NEIGHBORHOOD REVITALIZATION, SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT) IN TERMS OF ASPECT: 3D DESIGN (NON-VISUAL ELEMENTS; NOISE, SMELL, FEELINGS OF DANGER AND SAFETY) IN TERMS OF CHARACTERISTICS: INTERRELATIONSHIP (BETWEEN DIFFERENT BLDGS, BLDGS, AND PUBLIC SPACES) ARCHITECTURE DESIGN DEALS WITH: - SINGLE OR COUPLE OF BLDGS. - DISTRIBUTION OF REQUIRED SPACES - INTERNAL CIRCULATIONS - FUNCTIONS - AESTHETICS URBAN DESIGN DEALS WITH - NEIGHBORHOOD/ CITY - NUMBER OF VARIABLES RELATED TO SPATIAL/ PHYSICAL/ ENVIRONMENTAL/ ECOLOGICAL - ECONOMICAL - SOCIAL - CULTURAL ASPECTS URBAN PLANNING DEALS WITH: - ENTIRE CITY/ BEYOND - FORMULATING PUBLIC POLICIES - ALLOCATING LAND FOR COMPATIBLE USES AN ARCHITECT RELATED THE BLDG HE IS DESIGNING TO ITS SURROUNDING, BUT HE HAS NO CONTROL WHAT HAPPENS OUTSIDE THE PROPERTY. BASIC ACTIVITIES OF URBAN DESIGN: - FORMULATION OF GUIDELINES/ REGULATIONS/ LEGISLATIONS - PREPARATION OF DESIGN - STRUCTURES/ MANAGEMENT OF PLACES HISTORY FROM MIDDLE OF 20TH CENTURY, THE PROFESSIONAL USE OF THE TERM URBAN DESIGN STARTED URBAN DESIGN ANCIENT UNTIL COLONIAL PERIOD DURING CHINESE, INDIAN, EGYPTIAN, AND MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION - EXAMPLES OF CAREFULLY PLANNED CITIES EXISTED CLASSICAL PERIOD - IN EUROPE, IT STARTED WITH GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATIONS o EUROPEAN CITIES OF MEDIEVAL PERIODS REGARDED AS UNDESIGNED OF ORGANIC CITY DEVELOPMENT (EXAMPLES OF CONSCIOUS URBAN DESIGN APPLICATION) RENAISSANCE PERIOD - REVIVAL OF URBAN DESIGN IN EUROPE BAROQUE PERIOD - DESIGN APPROACHES DEVELOPED IN THE FRENCH GARDENS (VERSAILLES) BEFORE 18TH CENTURY - URBAN DESIGN BASED DEVELOPMENTS WERE UNDERTAKEN BY PEOPLE WITH DIVERSE SKILLS o ARCHITECTURE, GARDENING, SCULPTURE, ASTRONOMY, SURVEYING, MILITARY ENGINEERS 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY - CLOSELY LINKED TO ARCHITECTS AND SURVEYORS LATE 19TH CENTURY - NEW PROFESSION: LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE URBAN DESIGN HAS DEVELOPED AS A RESPONSE, TO COME TO GRIPS, WITH THE REALITIES OF HUMAN LIFE, AND WITH THEIR PREOCEDURAL DIADRAM. WORKS SUCH AS SITTE’S CITY PLANNING ACCORDING TO ARTISTIC PRINCIPLES (1889) AND ROBINSON’S THE IMPROVEMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS (1901) ADDRESSED THIS CONCERN. 1956 - URBAN DESIGN WAS FIRST USED AS A DISTINCTIVE TERM WHEN HARVARD UNIVERSITY HOSTED AN URBAN DESIGN CONFERENCE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE SCHOOLS OF ARCHITECTURE - IT WAS LED DUE TO INTEREST IN URBAN DESIGN AS AN INTELLECTUAL AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY, DISTINCT FROM ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING - THIS IS IN USA 1959 – 1960 - ANOTHER CONFERENCE ABOUT URBAN DESIGN - HELD IN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA (1959) - PROVIDED A PLATFORM FOR THE LAUNCHING OF HARVARD’S URBAN DESIGN PROGRAM - WRITINGS OF JANE JACOBS, KEVIN LYNCH, AND GORDON CULLEN BECAME AUTHORATIVE WORKS OF URBAN DESIGN o OTHER WORKS: PAUL D. SPREIREGEN, ALDO ROSSI, EDMUND BACON, ROBERT VENTURI, JONATHAN BARNETT, CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER, COLIN RAWE, ROB KRIER, IAN BENTLY, PETER CALTHORPE, JON LANG, PETER HALL BASIC OBJECTIVES OF URBAN DESIGN: - CREATE COMFORT - CREATE SENSE OF IDENTITY/PLACE - TO MAKE CITY LEGIBLE - TO MAKE CITY BALANCED DIVERSITY - TO MAKE CITY MEANINGFUL/ SYMBOLIC - TO MAKE CITY EDUCATIVE/ EXPLORATORY BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN: - GUIDE URBAN DEV. NOT RESTRICT - RATIONAL WITH EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES - AMENABLE TO EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION  - CAPABLE OF RESPONDING TO CRISIS, WITHIN INTERVENTION AREA - ABLE TO COVER DIFFERENT SCALES OF GEOGRAPHIC AREA AND DIFFERENT SCALES OF TIME - ALWAYS MAINTAIN HUMAN SCALE - ABLE TO ANTICIPATE ITS IMPACT THRU A LONG PERIOD OF TIME - RESPECT ASPIRATIONS OF USERS, ESPECIALLY SPATIAL NEEDS - AIM TO EDUCATE AND CONSCIENCETISE USERS - PARTICIPATORY - MAKE PROVISIONS FOR FEEDBACK - FLEXIBLE FOR RE-EVALUATIONS PARAMETERS SPATIAL/ PHYSICAL ASPECT - MOST IMPORTANT OR ALL VARIABLES CONSIDERED FOR URBAN DEISGN TWO CATEGORIES OF PARAMETERS/ ELEMENTS 1. COLLECTIVELY CONSTRUCT THE IMAGE OF CITY OR ITS PARTS 2. CONSTITUTE TOGETHER THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CITY OR ITS PARTS KEVIN LYNCH - CONDUCTED A STUDY TO FIND WHAT PEOPLE MENTALLY EXTRACT FROM PHYSICAL REALITY OF A CITY, AND FOUND OUT; o THERE ARE 5 BASIC PARAMETERS/ ELEMENTS FIVE BASIC PARAMETERS / ELEMENTS PEOPLE USE TO CONSTRUCT THEIR MENTAL IMAGE OF A CITY: (ACCORDING TO KEVIN LYNCH) o DISTRICTS o EDGES o PATHWAYS o NODES o LANDMARKS - DISTRICTS CITY IS COMPOSED OF COMPONENT NEIGHBORHOODS CALLED DISTRICT. CONSISTS OF CENTERS, UPTOWNS, SUBURBS, ETC. DISTINCT IN FORM AND EXTENT, MIXED IN CHARACTER. - EDGES WHERE DISTRICTS OF A CITY TERMINATE IN.  MOST DISTRICTS HAVE DEFINED EDGES, BUT SOME MAY NOT HAVE THE SAME TAPER-OFF AND BLEND INTO ANOTHER. SEAM: FORMED WHEN TWO DISTRICTS ARE JOINT AT AN EDGE - PATHWAYS A CITY HAS A NETWORK OF MAJOR PATHWAYS. A DISTRICT HAS A NETWORK OF MINOR PATHWAYS. ROUTES OF CIRCULATION PEOPLE USE TO MOVE ABOUT. - NODES IT IS THE CENTER OF ACTIVITIES OF A CITY. DISTINGUISHED BY THE VIRTUE OF THEIR ACTIVE FUNCTIONS. - LANDMARKS THE PROMINENT VISUAL FEATURE OF A CITY. HELP PEOPLE ORIENT THEMSELVES IN THE CITY TO IDENTIFY AN AREA. SOME ARE VERU LARGE AND SEEN AT GREAT DISTANCE, WHILE SOME ARE SMALL AND CAN ONLY BE SEEN CLOSE. GORDON CULLEN - DEVELOPED ANOTHER CONCEPT OF MENTAL IMAGE OF A CITY THRU OBSERVATION OF URBAN PLACES AND PARAMETERS / ELEMENTS - HE FOUND 3 MORE PARAMETERS / ELEMENTS TO CONSTRUCT MENTAL IMAGE OF A CITY: THREE MORE PARAMETERS / ELEMENTS PEOPLE USE TO CONSTRUCT THEIR MENTAL IMAGE OF A CITY: (ACCORDING TO GORDON CULLEN) - SERIAL VISION - PLACE - CONTENT THESE PARAMETERS ARE THE SKELETAL PARAMETERS / ELEMENTS OF A CITY OR ITS PARTS PAUL D. SPREIREGEN  - IDENTIFIED 16 OTHER PARAMETERS / ELEMENTS THAT CONSTITUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CITY OR ITS PARTS; SIXTEEN MORE PARAMETERS / ELEMENTS PEOPLE USE TO CONSTRUCT THEIR MENTAL IMAGE OF A CITY: (ACCORDING TO PAUL D. SPREIREGEN) - LANDFORM AND NATURE - LOCAL CLIMATE - SIZE - SHAPE - PATTERN - DENSITY - GRAIN AND TEXTURE - DISTRICT - ROUTES - ACTIVITIES - SPACES - FORMS - VISTA AND SKYLINE - ORIENTATION - DETAILS - NON-PHYSICAL ASPECT LANDFORM AND NATURE: FORMS AND FEATURES: FOREMOST DETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CITY NATURE: REPRESENTED BY LANDSCAPE OF A CITY (DETERMINING ITS VISUAL FRAMEWORK) LOCAL CLIMATE: - RESPONSIBLE FOR BASIC CHARACTERS AND APPEARANCES OF BUILDINGS AND LANDSCAPE. - CAN BE EITHER QUANTITATIVE o SUNLIGHT, WIND SPEED, TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY - QUALITATIVE o ORIENTATION o FORMS o FAÇADE o COLORS SIZE, SHAPE, PATTERN, DENSITY, GRAIN, TEXTURE: - CITY / TOWN IS THOUGHT OF IN TERMS OF SIZE o SIZE: PHYSICAL EXTENT AND POPULATION - SIZE IS CLOSELY LINKED TO SHAPE o SHAPE: PHYSICAL OUTLINE IN HORIZONTAL PLAN FORM AND IN VERTICAL PROFILE - SIZE AND SHAPE: QUALIFIED BY PATTERN o PATTERN: GEOMETRY OF FORM AND PROFILE - SIZE, SHAPE, AND PATTERN ARE MODIFIED BY DENSITY o DENSITY: THE INTENSITY OF USE OF LAND BY PEOPLE AND BLDGS - DENSITY IS DETERMINED BY URBAN TEXTURE AND GRAIN o URBAN TEXTURE AND GRAIN: DEGREE OF HOMOGENEITY OR  HETEROGENEITY OF USE BY PEOPLE AND BLDGS DISTRICT: - SERIES OF PARTS IN THE CITY - ALSO REFERRED TO AS; ENCLAVES, SECTORS, QUARTERS, PRECINCTS, AREAS. - DISTINGUISHABLE BY FEATURES (SIZE, SHAPE, PATTERN OF ROUTES, ACTIVITIES, PHYSICAL FORM) ROUTES: - CORRIDORS OF MOVEMENTS IN THE CITY - HAVE EFFECT ON THE CITY - THE PRINCIPAL DETERMINANT OF ACTIVITIES AND FORMS - THEY ARE STUDIED IN TERMS OF; o TYPOLOGY, HIERARCHY, VOLUME, DIRECTION ACTIVITIES: - DIFFERENT AREAS HAVE DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS CALLED ACTIVITIES - IDENTIFIED BY THEIR DOMINANT PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES - THESE ARE STUDIED IN TERMS OF; o LANDUSE, LOCATION, PATTERN, MAGNETS, GENERATORS SPACES: - ARE 2 GENERIC TYPES: o FORMAL  o URBAN SPACE - DEFINED BY BLDG FACADES AND FLOORS AND NATURAL / OPEN SPACES - REPRESENT NATURE AROUND THE CITY - STUDIED IN TERMS OF o TYPOLOGY, HIERARCHY, FLOOR AREAS, USAGE OF PATTERNS FORMS: - ARE 2 DISTINCT TYPES o BUILT FORMS  DEFINED BY BUILDING MASSES o URBAN FORMS  REPRESENT AGGLOMERATION OF COLLECTIVE BUILDING MASSES. - STUDIED IN TERMS OF o HEIGHT, COLUMN, ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES, SKYLINE VISTA AND SKYLINE: - IMPORTANT IN CHARACTERIZING THE CITY AND ENRICHING VISUAL EXPERIENCE. - A REPRESENTATION OF ITS PHYSICAL FORM. - ACTS AS COLLECTIVE VISTA. ORIENTATIONS - ESSENTIAL TO OUR UNDERSTANDING, FAMILIARITY AND WELL-BEING. - IMPARTS A SENSE OF WHERE WE ARE AND WHERE THINGS ARE IN RELATION. DETAILS: - IN A CITY OR ITS PARTS, THIS EXISTS - IT REFLECTS AGE, PURPOSE, UPKEEP / DECAY NON-PHYSICAL ASPECTS: - INDIRECTLY CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS IMPROVING ITS APPEARANCE AND URBAN QUALITY PROCESS PROCESS OF URBAN DESIGN IS DIVIDED INTO 5 BASIC PHASES 1. SURVEY 2. ANALYSIS 3. SYNTHESIS 4. EVALUATION 5. IMPLEMENTATION SURVEY - RELEVANT DATA AND INFO ABOUT URBAN DESIGN PARAMETERS / ELEMENTS ARE COLLECTED - 2 TYPES OF SURVEY o PHYSICAL  QUANTITATIVE DATA, FROM ONSITE STUDIES FROM: INFO PROVIDED BY CITY ADMINISTRATION / CIVIC AUTHORITIES / URBAN PLANNING o VISUAL  QUALITATIVE DATA, FROM ONSITE STUDIES RELATED TO IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CITY AND ITS PARTS ANALYSIS: - ALL DATA AND INFO ABOUT PARAMETERS / ELEMENTS IS COLLECTED THRU SURVEY - THESE DATA AND INFO ARE CRITICALLY DIAGNOSE TO EXAMINE CONDITIONS, TO; o ESTABLISH INTERRELATIONSHIPS o IDENTIFY ASSETS AND LIABILITIES SYNTHESIS - DATA AND INFO SURVEYED AND ANALYZED ARE AMALGAMATED AND TRANSLATED INTO PROPOSALS FOR ACTION - # OF ALTERNATIVE PROPOSALS ARE DEVELOPED EVALUATION - THE ALTERNATIVE PROPOSALS ARE EXAMINED IN TERMS OF; o EFFICIENCY AS SOLUTION o ABILITY FOR IMPLEMENTATION  - PARTICIPATION OF STAKEHOLDERS, RESPONSIBLE FOR URBAN GOVERNANCE, AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT IS NECESSARY IMPLEMENTATION - STRATEGY IS DEVISED, TO FINANCE AND CONSTRUCT DESIRED PROPOSAL - DETAILED PHASING, NECESSARY URBAN DEVELOPMENT TOOLS, ARE NEEDED - CONCLUSION TRADITIONALLY: URBAN DESIGN IS REGARDED AS SUBSIDIARY DISCIPLINE OR ARCHT’L, LANDSCAPE DESIGN, AND URBAN PLANNING. - LANDSCAPE URBANISM - URBAN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES CONTEMPORARILY: CONSIDERED AS A DESIGN PRACTICE, AND A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF SOME DISCIPLINES SUCH AS; o ECOLOGY o ECONOMICS o SOCIOLOGY PRESENT DAY: ROLE OF URBAN DESIGNER CAN BE SUMMARIZED INTO 4 DISTINCT VIEWS FOUR (4) ROLES OF URBAN DESIGNER: 1. THE ARCHITECTURAL VIEW- IMAGE MAKER, FORMAL ARTIST 2. THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL VIEW- ECOLOGIST 3. THE CITY PLANNING VIEW- SOCIAL FORCE 4. THE CIVIL ENGINEERING VIEW- INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGNER (LANG J. 1994) FUTURE: THESE VIEWS NEED TO BE PULLED TOGETHER TO MAKE UD ESTABLISH ITSELF, AS A SUCCESSFUL DESIGN FORCE, AND A CONSCIOUS SOCIAL FORCE, ENRICHING THE QUALITY OF ALL HUMAN BEINGS NOTES: COMMUNITY - CAN BE A GROUP OF PEOPLE LIVING IN THE SAME - HAVE THE AME CHARACTERISTICS/ INTEREST - UNIFIED BODY WHERE YOU SHARE COMMON - FORMAL ORGANIZATION - POPULATION WHERE GEOGRAPHICALLY FOCUSED ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY: 1. LOCALITY 2. INTERDEPENDENT SOCIAL GROUP 3. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 4. CULTURE (MIXTURE OF VALUES, NORMS, ETC.) 5. ORGANIZATIONAL/ INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT 6. POLICY CONTEXT COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE - RESULT OF SEVERAL PARTICIPATION OF PPL WITHIN COMMUNITY - SOCIAL NORMS COMMONALITY IN COMMUNITY - RELIGION - CUSTOMS AND CULTURE o SHARE THE SAME BELIEF IN CULTURE - SOCIAL IDENTITY o FORMED FROM AN INDIVIDUAL o HOW WE PERCEIVE OURSELVES - SOCIAL VALUES o SET OF MORAL PRINCIPLES GOAL OF COMMUNITY PLANNING - SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 5 C’S IN COMMUNITY PLANNING 1. COMPLETE o NEEDS OF AN INDIVIDUAL 2. COMPACT o IF IT WILL COVER 9-18 CITY BLOCKS 3. CONNECTED o GREAT NEIGHBOR SHOULD BE WALKABLE, BIKEABLE, PEDESTRIAN FRIENDLY, ETC.  4. COMPLEX o EX. PLAZAS, RECREATIONAL PARKS, WTC. o ROAD NETWORKS 5. CONVIVIAL o LIVABILITY AND SOCIAL ASPECTS o HOW FRIENDLY, LIVELY, ENJOYABLE THE COMMUNITY IS LOZANO (1990)- MOST CIVILISED EXPRESSION OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR MUMFORD (1966)- MOST ADVANCED WORK OF ART OF HUMAN CIVILISATION URBAN DESIGN (LYNCH) - DISTRICTS - EDGES PATHWAYS NODES - LANDMARKS (GORDON CULLEN) - SERIAL VISION - PLACE - CONTENT MICRO: INTRO TO URBAN DESIGN MACRO: URBAN PLANNING URBAN DESIGN: FOCUS ON GROUP OF BUILDING, SPACES BETWEEN - AESTHETICS - LANDSCAPE - DESIGNING FOR THE USER - PUBLIC SPACE SHOULD ACCOMMODATE EVERYONE - INCLUDE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (DISPOSAL, SEWAGE AND DRAINAGE, THERMAL COMFORT) DEALS W/ BUILT ENVIRONMENT - PARTICIPATORY PLANNING - SATISFY USER NEEDS ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST: WORKING WITH SEVERAL TEAMS KEVIN LYNCH- URBAN PLANNER IMAGE OF A CITY 5 ELEMENTS: 1. PATHS 2. EDGES 3. DISTRICTS 4. NODES 5. LANDMARKS JANE JACOBS SPACES SHOULD BE EMPHASIZED BY; a. COMMUNITY b. MIX USE DEVELOPMENT c. VIBRANT STREET LIFE (PEOPLE) ICE ON THE STREET d. ACTIVE NEIGHBORHOOD e. CREATES CONNECTION OF PEOPLE GORDON CULLEN BRITISH URBAN PLANNER TOWNSCAPE f. CAN AFFECT HUMAN EXPERIENCE 6TH SENSE - CONSIDER - CREATING PLEASANT, ENGAGING STREET SCAPE CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER - EMPHASIZES COMPETITION DESIGN PATTERN - FUNCTION AND AESTHETIC - REUSABLE SOLUTION TO COMMON PROBLEM - HUMAN-CENTERED HASSAN FATHY - LOCAL MATERIALS - TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS - VERNACULAR INTO MODERN - DESIGN BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENT URBAN DESIGN TOOL - SUCCESSFUL SOCIALLY AND ECONOMICALLY URBAN DESIGN GOALS, PROCESSES OR SURVEYS FRAMEWORK DEFINING URBAN DESIGN GROUPED UNDER SIX MAIN HEADINGS ACCORDING TO “THE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN DESIGN (IUD)’S CRITERIA: 1. HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND URBAN CONSERVATION (TRUST OF URBAN DESIGN TO PRESERVE 2. DESIGN FOR PEDESTRIANS 3. VITALITY AND VARIETY OF USE 4. CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT 5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT (GOALS, EFFECTS, PROS AND CONS) 6. ARCHITECTURAL VALUES GOALS AND PRINCIPLES - QUALITY OF URBAN DESIGN o PRODUCTIVE (ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY, AFFORDABLE) o LIVEABLE (HEALTHY, COHESIVE, AND INCLUSIVE) o SUSTAINABLE (FOSTERS ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY) FOUR BASIC PHASES OF URBAN DESIGN: 1. ANALYSIS (ANALYZE PROBLEMS-GOALS-OBJECTIVES a. GATHERING BASIC INFORMATION (PHYSICAL PROPERTIES) b. VISUAL SURVEY (DONE IN ACTUAL) c. IDENTIFY HARD AND SOFT AREAS d. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS 2. SYNTHESIS - THE DATA COLLECTED AND ANALYSIS PROBLEM ARE NOW TRANSLATED TO DESIGN PROPOSALS - EVOLUTION OF CONCEPTS - DEVELOPMENT OF SCHEMATIC AND PRELIMINARY DESIGNS 3. EVALUATION BASED ON TWO MAIN CRITERIA o HOW WELL YOUR DESIGN PROPOSAL OR SOLUTION FIT THE PROBLEM o HOW READILY THE PROPOSAL BE IMPLEMENTED - CHECK IF YOU GAIN ACCEPTANCE (FROM GOVERNMENT AND LOCALS - ABLE TO MEET FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL DEMANDS 4. IMPLEMENTATION - DEVISING STRATEGIES TWO TOOLS FOR BASING IMPLEMENTATION: 1. LAND-USE CONTROL (ZONING) 2. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE (ALTERING THE VALUE OF THE LAND) LAW OF EMINENT DOMAIN: A POLICY BY THE GOVERNMENT (FOR EXAMPLE, IN ROAD WIDENING AND YOUR LOT IS LOCATED ALONG HIGHWAYS THAT WILL BE AFFECTED IN THE ROAD WIDENING, THE GOVERNMENT CAN TAKE A PART OF YOUR LOT VIA “EMINENT DOMAIN”) DATA COLLECTION-PRELIMINARY STAGE IDENTIFY WHAT AND WHY HOW - CHECKLIST OF TOPICS - SOURCES -BOOKS - INFORMATIONS -DATA ONSITE STUDIES AND SURVEYS (PRIMARY DATA) FRAME METHODOLOGY OF COLLECTING DATA BY PRIMARY MEANS: - PRIMARY DATA (DATA COLLECTED THRU SURVEYS) o VISUAL SURVEYS AND SITE STUDIES o INTERVIEWS URBAN DESIGN SURVEYS 1. VISUAL 2. TOPOLOGICAL (PHYSICAL, CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDINGS) 3. MORPHOLOGICAL (HOW BUILDINGS RELATE TO EACH OTHER; PATTERNS, CONNECTIONS) - IDENTIFY KEY THINGS THAT MAKE UP THE QUALITIES OF URBAN AREA. - SETS OUT THINGS THAT WILL IMPROVE QUALITY OF AREAS. - USED TO STUDY PRESENT AND PAST HISTORICAL PATTERNS. a. FORM (STREETS) b. RESOLUTION c. TIME OTHER WAYS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: 1. FIGURE-GROUND MAPPING 2. TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 3. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS ANALYSIS 4. WALK THROUGH – LEGIBILITY ANALYSIS - ACTIVITY  - PHYSICAL SETTING - MEANING 5. PED SHED ANALYSIS (ROOFING) - DEMONSTRATE THE WALKABILITY OF AN AREA (IN RELATION TO ‘FIVE- MINUTE’ RULE) - 500M RADIUS 6. HISTORIC - HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT - DETAILED ARCHEOLOGICAL - SCIENTIFIC ECOLOGICAL INTEREST METHODS OF MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: COLLECT MAPS, PHOTOGRAPHS, DRAWINGS. DEVELOP MODELS FOR HISTORICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AREA AND GUIDE DECISIONS ON PLANNING, PRESERVATION, AND DEVELOPMENT. 7. BEHAVIORAL (INTERACTIONS) - HAPPENS THRU OBSERVATIONS OF PEOPLE, MOVEMENT, INTERACTION - HOW BUILT ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF PEOPLE. 8. ACTIVITY - BASED ON PHYSICAL AND ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF PEOPLE o DENSITY, HUMAN SCALE, MIXED USE, PERMEABILITY, CONNECTIVITY, LEGIBILITY, ENCLOSURE, LANDMARKS, COMPLEXITY, AESTHETIC QUALITIES, GREEN AND WATER SPACE. CONDUCTING URBAN DESIGN SURVEYS A. CITY AS A WHOLE 1. SHAPE OF CITY 2. SITE 3. ACCESS B. CITY AS PARTS C. MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS OF EACH AREA 1. TOPOGRAPHY 2. MICROCLIMATE 3. SHAPE 4. SIZE 5. URBAN TISSUE, FABRIC STUDIES, APTTERN, TEXTURE 6. CIRCULATION AND NETWROKING 7. PATHWAYS 8. OPENSPACES 9. VIEWS AND VISTAS 10. MAGNET, GENERATORS OR LINKS 11. SPECIAL ACTIVITY CENTRES 12. HUBS OF EXPERIENCE  13. PEDESTRIAN 14. SIGNAGES 15. CONFLICT 16. HISTORIC DISTRICTS (IMPORTANT) 17. ETHNIC GROUPS 18. URBAN BLIGHTED AREAS 19. ENTRIES 20. NON-PHYSICAL ASPECTS (FESTIVALS, ELEMENTS) 21. INFRASTRUCTURE ASPECTS (ROAD, CIRCULATION, UTILITIES) o URBAN MORPHOLOGY o BUIL.T AND UNBUILT o TRANSPORTATION o INFRASTRUCTURE o ACTIVITY HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS NATURAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF URBAN AREAS: - CALAMITIES (FIRE, FLOOD) - FERTILE SOIL, BODIES OF WATER, AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES - SLOPE AND TERRAIN AND OTHER NATURAL DEFENSES - CLIMATE ANCIENT TIMES - INNOVATIONS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF EARLIEST CITIES o PLOW AND RECTILINEAR FARMING. o CIRCULAR AND RADIOCENTRIC PLANNING (FOR HERDING/ DEFENSE) 7000-9000 B.C, - NEOLITHIC CITIES o JERICHO: EARLY SETTLEMENT IN ISRAEL (9000 B.C.) o WELL ORGANIZED COMMUNITY OF 3000 PEOPLE o 3 HECTARES AND ENCLOSED WITH CIRCULAR STONE WALL o OVERRUN IN 6500 B.C. RECTANGULAR LAYOUTS FOLLOWED - KHIRIKITIA: EARLY SETTLEMENT IN CYPRUS (5500 B.C.) o FIRST DOCUMENTED SETTLEMENT WITH STREETS o MAIN STREET HEADING UPHILL o NARROW BUT WIDER TERMINAL  - CATALHOYUK: EARLY SETTLEMENT IN TURKEY (ASIA MINOR) o CIRCA 7000 B.C. o LARGEST NEOLITHIC CITY (13 HECTARES; 10,000 PEOPLE) o INTRICATELY ASSEMBLED COMPLEX WITHOUT STREETS o INCLUDE SHRINES AND QUARTERS FOR CRAFTS, PRODUCTION, ETC. 2000-4000 B.C. CITIES IN THE FERTILE CRESCENT WERE FORMED BY THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVER VALLEYS OF MESOPOTAMIA. - MESOPOTAMIA: EARLIEST FORM OF SETTLEMENT - ERIDU: ACKNOWLEDGED AS THE OLDEST CITY - DAMASCUS: OLDEST CONTINUALLY INHABITED CITY - BABYLON: LARGEST CITY WITH 80,000 INHABITANTS 3000 B.C. CITIES OF THEBES AND MEMPHIS ALONG NILE VALLEY - EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION WAS DEVELOPED - MONUMAL ARCHITECTURE (MONUMENTAL AVENUES, COLOSSAL TEMPLE PLAZAS AND TOMBS) - NO NEED FOR DEFENSIVE WALLS (NO ZONING) - EVIDENCE IN CONTROLLED PLANNING TEL-EL-AMARNA - A TYPICAL EGYPTIAN CITY W/: 1. CENTRAL AREA 2. NORTH SUBURB  3. SOUTH CITY 4. CUSTOM’S HOUSE 5. WORKER’S VILLAGE 2500 B.C. INDUS VALLEY (PRESENT-DAY PAKISTAN) CITIES OF MOHENJO – DARO AND HARRAPA: - ADMINISTRATIVE-RELIGIOUS CENTERS W/ 40,000 INHABITANTS - ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE INDICATES ADVANCED CIVILIZATION (SANITARY AND SEWAGE) 1900 B.C. YELLOW RIVER VALEY OF CHINA - “LAND WITHIN THE PASSES” -PRECURSOR OF LINEAR CITY ANYANG: LARGEST CITY OF YELLOW RIVER VALEY 800 B.C. BEIJING FOUNDED (MING DYNASTY- 1300-1600) B.C. TO A.D. ELABORATE NETWORK OF CITIES IN MESOAMERICA WERE BUILT BY THE ZAPOTECS, MEXTECS, AND AZTECS IN ROUGH RUGGED LAND. - TEOTIJUACAN AND DZIBICHATUN: LARGEST CITIES - TEOTIJUACAN: PRESENT DAY MEXICO 700 B.C. G REEK CLASSICAL CITIES GREEK CITIES SPREAD THRU AEGEAN REGION TOWARDS WESTWARD TO FRANCE AND SPAIN - “POLIS” DEFINED AS “CITY-STATE” o ACROPOLIS  MOST FAMOUS  A RELIGIOUS AND DEFENSIVE STRUCTURE ON THE HILS W/ NO GEOMETRIC PLAN (TO PREVENT ENCROACHMENT OF PUBLIC SPACES IN GREEK STRUCTURES) o NEW CITIES: NEOPOLIS o OLD CITIES: PALEOPOLIS - SPARTA AND ATHENS: LARGEST CITIES (100-150 T) 400 B.C. - HIPPODAMUS: FIRST NOTED URBAN PLANNER (IN GREECE) o INTRODUCED GRID SYSTEM AND; o AGORA (PUBLIC MARKETPLACE) o THEORIZED THE NEED OF RECTANGULAR STREET SYSTEM. HENCE; THE GRIDIRON PATTERN OR GRID SYSTEM - MILETUS ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES - ADAPT GREEK FORMS BUT DIFFERENT SCALE- MONUMENTAL, HAD SOCIAL HIERARCHY o ROMAN FORUMS - ROMANS AS ENGINEERS o BUILT AQUEDUCTS, PUBLIC BATHS, UTILITY SYSTEMS, FOUNTAINS, ETC. o CONSIDERED AS CONQUERORS (BUILT FORUM AFTER FORUM) DEVELOPED HOUSING VARIATIONS AND OTHERS: - BASILICA: COVERED MARKEYS; LATER ON: LAW COURTS - CURIA: LOCAL MEETING HALL; LATER: CAPITOL - DOMUS: TRADITIONAL ROMAN HOUSE W/ CENTRAL ATRIUM - INSULAE: 3-6 STOREY APARTMENTS W/ STOREFRONTS ROMANS INCORPORATED PUBLIC WORKS AND ARTSINTO DESIN. HENCE, ROMANS WERE KNOWN AS THE FIRST REGIONAL PLANNERS. MEDIEVAL AGES - DECLINE OF ROMAN POWER - LEFT MANY OUTPOSTS ALL OVER EUROPE WHERE GROWTH REVOLVED - FEUDALISM AFFECTED URBAN DESIGN - SIENNA AND CONSTANTINOPLE: SIGNIFIED THE RISE OF CHURCH - 11TH CENTURY TOWNS IN EUROPE: AKA. COASTAL PORT TOWNS - MERCANTILIST CITIES: CONTINUOUS INCREASE IN SIZE - WORLD TRADE AND TRAVEL CREATED POPULATION CONCENTRATION (PARIS, FLORENCE, VENICE) RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE 15TH CENTURY 1. DISCOVERY OF GUNPOWDER o MOST IMPORTANT EVENT 2. RENAISSANCE REBIRTH o VERY POPULAR (IN ITALY) 15TH CENTURY FRANCE: DISPLAY OF POWER - ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE BECAME MAJOR ELEMENT OF TOWN PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN - GEOMETRICAL FORMS OF CITIES CONCEPTS THAT EMERGED DURING RENAISSANCE PERIOD 1. AXIS STYLE OF DESIGN - VIENNA EMERGED AS THE CITY OF CULTURE AND ARTS o FIRST “UNIVERSITY TOWN” SETTLEMENTS IN AMERICAS 1. MEDIEVAL ORGANIC CITY a. TAKEN AFTER THE “BOURG” (MILITARY TOWN) AND; b. “FAUBOURG” (CITIZEN’S TOWN) c. NO REGULAR STREET FORM 2. MEDIEVAL BASTIDE a. TAKEN AFTER THE FRENCH BASTIDE (EVENTUALLY REFERRED TO AQS “NEW TOWNS”) b. CAME IN THE FORM OF GRIDS OR RADIAL PLANS, REFLECTING FLEXIBILITY c. NEW TOWNS PLACED IN PREVIOUSLY UNSETTLED AREAS d. FEATURES: ON RIVER VALLEYS, BUILT RADIAL FORM 3. THE SPANISH “LAWS OF THE INDIES” TOWN a. KING PHILIP II’S CITY GUIDELINES PRODUCED 3 TYPES OF TOWNS i. PUEBLO CITY (CIVIL) ii. PRESIDIO (MILITARY) iii. MISSION (RELIGIOUS) 4. ENGLISH RENAISSANCE a. “THE EUROPEAN PLANNED CITY” (EX. SAVANNAH) BY JAMES OGLETHORPE; CAHLESTON, ANNAPOLIS AND WILLIAMSBURG (FRANCIS NICHOLSON) i. TODAY, THE SAVANNAH: WORLD’S LARGEST OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED HISTORICAL DISTRICT ii. ANNAPOLIS: FOCAL POINTS ARE GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS W/ CIVIC SQUARE iii. WILLIAMSBURG: PLAN WAS ANCHORED BY THE GOVERNOR’S PALACE, STATE CAPITOL, AND COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY 5. SPECULATORS TOWN a. DEVELOPMENTS WERE SPECULATED, WITH EMPHASIS ON EQUALITY b. PHILADELPHIA: BY WILLIAM PENN  i. AMERICA’S SPECULATOR TOWN c. BUILT BETWEEN DELAWARE AND SCOOL KILL INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FAMOUS FOR THE INVENTION OF STEAM ENGINE - MACHINE AGE”- FROM MANPOWER TO ASSEMBLY LINES - 2 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT: o “REFORM MOVEMENTS”  EMPHASIS OF BLDG FROM SCRATCH TO IMPROVE HUMAN WORKERS' CONDITION ROBERT OWENS (NEW LANARK MILLS, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND) o SPEARHEADED “REFORM MOVEMENTS; PROPOSED AN IDEAL CITY (800-1200 PEOPLE AND OCCUPYING 600-1800 ACRES OF LAND)  ROBERT OWEN’S VILLAGE: SELF- SUFFICIENT CITY COMPLETE WITH AGRICULTURAL AMENITIES, ETC. OWEN’S SON BUILT AN INDUSTRIAL VILLAGE IN INDIANA, AKA. “THE NEW HARMONY” o “THE OWENITE COMMUNITIES” (NEW HARMONY, INDIANA, USA); BY OWENS JR BROOK FARM, BY A GROUP OF NEW ENGLAND PLANNERS o ICARUS (RED RIVER, TEXAS) BY CABET o SPECIALISTS  BELIEVES THAT PROBLEMS OF CITIES ARE TACKLED 1 PROBLEM AT A TIME - TONY GARNIER o FAMOUS FOR: UNE CITE INDUSTRIELLE  INDUSTRIAL TOWN  W/ IMAGINARY SITE  W/ HIGH PLATEAU WITH LEVELED VALLEY ALONGSIDE RIVER  PLATUE FOR RESIDENTIAL  VALLEY FOR FACTORIES  IDEAS AND THEORIES ADOPTED BY DUTCH ARCHITECT JJP OUD IN THE DESIGN OF ROTTERDAM NOTE: INDUSTRIAL CITIES PROVIDED SEVERAL IMPACTS - INCREASE IN CONGESTION - NO SAFETY HAZARDS - AIR AND WATER POLLUTION - NEW STREETS, LANES, ETC - JOURNEY TO WORK (WORK IS CENTRALIZED IN FACTORIES) lopit  PHYSICAL PLANNING - A SET OF ACTIONS AIMED AT IMPROVING THE PLACE’S AND DWELLER’S PHYSICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELFARE - ENTAILS THE ORGANIZATION OF LAND USES SO PEOPLE ENJOY HIGHEST ACHIEVABLE DEGREE OF EFFICIENCY IN RESOURCE UTILIZATION, FUNCTIONALITY OF PLACES, AND AESTHETIC QUALITY OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL PLANNING: - ENHANCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - PLAN CITIES AND TOWNS - FACILITATE PROVISIONS (OF INFRASTRUCTURE, UTILITIES, AND SERVICES) - CREATE ORDER (WHERE THERE IS NO CHAOS) CREATION OF BEAUTY REDUCE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS CREATE CONDUCIVE ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION OF AESTHETICS FUNCTIONS OF PHYSICAL PLANNING: - INITIATE, FORMULATE, AND REVIEW THE NATIONAL LAND USE POLICY (NLUP) - NATIONAL REGIONAL PLANNING (IN CAR) - STANDARD SETTING - TECHNICAL SUPPORT TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES - TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT TO TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING - REVIEW OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK - INSPECT AND MONITOR ALL LAND BASE DEVELOPMENT IN COUNTRY TO ENSURE THEY CONFORM TO APPROVE PLANNING SCHEMES, LAWS, AND REGULATION - TO MONITOR THE MANNER OF UTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAND BY VARIOUS MINISTRY AND ORG. TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE W/ NATIONAL POLICIES, STANDARDS, PLANS - TO LIASE W/ LOCAL & INT’L ORG. (INCLUDING NGO) PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL PLANNING: - SUSTAINABILITY o PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN DEVL’PMT o PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN OPERATIONS o ENCOURAGE BROAD-BASED SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES - LAND-USE PATTERNS o RESPECT NATURAL ENVIRONMENT & PRESERVE OPEN SPACES o INTEGRATE NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT - NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES o CONTINUITY OF WILDLIFE o DESIGN EXTERIOR LANDSCAPING TO BE COMPATIBLE W/ SURROUNDING NATIVE PLANT o MAINTAIN NATURAL SURFACE DRAINAGE FLOW o PROTECT HISTORIC & PRE-HISTORIC CULTURAL RESOURCES - ACCESS AND TRANSPORTATION o EASE OF ACCESS o PARKING - LIFESTYLE o ENRICH EXPERIENCE o OFFER HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES o CREATE ARRAY OF FACILITIES THAT ENRICH QUALITY OF CITY IMPLEMENTATION: LOCAL & GLOBAL - INT’L GUIDELINES ON URBAN AND TERRITORIAL PLANNING - NAT’L FRAMEWORK FOR PHYSICAL PLANNING 2001-2023 VISION AND PRINCIPLES - SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY - UTILIZE COUNTRY’S LAND & WATER RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY AND ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY - OBSERVANCE OF APPROPRIATE STANDARDS, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, AND BALANCING RATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT  - COMPLEMENTING GROWTH OF RURAL AREAS BY URBAN DEV. APPROACH SPATIAL INTEGREGATION EQUITABLE ACCESS TO PHYSICAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES - PRIVATE-PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP o SHARED RESPONSIBILITY BETWEEN GOVERNMENT & PRIV. SECTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT - PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT o ESTABLISH FLEXIBLE AND DYNAMIC STRUCTURE - RECOGNITION OF RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE o ENSURES INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO DEVELOP, CONTROL, AND USE LANDS - MARKET ORIENTATION o ADOPTING INTERPLAY OF MARKET FORCES WITHIN FRAMEWORK - THE PLANNING ENVIRONMENT CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES o NFPP PROVIDE EFFICIENT, EQUITABLE, AND SUSTAINABLE POLICY GUIDELINES o KEY CHANGES INCLUDE URBAN POPULATION, UNPLANNED SETTLEMENT, EXPANSION, DECLINING AGRICULTURAL - CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES - PROMOTE NATIONAL DISPERSION THRU REGIONAL CONCENTRATION, STRENGTHENING OF URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES, RESOURCE-AREA BASED DEVELOPMENT & INSTALLATION - ACTIVITIES OF PHYSICAL PLANNING: - VISUALIZE SCALE, DENSITY, PHYSICAL DIMENSION - CREATE AND CRITIQUE PHYSICAL MASTERS PLAN REGARDS TO THEIR CONTEXT (ESTETIKS, FUNCTIONS, INCLUSION) - UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES AND TRADITIONS - RECOGNIZE DEVELOPMENT - RESPECT PRESENT AND FUTURE INHABITANTS OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD APPROACHES OF PHYSICAL PLANNING - RATIONAL APPROACH o COMPREHENSIVE PLAN  COST IS MANY  - INCREMENTAL APPROACH o PLANS ARE MADE IN TERMS OF PROJECTS INDICATORS: - SOCIAL INDICATOR o GENERAL INDICATORS o “MEASURES OF AGGREGATE WELLBEING AMONG THE PERSONS AND FAM WITHIN A SOCIETY, CITY, NEIGHBORHOOD” - IMPACT INDICATORS o ACCESS THE IMPACT OF A PLAN - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS o PRECISE INDICATORS (BECAUSE THEY ARE CALCULATING)