Week 1 Introduction to Physiology, Cells, and Tissues Pre-lecture Notes PDF

CELL PHYSIOLOGY PT4050 and PT7001 Week 2 of 2024 / 2025 [email protected] LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Relevance of Physiology and Cell knowledge to Physiotherapy 2. Understanding 4 tissue types 3. Fascia, arrangement and composition 4. Serous membranes – location...

CELL PHYSIOLOGY PT4050 and PT7001 Week 2 of 2024 / 2025 [email protected] LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Relevance of Physiology and Cell knowledge to Physiotherapy 2. Understanding 4 tissue types 3. Fascia, arrangement and composition 4. Serous membranes – location and function 5. Vascular system – Systemic, Pulmonary and Capillary 6. Lymphatic system 1. PHYSIOLOGY  Organ Atoms Molecule Cells TissuesOrgan Organis s s syste m m  PROPERTIES OF THE SKIN Waterproofi Sun ng protection Repair Manufacture of Vitamin D Temperat ure control Immune function Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis CELLS Essential functions Provides Support and Structure Facilitate Growth Mitosis Allows Transport of Substances Energy Production Aids in Reproduction Cell overview: See following to view the components shown here.  PLASMA MEMBRANE  The outer boundary of the cells  Controls the entry and exit of substances Head: hydrophilic – electrically charged Tail: hydrophobic  NUCLEUS  Is the control centre of the cells  DNA regulates the protein synthesis chemical reactions of the cell Every cell has a nucleus – apart from mature Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Skeletal muscles = several nuclei  CYTOPLASM  Located between the plasma membrane and nucleus  Contains the specialised structures called organelles Cytoplasm is a jelly like fluid that contains mostly water and salt. Many of the cellular processes occur in the cytoplasm.  CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES All components other than the Nucleus are referred to as organelles  MITOCHONDRIA Spherical and has a threadlike structure. Major sites of ATP synthesis involving oxygen. CELL DIVISION MITOSIS MEIOSIS  Starts with zygote  Formation of reproductive cells  Ongoing process (Gametes)  Replication of DNA  4 Daughter cells – 2 Divisions  Division of Cytoplasm 2. TISSUE 1. EPITHELIA - SIMPLE 1. EPITHELIA - STRATIFIED 2. CONNECTIVE 3. NERVE 4. MUSCLE TISSUES AND ORGANS 1. Name the 4 basic tissues 2. What is stratified epithelium? 3. Name the three types of muscle 3. FASCIA SUPERFICIAL FASCIA DEEP FASCIA 4. SEROUS MEMBRANES SEROUS MEMBRANE Secrete lubricating fluid Heart = Pericardium Lungs = Pleura Abdominopelvic and Visera = 5. VASCULAR SYSTEM BLOOD VESSE L TYPES THE STRUCTUR E OF ARTERIES, VEINS AND CAPILLARIE S SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE ANASTOMOSE  Connection between two vessels…..such as arteriovenous allowing blood flow to bypass one area or to increase / decrease flow rates  Also surgical anastomosing SYSTEMIC VESSELS PULMONARY VESSELS CAPILLARIES  Capillary blood flow is slow and intermittent reflecting the need for an erythrocyte transit time of >1 second for complete O2 diffusion from the capillary to surrounding tissue The erythrocyte has a diameter of 7.2μm – larger than a capillary Types: nutritional capillaries & thermoregulatory capillaries Some capillaries are unresponsive to thermal stress and do not increase blood flow in response to heat Hyperaemia allows a 100 fold increase in capillary blood flow at maximal perfusion The number of capillaries per unit area is considered a determinant of tissue oxygenation: 6. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM  Thin walled, highly permeable capillaries with one way valves and muscles cells  Lymph fluid containing a significant number of lymphocytes (wbc)  Nodes (glands)  1. Initial lymphatics: Receive interstitial fluid  2. Collecting lymphatics: