Philippine Ethnic Groups PDF

**PHILIPPINE ETHNIC GROUPS** **Objectives:** 1. Identify the various ethnic groups in the Philippines 2. Describe the key cultural characteristics of ethnic groups **Ethnic Group** - Any group of people who set themselves apart and/or are set apart by others with whom they interact or c...

**PHILIPPINE ETHNIC GROUPS** **Objectives:** 1. Identify the various ethnic groups in the Philippines 2. Describe the key cultural characteristics of ethnic groups **Ethnic Group** - Any group of people who set themselves apart and/or are set apart by others with whom they interact or co-exist on the basis of their perceptions of cultural differentiation and/or common descent (Jones 1997). - Ethnicity is not a biological contract -- it is a social & psychological construct. - If people feel that they are different from the rest of the society, then we recognize them as a different group of people - We don't have an exact count of the ethnic groups in the Philippines -- some have formed, vanished **Ethnic Diversty** - At least 106 ethnic groups (Fox and Troy, in Jocano 1998); - The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) identifies 110 indigenous groups in the Philippines. - Indigenous groups (NCIP) -- groups that have relatively maintained their traditional beliefs and practices. They excluded those that are more acculturated and part of the mainstream Philippine society. **Bases for ethnic identity in the Philippines** - Language -- linguistic differences - We call ethnic groups as ethno-linguistic groups because language is a primary criterion - If you speak a language that Is different from the rest -- distinct ethnic group - Domicile - Are they Highland peoples? Agricultural societies? Maritime communities? - Phenotypic characteristics - Religion - Religious affiliations / belief systems - Culture traits - Costumes, musical traditions - Ancestry or migration history **Linguistic diversity** - 172 languages (including 3 foreign languages: English, Minnan Chinese, Castilian Spanish) - 169 indigenous languages (168 spoken languages, 1 visual language: Filipino Sign Language) - 168 Austronesian languages, 1 creole language (Chavacano) - Several dialects for each language **Environmental setting of ethnic groups: water bodies** - The ethnic names assigned to themselves are related to the environmental setting where they are found - Tagalog (people of the river); - Kapampangan (people of the coast); - Tausug (people of the current); - Iraya Mangyan (people of the upstream); - Meranao (people of the lake); - Sama Dilaut (people of the sea). **Environmental setting: mountains** - Bukidnon (people of the mountain); - Igorot (people of the ridge); - Remontado (people who have receded to the mountains); - Tinguian (people of the highlands); - Bontok (mountain); - Tao\'t Bato (people of the stone cave). **Environmental setting: forests** - Ikalahan (people of the forest); - Gubatnon (people of the forest). **Phenotypic characteristics** - **Generally we have two groups of people based on outward appearances** - Negrito (little black people) - Aboriginal people of the Philippines - The term is an outsiders category assigned by the Spanish, from Spanish word "Negro" -- meaning black and "Negrito" because they are small in terms of height - Exonym: kulot (kinky-haired) vs. unat (straight haired) Religious diversity 2010 Census of Population and Housing - 81% Roman Catholic - 6% Muslim - 3% Evangelicals - 2% Iglesia ni Cristo - 8% others **Various culture traits** - Traditional costumes - Body decoration and ornamentation - Musical instruments - Weapons - Ritual practices, beliefs, worldview E.g., Gongs -- musical instruments found in the Philippines \- in terms of geographical distribution, the flat brass gongs are found in Luzon islands (northern Philippines, while the bost gongs are found in Visayas and Mindanao (central Philippines) \- the gong has a lower mandible of a human jaw because people in Norther Luzon practiced head-taking their enemies as war trophies and convert their lower jaws as handles of gongss **Ancestry or migration history** - The Negritos were the first inhabitants of the Philippines (ca.30,000 years BP) - Austronesian-speaking peoples came later (ca.2500 BC) - Balanghai -- remains of 4^th^ century boats used by Austronesians when they arrived in the philipinnes - Relating to phenotypes: negritos -- dark skinned people, Austronesian -- comprised majority of Filipinos that have fairer skins **Major Ethnic Groups** **2000 Census of Population and Housing** - Make up 82% of the population, while 8% are distributed to smaller populations of ethnic communities - Tagalog (28.16%) -- Metro Manila area - Cebuano (23.12%) -- Central PH - llocano (9.07%) -- Northwestern Luzon islands - Hiligaynon (7.57%) -- Visayas central PH - Bikol (6.01%) -- southern Luzon - Waray (3.36%) -- eastern visayas - Kapampangan (3.03%) -- north of Manila - Pangasinan (1.78%) **Major characteristics** - Dominantly found in lowland agricultural communities. - Predominantly Christian. - Dominantly Roman Catholic - Relatively high degree of acculturation to Hispanic and American cultures. - Ones that have been colonized by the Spain (300 years) and the US (50 years), therefore adopted practices. - Have strong political influence in the national scene. - Groups in power that make up the ethnic majority of Filipinos - National symbols came from this groups **National Symbols** National dress -- Barong Tagalog (how Tagalogs dressed up on formal occasions) National house -- Bahay Kubo (a hut made of fetch and raised on stilts: a characteristic of 8 communities) - Because of national symbols, the minority groups tend to be invisible **Other ethnic groups (Time stamp 22:52)** - Negrito - Cordillera peoples - Cagayan Valley groups - Mangyan - Palawan groups -- Palawan island in central PH - Visayan groups -- cluster of island in central PH Found in Mindanao islands -- northern part - Lumadnon - Chavacano - Bangsamoro **Negrito** - The name Negrito means \"little black people\" in Spanish. - The Negrito are the aboriginal peoples of the Philippines. They are believed to have come to the Philippines from mainland Asia approximately 30,000 years ago. - Negritos in central Luzon -- wearing loin cloth and mainly nomadic hunters and gatherers, thus spread out throughout the archipelago Distribution of Negrito populations in the PH - Phenotypically they look similar, but linguistically they speak different languages Negrito - Agta - Ati - Ayta - Batak - Dumagat - Mamanwa Negrito culture - Traditionally engaged in hunting-gathering. - The Agta of northern Sierra Madre are still nomadic while the rest are semi-nomadic or semi-sedentary. - There are very few remaining hunters and gatherers. Anthropologists study hunters and gatherers because for millions of years humans around the world were hunters and gatherers and we could only find out about how they survived by studying existent populations such as the Agta - Have lost their original languages and now speak languages borrowed from neighbouring populations. **Negrito material culture** - Agta lean-to - because it leans on a pole. Depending on where the sunshine is the house rotates. It it's raining the Agta carries the house and brings it under the trees, if it is sunny it is brought near the riverbank. - Based on ethnographic studies, the Agta of northern Luzon move about at the average of 3 weeks, mainly following animals such as the wild boar - Ayta bow and arrow **Cordillera Peoples** - Indigenous peoples of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in Northern Luzon. - They inhabit the Gran Cordillera Central - the biggest mountain range in the country. **Cordillera Peoples** - They have different languages but what they share is a common ecosystem -- mountainous environments and they have made rice terraces - Tattoos in chests - warriors - Bontok - Ibaloy - Ifugao - Isnag - Itneg (Tinguian) - I\'wak - Kalanguya - Kalinga - Kankanaey **Cordillera culture** - Consists of autonomous villages called ili -- each ili is autonomous from one another - Elders sitting as a Council act as leaders of these villages. - Are the indigenous social political units in the village - Traditionally, endemic warfare in the area because of the practice of head-taking. - Peace is maintained through bilateral peace pacts between villages. - There is a system of war and peace Cordillera material culture - Ifugao rice granary Gods -- usually are pairs (man & women) that guard the granary where the rice are kept - Kalinga skirt (kain) -- woven with decoration of seashells. Traditionally Cordillera is a land-locked region but they trade with lowland communities to get shells and transform this into decorations for their skirts **Cagayan Valley ethnic groups** - Bugkalot (Ilongot) - Gaddang - Ibanag - Ibatan - Isinay - Itawes - Itbayaten - Ivatan - Kalingá - Malaweg - Yogad Common characteristics - Speak Ibanagic languages -- common subfamily - Dominantly Christian. - Relatively high degree of acculturation -- less acculturation compared to 8 larger groups - Head-hunting party - Ivatan house made of stone and thick thatched roofs because these houses are found in typhoon belts -- typhoon adaptive mechanism **Mangyan of Mindoro Island** - The Mangyans are the indigenous people of Mindoro island. - The word \"mangyan\" means human being. - They are composed of various ethnic groups with their own languages. **Mangyan groups of Mindoro** - They speak different languages but to communicate with one another they use Tagalog -- the dominant language - Alangan - Bangon - Buhid - Gubatnon - Hanunoo Mangyan - Iraya - Ratagnon - Tadyawan - Taubuid **Traditional subsistence** - Primarily swidden agriculturalists (a.k.a. shifting agriculturalists, slash-and-burn agriculturalists) - Supplemented by hunting and gathering. - Semi-nomadic -- if the rice field is no longer fertile, they will move to another portion of the forest, clear it and plant int that area. - Strong attachment to the physical environment -- they have environmental spirits. - Generally have sustainable subsistence practices (e.g. long fallow period, propagation of biodiversity, etc.) - Study by Harold Conklin (American anthropologist): the Hanunoo Mangyan went back to their original farm lot only after 25 years, because they allow the soil to replenish their nutrients. Follow period becomes shorter as land becomes limited due to intrusion of migrants. Mangyan - Teeth blackening - Traditional skirt and dyes are colored by the indigo dye - Live in long houses -- related family units - Mangyan Pre-Hispanic syllabic script **Palawan Groups** - Agkutaynen - Cuyonon - Kagayanen - Ke-ney - Pala\'wan - Tagbanwa - Tao\'t Bato **Traditional subsistence (same with Mangyan)** - Primarily swidden agriculturalists (a.k.a. shifting agriculturalists, slash-and-burn agriculturalists) - Supplemented by hunting and gathering. - Semi-nomadic -- if the rice field is no longer fertile, they will move to another portion of the forest, clear it and plant int that area. - Strong attachment to the physical environment -- they have environmental spirits. - Generally have sustainable subsistence practices (e.g. long fallow period, propagation of biodiversity, etc.) - Study by Harold Conklin (American anthropologist): the Hanunoo Mangyan went back to their original farm lot only after 25 years, because they allow the soil to replenish their nutrients. Follow period becomes shorter as land becomes limited due to intrusion of migrants. **Palawan culture** - Drinking **rice wine** from a common earthenware jar practiced by the Pala\'wan and they use bamboo straws to drink -- there is ritual kinship and brotherhood when you drink from the same jar. - **Pagdiwata ritual** -- shaman becomes possess by ancestral spirits, usually the shaman is a man farmer but when possesses will acquire feminine characteristics because they are identified with divinities **Visayan groups** - Aklanon - Boholano - Bukidnon/Sulodnon -- "people of the mountains" / "people of the interior" - Eskaya - Magahat **Common characteristics** - Traditionally live in interior upland areas of the Visayas. - Farming communities -- both wet rice and dry rice swidden agriculture - Eskaya -- has its own script that looks like pictographs, so the letters represent body parts. The alphabet was quite recent probably developed during contact with the Spanish as marked by certain letters that are Spanish letters. **Lumadnon of Mindanao** - The term \"lumad\" is a Visayan word which means \"native.\" Thus, it is an exonym to refer to the indigenous peoples of Mindanao. - Traditionally, they are the non-Christian, non-Muslim groups of Mindanao. - However, many of them have converted to Christianity or to Islam because of the presence of several religious missionaries. - Traditionally, their villages were led by headmen or chieftains (datu). **Lumad groups** - Bagobo - B\'laan - Bukidnon - Higaonon - Mandaya - Manobo - Mansaka - Matigsalug - Subanen - Tagakaolo - T\'boli - Teduray - Ubo **Lumad Culture** - T\'boli people are very famous for their textile known as T'nalak weave because the designs are based from the dreams of the weavers. - T'boli brassware - Belt worn by T'boli men and women: there are small bells made of brass, when they walk about you could hear them walking - Figurines made of brass using the lost wax method **Chavacano** - Creole-speaking populations in Luzon and Mindanao. - Creole: they speak a language that originally had many words coming from different languages such as Spanish, Portuguese - They inhabit port areas during the Spanish colonial period. - Dialects: Zamboangueño, Caviteño, Ternateño, Ermitaño (now extinct) **Chavacano culture** - Chavacano text - Chavacano Foundation day celebration -- the language is instituted in 1635 when a fort in Mindanao (Fort Pillar) was established during that year. **Bangsamoro** - "bangsa" - nation - Islamized groups of Mindanao, Sulu, and southern Palawan. - Established Muslim sultanates prior to the coming of the Spaniards in the Philippines (ca. 1450 in Sulu, 1511 in Maguindanao). - Prior to the coming of the Spanish, they observed that Islam was practiced by the local chiefs of Mindanao all the way to Northern central Luzon, but they were successful in propagating Christianity but the Bangsamoro groups remained the muslim groups. Bangsamoro - Badjao - found in the PH as well as in Sabah and Sulawesi in Indonesia - Iranun -- also found in Sabah - Jama Mapun - Maguindanaon - Meranao - Molbog - Sama - Tausug -- called Sulu in Malaysia - Yakan **Bangsamoro material culture** - Tausug Kris -- also used in Malaysia - Marano Torogan (house) -- literally means "sleeping quarters", ornately decorated **Challenges** - How to foster national solidarity in a multi-ethnic, multicultural setting? - How to respect cultural diversity while instilling common national goals? - How to represent ethnic diversity in museum exhibits without stereotyping indigenous cultures. - Yes, there is diversity but even within each ethnic group there will also be diversity and culture change, so do we only portray traditional attires? I believe we should also portray culture change. Q&A 1. What is the history of the categorization of the ethnic groups, did it start with the Spanish and how did it change under the American colonialists? - In the past, people just referred to themselves in terms of their ethnic identity as being a person coming from this village or a person coming from this type of ecosystem (e.g., Tagalog -- people of the river), there are no clustering to different generic groups. When the Spanish arrived, the Spanish introduced who are the Christians and the non-Christians -- tribus christianos (Christian tribes) & tribus salvajes (savage tribes). The Americans continued this classification, and added civilized groups and savage groups. American anthropologists mainly copied categories from native Americans -- called Flipinos as "indios" and placed in reservations. They introduced the distinction of Muslim vs Christians. But its actually not a religious problem as translated in media, but a problem because of a lack of access to economic resources, education. **PAGKAKAKILANLAN AT HALAGAHANG PILIPINO** **Mga layunin ng panayam** - Alamin ang tampok na mga katangian ng identidad na Pilipino; - Pagkakakilanlan - identity - Talakayin ang sistema ng pagpapahalaga ng mga Pilipino; at - Values - Tingnan kung papaano makakaambag ang identidad at mga pagpapahalagang ito sa ating pambansang kaunlaran. **Unang Tanong** 1. Sino ba ang Pilipino? 2. Ano ba ang identidad ng mga Pilipino? **Ang ebolusyon ng pagiging Pilipino** - Sa mahabang panahon sa ilalim ng pananakop ng mga Kastila, ang tinatawag na \"Pilipino\" ay tumutukoy sa mga Kastila na ipinanganak sa Pilipinas. - Sa kabilang banda, ang mayorya ng mga mamamayan ng Pilipinas ay tinatawag na mga \"Indio\" na maaari pang mahati sa ibat-ibang lahi (Negrito, Indones, Malay) **Ang ebolusyon ng \"Pilipino\"** - Noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo, pinangunahan nina Dr. Jose Rizal at iba pang mga repormista ang pagtataguyod sa pananaw na lahat ng mga mamamayan ng Pilipinas, anuman ang kanilang grupong etniko, ay mga Pilipino. - Kung gayon, relatibong bata pa ang kasalukuyang konsepto natin ng pagiging Pilipino at patuloy pa nating pinapagyaman ang kahulugan nito. - Andres Bonifacio: kritikal sa dating konsepto na ang Pilipino ay mga kastila at ang inang bayan ay Espana, para sakanya itayo natin ang kaharian ng Katagalugan. **Konteksto: Ang lipunang Pilipino** - Hindi monolitiko ang lipunang Pilipino dahil multikultural ang ating bansa. - Maraming isla at mula dito sumulpot ang iba't-ibang kultura. - May ibat-ibang kultura na umusbong at umiiral sa ating kapuluan (e.g., pananamit, pagkain, wika) **Ang kultural na katangian ng Pilipinas** - Binubuo ng humigit-kumulang na 7,500 isla. - May 106 na grupong etniko (Fox at Troy, sa Jocano 1998) - May humigit sa 180 na wika (Ethnologue 2020) - Diyalekto -- variation ng isang wika - May ibat-ibang tradisyon ng relihiyon at pananampalataya. **Pangunahing mga Grupong Etnolinggwistiko** 2000 Sensus ng Populasyon at Bahayan - Tagalog (28.16%) - pinakamalaki - Cebuano (23.12%) - llocano (9.07%) - Hiligaynon (7.57%) - Bikol (6.01%) - Waray (3.36%) - Kapampangan (3.03%) - Pangasinan (1.78%) - Kung gayon, 82.1% ng mga Pilipino ay nagmumula sa walong grupong etnolinggwistiko na ito. - Ang 17.9% ay binubuo ng humigit isandaang grupong etnolinggwistiko. **Iba pang Grupong Etnolinggwistiko** - Bangsamoro - Mindanao - Lumadnon -- Mindanao pero hindi Muslim - Mga mamamayan ng Kordilyera - Negrito - Mangyan - Mindoro - Tsinoy -- bagamat ang kanilang ninuno ay galing Tsina, sila na ay parte ng kulturang Pilipino - Binging Pilipino -- may sariling wika (Philippine Sign Language) - Atbp. **Ibat-ibang Relihiyon** 2010 Sensus ng Populasyon at Bahayan - 81% Romano Katoliko - 6% Muslim - 3% Evangelical - 2% Iglesia Ni Cristo - 8% iba pa **Implikasyon ng multikultural na lipunan** - Hindi natin pwedeng gawing de-kahon ang pagsasalarawan sa pagkakakilanlang Pilipino. - De-kahon: stereotyping - Dapat kilalaning may partikular na kakanyahan ang bawat grupong panlipunan. - Kapag nag generalize baka may mga grupong ma echapwera - Kung gayon, dapat gawing inklusibo ang pagkilala sa kung sino ang Pilipino. - Dapat hanapin natin kung ano ang common na katangian ng Pilipino **Halimbawa ng di-inklusibong pagkakakilanlan** - \"The Philippines is the only Christian country in Asia.\" - Ano ang ibig sabihin nito, na ang mga Muslim ay hindi mga Pilipino? - \"Ang pambansang bahay ay ang bahay kubo.\" - Ang mga Badjao na naninirahan sa mga lepa (bahay-bangka) ay hindi mga Pilipino? - Problematikong representasyon **Ibat-ibang bahay** - Habong ng mga Agta - Lepa ng mga Badjao **Kumon na identidad: sa larangan ng pagkakamag-anak** - Ang pamilya bilang batayang yunit ng lipunan; ang pagpapahalaga sa pagkakamag-anak. - Modernong Europa: walang pakialaman sa pamilya - Sa Pilipinas, ang ating mga kadugo ay tinutulungan. - Sistemang baylateral: pagkilala sa kamag-anak sa panig ng ama at ina. - New Caledonia, Solomon Islands: matrilenial -- kamag-anak nila ang kamag-anak ni nanay pero hindi nila kaano-ano ang kamag-anak ni tatay. - Sa Pilipinas, ay dalawang panig Tatay at Nanay (e.g., Si Malakas at si Maganda) - Paggalang sa matatanda. - Po at opo ng mga Tagalog - Sistemang matripokal - pagbibigay-diin at pagmamahal sa ina. - Ang nanay ang ilaw ng tahanan at minamahal. - Ang tawag natin sa bansa ay "Inang Bayan" - Kapag may mga kaaway ang minumura ay ang nanay. - Pagpapahalaga sa mga bata. - Termino sa kinship / relatives ay "pagkakamag-anak" - Tatlong klase ng kinikilalang kamag-anak: sa dugo, sa kasal (byinenan, manugang, balae), at sa ritwal (ninong, ninang, inaanak). - Ekstended na pagkakamag-anak. - Hanggat nattrace ang relasyon -- kamag-anak. **Kumon na identidad: sa larangang ispiritwalidad** - ****Pagkilala sa Diyos (o Bathala, mga bathala). - Ang atheism ay hiniram sa modernong kultura. Traditionally, lahat ng pamayanan sa Pilipinas ay may kinikilalang Diyos. - Pagkilala rin sa iba pang nilalang na supernatural - mga angel, diwata, anito, engkanto, atbp. - Pagkilala sa kaluluwa at sa kabilang-buhay. - Pagkakaroon ng mga pamahiin. - Pamahiin sa patay - Sinusunod dahil parte ito ng tradisyon - Paggalang sa mga ritwal. - Sinkretikong relihiyon - paghahalo ng ibat-ibang tradisyon. - May mga practice na hindi naman parte ng relihiyon ngunit parte ng kultura. **Bangang Manunggul (890 B.C.)** - Natagpuan sa Manunggul cave sa Palawan\\ - Secondary burial -- linilibing sa lupa pagkatapos ng 1 taon o mahigit pa nililinisan pinipintahan ng pula at inilalagay sa loob ng banga - Paglalakbay sa kabilang-buhay -- figure sa takip - Bago pa man dumating ang Kristyanismo, malakas na ang spiritwalidad ng mga Pilipino. **Kumon na identidad: sa larangang sosyo-ekonomiko** - Pagpapahalaga sa pagtutulungan at pagbabayanihan. - Pagpapahalaga sa pagkakapantay- pantay. **Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala, 1754** - Bayani - Obra comun (\'kumon na gawain\'). - Magbayani - los que se juntan para ella (\'magtipun-tipon para tumulong sa kanya\') - Bayanihan - ser juntado para la obra (\'magtipon para sa trabaho\') - Ang konsepto ng bayani or hero ay nagmula sa konsepto ng bayanihan - isang taong tumutulong sa kapwa at hindi makasarili **Vocabulario Tagalo, 1624** - Bayani - Hombre valiente y de muchas fuerzas (matapang na tao na may kakaibang lakas) **Iba pang kumon na mga katangian** - Paghiram sa mga katangiang pangkultura mula sa labas: Tsino, Kastila, Amerikano, Koreano, atbp. - Pagkain, wika, edukasyon, entertainment, etc. - Negatibo -- maraming magaganda sa Pilipinas ngunit hindi natin kinikilala hanggat hindi ginagamit sa ibang bansa. - Walang masamang humiram lalo na kung nakabubuti saatin, ngunit ibalanse. - Pagiging masiyahin - isang pamamaraan ng pag-angkop sa mahirap na buhay. - Maraming sakuna o problema pero tinatawanan lamang natin. - Kolektibista, hindi indibidwalista. - Pinagpapahalgahan ng mga Pilipino ang grupo na kanyang grupong kinabibilangan. Damay ang lahat. - Kuyog mentality - negatibo **Ikalawang Tanong** 1. Anu-ano ba ang pinagpapahalagahan ng mga Pilipino? 2. Ano ba ang sistema ng pagpapahalaga ng mga Pilipino? **Mga layunin at mithiin sa Pagpapahalagang Pilipino** (mula kay Lynch 1970) - Pagtanggap ng lipunan - pagtanggap ng kanyang mga kasamahan kung sino siya, o ipinapalagay na siya, upaytrato sa kanya ayon sa Kanyang kataylan sa - Ayaw natin na tayo ay nobody dapat kinikilala ang ating mga ginawa. - Ekonomikong seguridad - ang kakayanang matugunan ang matiryal na mga pangangailangan nang hindi umuutang, i.e. mula sa sarili niyang yaman. - Ayaw ng mga Pilipino na manatiling mahirap, gustong nakakapagtipid at nakakapagipon. - Pag-angat sa katayuang panlipunan - pag-angat mula sa isang panlipunang uri tungo sa mas mataas na uri, o di kaya\'y sa mas mataas na pusisyon sa kinabibilangan niyang uri. - Lahat ay gustong makaangat sa buhay. **Mga prinsipyong ginagalawan ng Pagpapahalagang Pilipino (mula kay Lynch 1970)** - **Pagkakapareho** -- mula sa pananaw ng labas, ang bawat indibidwal na kasapi ng isang grupo ay kumakatawa sa kabuuan ng grupo - Ang isang indibidwal ay nirerepresenta an grupo na kaniyang pinanggalingan. - **Pagkakaisa** - mula sa pananaw ng taga-loob, nagkakaisa ang mga kasapi ng isang grupo laban sa Iba pang kahalintulad na grupo. - Lagi kang papanig sa grupong kinabibilangan mo. - Konsepto ng solidarity. - **Pagpapalitan** - ang bawat natatanggap na serbisyo ay may nararapat na kapalit, hal. utang na loob. - Pag tinulungan ka dapat tulungan mo rin. - **Awa** - ang sinumang indibidwal na lubos na nagdusa gapat na damayan, kaawaan, at tulungan. - Panig lagi sa underdog. **Manipestasyon ng mga pagpapahalagang ito (mula kay Lynch 1970)** - Pakikipalagayang-loob (SIR) - ang kakayanang makitungo sa iba sa paraang umiiwas sa panlabas na senyales ng pakikitunggali. - Pakikisama -- ayaw natin makasakit sa iba kaya makikisama tayo - Paggamit ng tagapamagitan - Paggamit ng mabuting pananalita -- hindi tayo totally frank dahil ayaw natin mapahiya sa publiko - Pagtatanggol sa sariling dangal - Amor propio -- ayaw natin nasasalig ang ating ego - Hiya **Pakikipagkapwa bilang pangunahing pagpapahalaga** - Binanggit ni Lynch (1970) ang pagpapalitan bilang isang prinsipyong operasyunal ng pagpapahalagang Pilipino values. Pinatampok niya ang pakikisama bilang isang pagpapahalaga para makamit ang Pagtanggap ng Lipunan. - Sa kabilang banda, tinukoy ni Enriquez (1978) bayaninan ay isang ekspresyon ng pakikipagkapwa. - Nailista niya ang pagpapahalaga ng Pilipino, ngunit may kulang rito -- pakikipagkapwa - "loob" values **Kahulugan ng Kapwa** \"Ang Kapwa ay pagkilala sa isang kumon na identidad, ang panloob na sarili na kabahagi ng ibang-tao. Kakaiba ang linggwistikong pagkakaisa sa Filipino ng sarili at ng ibang-tao na di makikita sa maraming modernong wika. Bakit? Dahil ipinapahiwatig sa ganitong pagiging inklusibo ang obligasyong moral na itrato ang ibang-tao bilang kapantay na tạo. Kung kaya nating gawin ito - kahit sa ating sariling pamilya o sirkulo ng mga kalbigan - nasa landas tayo ng pagsasapraktika ng Kapayapaan. Tayo ay mga mamamayang Kapwa.\' - V. Enriquez, 1978 **Ikatlong Tanong** 1. Paano natin magagamit ang pagpapakilanlan at pagpapahalagang Pilipino para sa kapakanan ng ating bansa? **Pakikipagkapwa sa panahon ng pandemikong Covid-19** - Pagbibigay ng ayuda mula sa mga samahang sibiko para punuan ang kakulangan ng ayuda ng pamahalaan. - Pag-usbong ng mga community pantry - Community pantry sa Maginhawa Street **Bayanihan para makamit ang Lakas-yamang Pag-unlad** Tinukoy ng National Environmental Education Action Plan 2018-2040 ang tatlong pahpapahalagang Pilipino na makakatulong para makamit ang Likas- bayannan, pagtitpid. at malasakit. **At sa darating na halalan\...** - Ipakita natin sa buong mundo na ipinagmamalaki natin ang pagiging Pilipino, tulad ng pagkahanga ng buong mundo sa Rebolusyong Edsa noong 1986. - Ipakita natin na nagkakaisa ang mga Pilipino laban sa kamangmangan, kawalan ng katarungan, pagnanakaw ng mga pulitiko, at iba pang suliraning panlipunan