physics.pdf

MOTION (KINEMATICS) ​ Vectors: magnitude (distance and quantity) and direction ​ Scalar: magnitude only ​ Magnitude: distance and quantity straight point ​ Direction: the line on object moves along from a particular ​ Displacement: the change in position of an object ​ Acceleration: how...

MOTION (KINEMATICS) ​ Vectors: magnitude (distance and quantity) and direction ​ Scalar: magnitude only ​ Magnitude: distance and quantity straight point ​ Direction: the line on object moves along from a particular ​ Displacement: the change in position of an object ​ Acceleration: how quickly an object’s velocity changes over time (rate of change of velocity) ​ Horizontal velocity: remains constant during its flight ​ Vertical Velocity: changes due to influence of gravity ​ Projectile: objects that move in a two-dimensional trajectory (vertical y-axis, horizontal x-axis) ​ Motion: the change of location of an object as measured by an observer (or with respect to a point of reference) NEWTON’S LAWS (DYNAMICS) ​ Proportional: same relationship they work the same way - mass and gravity are directly proportional ​ Inversely - distance and gravity inversely ​ Force: cause objects to speed up, slow down, go up and down hills, twist, stretch, compress etc. measured in newtons (1N = 1 kg x m/s^2) ​ Push/Pull: Applied Force ​ Gravity: every object in the universe that has mass also has gravity and attracts every other object in the universe. Gravity holds the planets, moons, and stars in orbit. ​ Force of Gravity: force of attraction between any two objects ​ Newton: is defined as the force required to accelerate a 1 kg at a rate of 1 m/s^2 (1N = 1 kg x m/s^2) ​ Tension: a pulling force from a rope or string on an object that always points towards the rope or string. ​ Applied Force: a force that results when one object makes contact with another and pushes or pulls on it. ​ Inertia: First Law; “If the net external force on an object is zero, an object at rest stays at rest or an object in motion stays in motion at a constant velocity” (a=0)  ​ Mu (μ) Coefficient of Friction: indication of the person (expressed as a decimal) of the normal force required to overcome frictional force. The ratio of the force of friction to the normal force ​ Friction: opposes the sliding of the two surfaces across one another, friction acts opposite to the motion or attempted motion. ​ Law of Gravitation: the force of attraction between two objects is directly proportional to the product of masses of the two objects and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two. (formula) ​ Torsion: twisting/turning motion ​ Free-Body Diagram: (FBD) a simple drawing of an object showing all the forces that are acting on it. ​ Second Law: (Fnet≠0) the object will accelerate in the direction of the net force. ​ Third Law: for every action force there is a reaction force that is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. ​ Static Friction: the friction that opposes the start of motion (think Inertia*). The friction exactly balances the force of the push (or pull) until a maximum is replaced and the object begins its motion. ​ Kinetic Friction: the friction of an object experienced while in motion over a surface. Does not depend on speed. ​ Normal Force: a perpendicular force exerted by a surface on an object in contact with the surface; normal force always points away from the surface. ENERGY ​ Celsius: the temperature scale based on the boiling point and freezing point of water ​ Joules: energy unit (Nxm) ​ Law of conservation of energy: in any transfer or transformation, the total amount of energy remains constant ​ Specific heat: amount of energy in joules required to increase temperature of 1kg of a substance ​ Conduction: the transfer of energy by objects touching ​ Conductor: material that is good conductor of thermal energy ​ Work: the product of magnitude of the force (or the component of force) and the magnitude of displacement ​ Watts: unit for power  ​ Thermal Energy: total potential and kinetic energy by a substance's particles ​ Kelvin: the temperature scale developed using absolute zero as the point at which there is virtually no motion in particles of a substance ​ Gravitational Potential (energy): “stored” form of energy. Energy posed by an object due to its position relative to the earth’s surface ​ Power: the rate at which energy is transformed or the rate at which work is done ​ Latent Heat: total energy to change states (Latent fusion - melting, and Latent vapourization - boiling) ​ Thermometer: glass tube containing mercury or alcohol ​ Insulator: a material that is a poor conductor of thermal energy ​ radiation: energy transferred through electromagnetic waves or the movement of thermal energy as electromagnetic waves ​ convection: the cycle of cooler fluids/gases falling and warm rising ​ kinetic energy: the energy of an object due to its motion (depends on mass and velocity) ​ Convection: cycle of cooler fluids/gases falling and warm rising ​ CANDU: type of nuclear reactor Nuclear energy ​ Electron: negatively charged particle found in the space surrounding the nucleus of an atoms ​ Tritium: hydrogen atom with two neutron ​ Radioisotopes: unstable isotope that decays and release radiation ​ Positron: a particle with a positive charge and mass of an electron ​ Half-life: the average length of time it takes radioactive material to decay to half of its original mass. ​ Deuterium: hydrogen atoms with one neutron ​ Nuclear Reaction: the process by which the nucleus of an atom sometimes changes ​ Alpha: nuclear reaction in which alpha particle is emitted ​ Beta: nuclear reaction in which beta particle is emitted or captured ​ Gamma: a reaction in which an excited state nucleus returns to a lower, more stable energy state, releasing a very high-energy ray in the process ​ Fission: the splitting of an atom's nucleus ​ Fusion: the joining of lower/lighter atoms release energy  ​ Excited State: when an atom has extra energy electron jumps to a higher orbit (extra energy can be in the nucleus) ​ Nuclear Energy: potential energy of protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei ​ Isotopes: same atomic number (ex: protons), bu different number of neutrons ​ Neutron: un charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom ​ Bohr-Rutherford: model of an atom ​ Heavy Water: water that contains high concentration of deuterium ​ Transverse: a wave in which particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the flow of the energy ​ Medium: the material that is vibrating ​ Super Position: the amplitude of the new wave is the sum of the amplitude of the two individual waves WAVES AND SOUND ​ Amplitude: max distance from equilibrium ​ Equilibrium: middle point or rest position (the axis on the graph) ​ Frequency: the number of cycles per second ​ Hertz: the SI (International System of Units) unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second ​ Lambda: (wavelength) distance between two similar points in 2 cycles (units m) ​ Rarefaction: the region in a longitudinal wave in which the mediums particles are farther apart ​ Destructive Interference: waves add to form smaller waves ​ Period: the time required for a vibrating particle to complete one cycle ​ Compression: the region in a longitudinal wave in which the mediums particles are closer together ​ Constructive Interference: waves add to form larger waves