Prelim Exam Pointers - Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Prelim Exam Pointers ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY W/ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LEC) CHAPTER 3: CELLS Largest diameter, determine the overall shape of a cell 1. The Fluid-Mosaic M...

Prelim Exam Pointers ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY W/ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LEC) CHAPTER 3: CELLS Largest diameter, determine the overall shape of a cell 1. The Fluid-Mosaic Model b. Intermediate Filaments a. The cell membrane is composed of a Medium Diameter, helps in bilayer of phospholipids and forming desmosomes and resist cholesterol with proteins floating in pulling forces on the cell the membrane. c. Microfilaments b. The nonpolar hydrophobic region of Smallest diameter, involved in each phospholipid molecule is cell motility and changes in cell directed towards the center of the shape membrane. 8. Function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 2. Phospholipid Bilayer and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum a. It separates the inside of the cell a. RER: site of protein synthesis (Intracellular) and substances outside (maraming ribosomes) the cells (Extracellular) b. SER: site of lipid synthesis; high b. It is used to recognize and concentration in Liver for communicate with other cells. detoxification c. Selectively Permeable Liver also contains a high d. Potassium in, Sodium out amount of peroxisomes 3. Anucleated cells (cells with no nucleus) 9. Types of Proteins a. RBCs a. Integral b. Platelets b. Peripheral c. Epidermis of the Skin c. Glycoprotein 4. Order of Genetic Material from the Largest 10. Types of Cell Transport to the Smallest a. Passive Transport (No ATP) a. Genome (Biggest) Diffusion b. Chromosome Facilitated Diffusion c. Gene Osmosis d. Nucleotide (Smallest) b. Active Transport (Requires ATP) 5. Difference Between Eukaryotic and c. Secondary Active Transport Prokaryotic Cells 11. The Order of Mitosis (IPMAT) a. Eukaryotic Cells: Nucleated (may true a. Interphase nucleus) b. Prophase b. Prokaryotic Cells: Anucleated (no true c. Metaphase nucleus) d. Anaphase 6. Principles of Cell Theory e. Telophase a. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. b. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. c. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. 7. Other Parts of The Cell (Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments, Microfilaments) a. Microtubules Prelim Exam Pointers ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY W/ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LEC) CHAPTER 4: TISSUES ○ Tubular: Straight, Narrow Tube 1. Examples of Different Epithelia ○ Acinar: Saclike, width is a. Simple Squamous: Lining of blood greater than the duct. vessels and heart, Lymphatic vessels, Compound Glands: Multicellular, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the several branched ducts kidney tubules, lining of serous Modes of Secretion: membranes of the body cavities Merocrine: Most common, via (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal) exocytosis b. Simple Cuboidal: Kidney tubules, Apocrine: The epithelial cell glands, and ducts, choroid plexuses of pinches off, releasing the brain. Lining of terminal cytoplasmic content, and gets bronchioles (Lungs) , and surfaces of repaired. ovaries. Holocrine: Shedding of entire c. Simple Columnar: Glands and some cells. ducts, bronchioles of lungs, auditory 3. Morphology of Glands tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, a. Simple branched acinar - multiple intersines, gallbladder, bile ducts, acinar in a single duct ventricles of the brain. b. Simple acinar - glands with a sac-like d. Pseudostratified Columnar: Lining of secretory portion nasal cavity, sinuses, auditory tubes, c. Simple coiled - pharynx, trachea, and bronchi of lungs. d. Simple branched tubular - multiple e. Stratified Squamous: tubular in a single duct Keratinized: Outer layer of the skin e. Simple tubular - glands with a straight Nonkeratinized: Mouth. Throat, tube in a secretory portion larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, f. Compound tubular - many ducts each inferior urethra, corneas with their own tubular gland f. Transitional: Lining of urinary bladder, g. Compound acinar - many ducts each ureters, and superior urethra with their own acinar gland 2. Endocrine and Exocrine Glands (pancreas h. Compound tubuloacinar - many ducts has both) that have both acinar and tubular a. Endocrine Glands: gland Produces hormones 4. Connective Tissue Transported via blood a. Dense Irregular & Regular CT b. Exocrine Glands: DCT: Produces saliva sweat, digestive Large number of protein tract secretions fibers, produced by Categorized based on structure fibroblasts, with two (2) with different types of modes of types Collagenous (mainly secretion. collagen) & Elastic. Categories: Collagenous (LOCATION): Unicellular: Only one cell (ex. Tendons and ligaments, Goblet Cells) dermis, organ capsules, outer Simple Glands: Multicellular, layer of blood vessels. single, non-branched duct. Prelim Exam Pointers ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY W/ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LEC) Elastic: Elastic ligaments 7. Muscular Tissue (b/w vertebrae, neck (dorsal), Skeletal Cardiac Smooth vocal cords), blood vessel walls. Presence Multinucle Uninucleated of Nucleus ated LCT: Few protein fibers, lacy, and Location Peripheral Central numerous spaces (with of Nucleus ground substance and fluid). Strations Striated Striated; None Three (3) types, Areolar, Intercalated Discs Adipose, Reticular Areolar: Packing between CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM glands, muscle, nerves, and underlying skin tissues. 1. Layers of the Integumentary System Adipose: Subcutaneous a. Layers of Epidermis (Top to Bottom) areas, mesenteries, renal i. Stratum Corneum - Most pelves, around kidneys, superficial stratum of the surrounding surface of the epidermis, consisting of dead colon, mammary glands simple squamous cells with Reticular: Lymph nodes, keratin. spleen, bone marrow ii. Stratum Lucidum - (only present b. What is Hyaline Cartilage? in THICK skin) like in the palm, Most abundant type of cartilage, lips (sometimes), and sole covering the end of bones to form iii. Stratum Granulosum - Flat and joints, and can withstand diamond shaped, accumulating repeated compression. keratin 5. Nervous Tissue iv. Stratum Spinosum - Flattened a. CNS Tissues appearance, accumulate Dura Mater - tough outer layer lipid-filled vesicles called lamellar Arachnoid mater - web like bodies Pia Mater - soft inner layer v. Stratum Basale - Melanocytes b. Layers of Cerebellum and merkel cells can be located in Purkinje Fibers are found in the this layer molecular layer b. Thick and Thin Skin c. Supporting Cells of the Nervous i. Thick skin: Lips, palms, and soles System ii. What is in thick skin that is not in CNS - oligodendrocyte, thin skin? ependymal cells microglia and c. Stratum Lucidum astrocytes d. Lining Epithelium: Stratified PNS - schwann cells and satellite Squamous Keratinized Epithelium cells e. Subcutaneous tissue (di siya part ng 6. Parenchyma: Principal cell skin pero sa kanya nakakabit ang skin) a. In Brain: neurons 2. Pigments of the Skin and Corresponding b. In Compact Bones: osteocytes Ailments a. What gives color to skin? Carotene, Hemoglobin & Melanocytes Prelim Exam Pointers ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY W/ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LEC) b. Albinism: White-ish, pale skin; loss of c. Carcinoma melanin i. Basal Carcinoma - common c. Cyanosis: Blue-ish color discoloration; carcinoma; stratum basale cells Lack of oxygen in the blood affected (hemoglobin). ii. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - 3. Hair Stratum Spinosum cells affected a. Hair shaft - Protruding b. Phases of hair growth - CHAPTER 6: SKELETAL SYSTEM i. Anagen - growth Classification of Bones ii. Catagen - regression ○ Axial vs. Appendicular Bones iii. Telogen - rest Axial UP, Appendicular DOWN iv. Exogen - shedding 4. Glands Axial Bones a. Apocrine Hair Gland (mabaho) - Vertebral Column sweating and bacteria contamination b. features of tetraene sweat gland c. What are the Pictures of Merocrine/Eccrine sweat glands? 5. Receptor - Detecting deep pressure and vibration - Pacinian corpuscles 6. Blood Vessels and the Integument a. Vasodilatation - nag rerelax yung blood vessel; increase the blood flow b. Vasoconstriction - nag titight ang blood vessel; decrease ang blood flow 7. Other Ailments Affecting the Integument a. Burns and Degrees i. 1st Degree - Epidermis ii. 2nd Degree - Dermis and Epidermis iii. 3rd Degree - Epidermis, dermis, muscle and bone pwede subcutaneous tissue b. Differences Between Ultraviolet Rays (UVA-UVB-UVC): i. UVC: Causes photoaging if skin is penetrated deeply ii. Nag pepenetrate ng skin - UVA (UltraViolet A) iii. UVB: Causes melanoma/skin cancer or squamous cell carcinoma ○ 7 Cervical Vertebra ○ 12 Thoracic Vertebra ○ 5 Lumbar Vertebra Prelim Exam Pointers ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY W/ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LEC) ○ 1 Sacrum Sternal Angle: Prominence - Point ○ 1 Coccygeal which manubrium joins the body of the sternum Ribs Landmark for identifying the second costal rib Body: “Gladiolus (sword) Xiphoid Process: “Sword tip” Appendicular Bones Bones in Lower Extremities Difference between femur, tibia, fibula ○ Femur: makapal at malaki na bone sa thigh tapos yung ○ Tibia: thick leg bone; True Ribs: Ribs 1-7 (Attached weight-bearing bone directly through the costal ○ Fibula: Thin leg bone cartilage to the sternum) Identifying the Shapes of Bones False Ribs: Ribs 8-12 (Attached to a common cartilage to costal Long, short, flat, irregular cartilage) Floating Ribs: Ribs 11-12 (Does not attach to the sternum) Sternum Long Bone: 90 long bones Longer than it is wide Enhances function in Manubrium: “Sword handle” movement Jugular notch: Large indentation Most of the bones in the upper found in the superior border of the and lower limbs are long manubrium bones. Prelim Exam Pointers ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY W/ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LEC) ○ Diaphysis: Shaft; make up most of the bone’s length; COMPACT BONE ○ Epiphysis (Proximal and Distal): Ends; Made of SPONGY BONE enclosed by a thin layer of COMPACT BONE Short Bone: 28 short bones Mastoid (posterolateral) Wide as it is long fontanel: Connects the TWO Transfer force between long OCCIPITAL bones bones Sphenoidal (anterolateral) Irregular Bone fontanel: Binds the SPHENOID 48 irregular bones BONE to other skull bones Vertebrae and facial bones Frontal (anterior) fontanel Do not fit readily into the other Occipital (posterior) fontanel three categories ○ Fossa (Depression) Specialized functions Articulating bone or act to support ○ Protection (while bending soft tissue structures. and flexing) of certain ○ Foramen (Hole) body regions Serves as passage for nerve or Flat Bone blood vessels that pass through Relatively thin, flattened shape the bone. Strong barrier around soft organs Bone Structure Skull bones, ribs, scapulae, ○ Difference between epiphysis and sternum diaphysis Bone Markings Diaphysis - Shaft, compact bone ○ Different Skull Sutures tissue on the outside. Squamous Suture: Connects the Epiphysis - Ends, spongy bone TEMPORAL and PARIETAL bones tissue. Coronal Suture: Connects the Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling FRONTAL and PARIETAL bones ○ Osteoclast Activity Lambdoid Suture: Connects the ○ Ossification and its Types PARIETAL and OCCIPITAL bones Intramembranous Sagittal Suture: Connects the Endochondral TWO PARIETAL bones ○ Calcium Iron Regulation What happens when blood calcium is low Joints ○ Types of [Synovial] Joints Saddle joint Prelim Exam Pointers ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY W/ PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LEC) Carpal and Metacarpal of thumb, Types of Movement manubrium of sternum and ○ Abduction and Adduction clavicle Abduction is away Ball and socket joint Adduction is toward midline Scapula and humerus, Hip bone ○ Opposition and Reposition and femur Opposition: What movement is Hinge joint unique to the thumb and pinky Humerus, Ulna, and radius, femur, finger tibia, between phalanges, talus, Reposition: Returns the digits to tibia, fibula anatomical position Plane ○ Excursion (i.e Intervertebral, Excursion is movement to one Acromioclavicular, side; (i.e. moving jaw side to side) Carpometacarpal, Costovertebral, ○ Depression Intercarpal, Intermetatarsal, Depression is moving to inferior Sacroiliac, Tarsometatarsal) direction (downward) Pivot (gliding) Atlas and axis, radius and ulna Ellipsoid Atlas and occipital bone, knuckles, ball of foot, wrist, mandible and temporal bone Condylar ○ Terms to describe bones