Physics Chapter on Motion and Newton's Laws

MOTION (KINEMATICS)

• Vectors have magnitude and direction
• Scalars only have magnitude
• Magnitude is distance and quantity
• Displacement is the change in an object's position.
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
• Horizontal velocity remains constant during flight
• Vertical velocity changes due to gravity
• Projectile motion is two-dimensional (vertical and horizontal axes)
• Motion is an object's change in location, as observed from a reference point.

NEWTON'S LAWS (DYNAMICS)

• Mass and gravity are directly proportional
• Distance and gravity are inversely proportional
• Force causes objects to accelerate, decelerate, change direction, etc. (measured in Newtons)
• Force can be a push or a pull
• Gravity is a force of attraction between any two objects with mass
• Newton is defined as the force required to accelerate 1 kg at 1 m/s².
• Tension is a pulling force always directed towards the rope/string.
• Applied force is a force that results from contact and pushes or pulls.
• Inertia: An object at rest stays at rest, or an object in motion stays in motion with constant velocity, if the net external force is zero.

ENERGY/FORCE

• Mu (μ) Coefficient of Friction: Indicates the ratio of frictional force to normal force.
• Friction opposes the movement of surfaces against each other.
• Law of Gravitation describes the attractive force between objects based on mass and distance.
• Torsion is twisting or rotation.
• Free-Body Diagrams show all forces acting on an object.
• Second Law: The net force equals mass times acceleration (Fnet = ma).
• Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Static Friction: Friction that opposes the start of motion.
• Kinetic Friction: Friction that opposes motion once it has started (does not depend on speed).
• Normal Force: Force perpendicular to the surface.

ENERGY

• Celsius is a temperature scale based on water's freezing and boiling points.
• Joules are units of energy.
• Energy is conserved; it isn't created or destroyed.
• Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a substance.
• Conduction is energy transfer through touch.
• Conductors are materials that allow efficient energy transfer.
• Work is force multiplied by distance.
• Watts are units of power.

NUCLEAR ENERGY / THERMAL ENERGY / WAVES

• Thermal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of a substance’s particles
• Kelvin is a temperature scale based on absolute zero.
• Gravitational Potential Energy is energy stored based on an object's position relative to a surface.
• Power is the rate at which energy is transformed.
• Latent heat is the energy required for a substance to change states without a change in temperature.
• Insulators impede energy transfer.
• Radiation transfers energy via electromagnetic waves.
• Convection is the transfer of heat through fluid movement.
• Kinetic energy is energy due to motion.
• Electron: negatively charged particle found around the atom's nucleus.
• Tritium: isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons.
• Radioisotope: unstable isotope emitting radiation.
• Positron: positively charged particle, the antiparticle of an electron.
• Half-life: time for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
• Deuterium: isotope of hydrogen with one neutron.
• Nuclear reaction changes the nucleus of an atom.
• Alpha particles are emitted in some nuclear reactions.
• Beta particles are emitted in some nuclear reactions.
• Gamma rays are a high-energy electromagnetic wave emitted during some nuclear reactions.
• Fission is the splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus.
• Fusion is the combining of lighter atomic nuclei.

WAVES AND SOUND

• Amplitude is the maximum displacement from equilibrium.
• Equilibrium is the rest or middle position.
• Frequency is the number of cycles per second.
• Hertz (Hz) is the unit for frequency.
• Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two similar points on a wave.
• Rarefaction is where particles are spaced apart in a longitudinal wave.
• Destructive interference results in smaller waves.
• Period is the time for one wave cycle.
• Compression is where particles are close together in a longitudinal wave.
• Constructive interference results in larger waves.