PHMP 211 Finals Past Exam Paper PDF

Phmp 211 Van Allen Indiongco  Topic outline ❑ Kirby-Bauer Technique ❑ Mycology ❑ Parasitology ▪ Protozoology ⮚ Sarcodina ⮚ Sporozoa ⮚ Mastigophora ⮚ Ciliata ▪ Helminthology ⮚ Nematelminthes (Roundworms) ⮚ Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Cestoda (tapeworms...

Phmp 211 Van Allen Indiongco  Topic outline ❑ Kirby-Bauer Technique ❑ Mycology ❑ Parasitology ▪ Protozoology ⮚ Sarcodina ⮚ Sporozoa ⮚ Mastigophora ⮚ Ciliata ▪ Helminthology ⮚ Nematelminthes (Roundworms) ⮚ Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Cestoda (tapeworms) Trematoda (flukes)  Kirby-Bauer Technique ❑ Definition of Terms ▪ Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) ⮚ Clear, circular area surrounding an antibiotic disk on an agar plate where bacterial growth has been prevented ▪ Minimum Inhibitory Conc. (MIC) ⮚ Lowest concentration of an antibiotic that prevents growth of a bacterium  Kirby-Bauer Technique ❑ Definition of Terms ▪ Minimum Bactericidal Conc. (MBC) ⮚ Lowest concentration of an antibiotic that kills a bacterium ▪ Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) ⮚ Unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample ▪ Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) ⮚ A set of principles and guidelines ensuring that laboratory studies are conducted with quality, consistency, and reliability, particularly in non-clinical research  Kirby-Bauer Technique ❑ “Disk diffusion test” ▪ Widely used method to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotics against bacterial infections ▪ Media: Mueller-Hinton Agar  Kirby-Bauer Technique ❑ 0.5 McFarland Standard ▪ Used for standardizing the turbidity (cloudiness) of a bacterial suspension to a known concentration  Kirby-Bauer Technique ❑ McFarland Standard Approximate Bacterial Suspension / McFarland Standard mL 0.5 1.5 x 108 1.0 3.0 x 108 2.0 6.0 x 108 3.0 9.0 x 108 4.0 1.2 x 108  Kirby-Bauer Technique ❑ Kirby-Bauer Technique ▪ Interpretations: ⮚ Susceptible (S) Effective against the bacterium ⮚ Intermediate (I) Moderately effective; may require higher doses ⮚ Resistant (R) Ineffective against the bacterium Kirby-Bauer Technique  Fungal tease preparation ❑ Definition of Terms ▪ Fungi ⮚ Eukaryotic, with rigid cell wall made of chitin ⮚ Unicellular: yeast ⮚ Multicellular: molds, mushrooms ▪ Tease ⮚ Method used to disperse or separate the cells or colonies of an organism, typically fungi or bacteria  Fungal tease preparation ❑ Definition of Terms ▪ Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) ⮚ Commonly used staining solution in preparation and identification of fungi ⮚ Composition: Lactic acid – clearing agent Phenol – disinfectant Cotton Blue Dye – binds to chitin Glycerin - preserve the specimen and prevent drying out ▪ Scotch Tape Method ⮚ To collect sample  Fungal tease preparation ❑ Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) ▪ Used for the cultivation of fungi, especially yeasts and molds  Fungal tease preparation ❑ Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80 ▪ Used for the identification and cultivation of Candida species ▪ Promotes the formation of chlamydoconidia (spores) in yeasts like Candida albicans  Fungal tease preparation ❑ Birdseed Agar ▪ Used to culture Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungal pathogen ▪ Medium contains niger seed ⮚ dark brown or black coloration due to the production of melanin  Fungal tease preparation ❑ Urease Agar ▪ Used to detect the production of the enzyme urease by microorganisms ⮚ Mycology: Cryptococcus neoformans Some Candida spp. ⮚ Bacteriology: Helicobacter pylori Klebsiella spp. + –  Fungal diseases ❑ Sporotrichosis ▪ “Rose Gardener’s Disease” ▪ CA: Sporothrix schenckii ▪ Direct inoculation of the fungus into the skin (handling roses, thorns, or plant material) ▪ Tx: Itraconazole  Fungal diseases ❑ Histoplasmosis ▪ “Darling’s Disease” ▪ CA: Histoplasma capsulatum ▪ Inhalation of microconidia from contaminated soil (bird or bat droppings) ▪ Tx: ⮚ Amphotericin B or itraconazole Disseminated disease ⮚ Itraconazole Pulmonary disease  Fungal diseases ❑ Blastomycosis ▪ “Gilchrist’s Disease” ▪ CA: Blastomyces dermatitidis ▪ Inhaling conidia (spores) ▪ DOC: Itraconazole  Fungal diseases ❑ Coccidioidomycosis ▪ “Valley Fever” ▪ CAs: ⮚ Coccidioides immitis ⮚ Coccidioides posadasii ▪ Inhaling arthroconidia from dust or soil Yellow arrow – endospores Blue arrow - spherule  mycology ❑ Malassezia furfur ▪ Tinea versicolor “Pityriasis versicolor” ▪ Seborrheic dermatitis ▪ Tx: ⮚ SeS2 (shampoo) ⮚ Ketoconazole  mycology ❑ Tinea nigra ▪ Presents as dark brown or black patches on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet ▪ CA: Hortaea werneckii (2001) ⮚ formerly Cladosporium werneckii) ▪ Tx: ⮚ Clotrimazole ⮚ Miconazole ⮚ Ketoconazole  Type of tinea infections Description Causative agents Tinea capitis Affects the scalp, causing hair loss, Trichophyton tonsurans (Scalp Ringworm) scaling, and itching Tinea barbae Affects the beard area, causing red, Trichophyton verrucosum (Barber's Itch) itchy patches and hair loss Tinea corporis Affects the body, causing round, Trichophyton rubrum (Ringworm of the Body) red, scaly patches with a raised border Tinea versicolor Causes hypo- or hyperpigmented Malassezia furfur (Pityriasis versicolor) patches on the skin, commonly on the trunk, shoulders, and upper arms Tinea cruris Affects the groin area, causing red, Trichophyton rubrum (Jock Itch) itchy, ring-shaped rashes Tinea manus Affects the hands, causing red, Trichophyton rubrum (Hand Fungus) scaling patches, especially on the palms and between the fingers Tinea unguium Affects the nails, leading to Trichophyton rubrum (Onychomycosis, Nail Fungus) thickened, discolored, and brittle nails Tinea pedis Affects the feet, particularly Trichophyton rubrum (Athlete's Foot) between the toes, causing itching, redness, scaling, and sometimes  mycology ❑ Candidiasis ▪ CA: Candida albicans ⮚ Normal flora; overgrow (causes infxn) ▪ Types: ⮚ Vaginal Candidiasis ⮚ Oral Candidiasis (Thrush) ⮚ Invasive Candidiasis (Systemic) ⮚ Cutaneous Candidiasis ⮚ Esophageal Candidiasis ⮚ Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash) parasitology  Protozoa: sarcodina ❑ Entamoeba histolytica ▪ Disease: Amoebiasis ⮚ Amoebic dysentery ▪ Transmission: Fecal-oral ▪ Importance: ⮚ Causes intestinal ulcers, diarrhea, and liver abscesses  Protozoa: sarcodina ❑ Plasmodium spp. ▪ Disease: Malaria ▪ Species: ⮚ P. falciparum (most severe) ⮚ P. vivax ⮚ P. malariae ⮚ P. ovale ⮚ P. knowlesi ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Female Anopheles mosquitoes  Protozoa: sarcodina ❑ Toxoplasma gondii ▪ Disease: Toxoplasmosis ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Ingestion of undercooked contaminated meat ⮚ Exposure to oocysts in cat feces ⮚ Congenital transmission from infected mothers to fetuses ▪ Importance: ⮚ Severe in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., HIV/AIDS) and during pregnancy  Protozoa: sarcodina ❑ Cryptosporidium spp. ▪ Disease: Cryptosporidiosis ⮚ Watery diarrhea ▪ Transmission: Fecal-oral ▪ Importance: ⮚ Significant in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., HIV/AIDS)  Protozoa: sarcodina ❑ Babesia spp. ▪ Disease: ⮚ Babesiosis ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Ixodes ticks (same vector as Lyme disease) ▪ Importance: ⮚ A malaria-like illness, particularly severe in immunocompromised individuals or those without a spleen  PROTOZOA: mastigophora ❑ Trypanosoma spp. ▪ Disease: ⮚ African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness) Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense ⮚ American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) Trypanosoma cruzi ▪ Transmission: ⮚ African trypanosomiasis: Tsetse fly ⮚ Chagas disease: Triatomine ("kissing") bug feces ▪ Importance: ⮚ Both diseases are life-threatening and require specialized treatments  PROTOZOA: mastigophora ❑ Leishmania spp. ▪ Disease: ⮚ Leishmaniasis (cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral forms) ▪ Species: ⮚ Leishmania donovani Visceral leishmaniasis, or kala-azar ⮚ Leishmania tropica Cutaneous leishmaniasis ⮚ Leishmania braziliensis Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Female Phlebotomus (sandfly) ▪ Importance: ⮚ Significant in tropical and subtropical regions, often fatal if untreated (visceral form)  PROTOZOA: mastigophora ❑ Giardia lamblia (G. intestinalis) ▪ Disease: Giardiasis ⮚ Diarrheal illness ▪ Transmission: Fecal-oral ▪ Importance: ⮚ A common cause of waterborne disease globally  PROTOZOA: mastigophora ❑ Trichomonas vaginalis ▪ Disease: Trichomoniasis ⮚ Sexually transmitted infection ▪ Transmission: Sexual contact ▪ Importance: ⮚ Common STI, causing genital inflammation and increasing the risk of HIV transmission  PROTOZOA: ciliata ❑ Balantidium coli ▪ Disease: Balantidiasis ▪ Transmission: Fecal-oral ▪ Importance: Causes severe diarrhea and colitis, though rare  SUMMARY TABLE CLASS PROTOZOANS Sarcodina Entamoeba histolytica Plasmodium spp. Toxoplasma gondii Sporozoa Cryptosporidium spp. Babesia spp. Trypanosoma spp. Leishmania spp. Mastigophora Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis Ciliata Balantidium coli  helminthology ❑ Helminths ▪ Parasitic worms that infect humans and animals, causing significant diseases worldwide ▪ Classification: ⮚ Nematodes (Roundworms) These worms are cylindrical and non- segmented ⮚ Cestodes (Tapeworms) These are flat, segmented worms that reside in the intestines or tissues of their hosts ⮚ Trematodes (Flukes) These are flat, leaf-shaped worms that infect various organs  METAZOA: Nematodes ❑ Ascaris lumbricoides ▪ Disease: Ascariasis ▪ Transmission: Fecal-oral route ▪ Tx: Albendazole, mebendazole  METAZOA: Nematodes ❑ Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus ▪ Disease: Hookworm infection ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Skin penetration by larvae in soil ▪ Importance: ⮚ Iron-deficiency anemia and malnutrition  METAZOA: Nematodes ❑ Trichuris trichiura ▪ Disease: Trichuriasis ⮚ Whipworm infection ▪ Transmission: Fecal-oral route ▪ Importance: ⮚ Affects growth and cognitive development in children  METAZOA: Nematodes ❑ Strongyloides stercoralis ▪ “Threadworm” ▪ Disease: Strongyloidiasis ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Skin penetration by larvae in soil ▪ Importance: ⮚ Potentially fatal in immunocompromised individuals  METAZOA: Nematodes ❑ Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi ▪ Disease: Elephantiasis ⮚ Lymphatic filariasis ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Mosquito bites ▪ Importance: ⮚ Leads to severe swelling of limbs and disability  METAZOA: Nematodes ❑ Onchocerca volvulus ▪ Disease: Onchocerciasis ⮚ “River Blindness” ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Bites of blackflies (Simulium spp.) ▪ Importance: ⮚ A major cause of blindness in endemic areas  METAZOA: Nematodes ❑ Trichinella spiralis ▪ Disease: Trichinosis ▪ Transmission: Consumption of undercooked pork or wild animals ▪ Importance: ⮚ Causes muscle inflammation and systemic symptoms  METAZOA: Nematodes ❑ Dracunculus medinensis ▪ Disease: Dracunculiasis ⮚ Guinea worm disease ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Drinking water contaminated with infected copepods  Metazoa: cestodes ❑ Taenia solium ▪ “Pork tapeworm” ▪ Disease: ⮚ Taeniasis (intestinal infection) Adult form of T. solium ⮚ Cysticercosis (tissue infection) T. solium larvae ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Consumption of raw or undercooked pork containing cysticerci (larvae) ▪ Importance: ⮚ Neurocysticercosis is a major cause of epilepsy in endemic areas  Metazoa: cestodes ❑ Taenia saginata ▪ “Beef tapeworm” ▪ Disease: Taeniasis ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Consumption of raw or undercooked pork containing cysticerci (larvae) ▪ Importance: ⮚ Causes mild gastrointestinal symptoms  Metazoa: cestodes ❑ Echinococcus granulosus ▪ Disease: Hydatid Disease ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Ingestion of eggs from dog feces ▪ Importance: ⮚ Causes cysts in the liver, lungs, and other organs  Metazoa: cestodes ❑ Echinococcus multilocularis ▪ Disease: Alveolar echinococcosis ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Ingestion of eggs from wild canid feces ▪ Importance: ⮚ Highly invasive and life-threatening  Metazoa: cestodes ❑ Diphyllobothrium latum ▪ Disease: Diphyllobothriasis ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Consumption of raw or undercooked fish ▪ Significance: ⮚ Causes vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia  Metazoa: trematodes ❑ Schistosoma spp. ▪ Species: ⮚ Schistosoma haematobium Urinary schistosomiasis ⮚ S. mansoni and S. japonicum Intestinal schistosomiasis ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Skin penetration by cercariae in contaminated freshwater ▪ Importance: ⮚ Causes chronic organ damage, anemia, and bladder cancer  Metazoa: trematodes ❑ Fasciola hepatica ▪ Disease: Fascioliasis ⮚ Liver fluke infection ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Ingestion of water or plants contaminated with metacercariae ▪ Importance:  Metazoa: trematodes ❑ Clonorchis sinensis ▪ Disease: Clonorchiasis ⮚ Affects the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish ▪ Significance: ⮚ Associated with bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)  Metazoa: trematodes ❑ Paragonimus westermani ▪ Disease: Paragonimiasis ⮚ Lung fluke infection ▪ Transmission: ⮚ Consumption of raw or undercooked crustaceans ▪ Significance: ⮚ Causes lung and systemic symptoms  SUMMARY TABLE CLASS METAZOANS Intestinal: Ascaris lumbricoides A. duodenale & N. americanus Trichuris trichiura Enterobius vermicularis Nematodes Strongyloides stercoralis (Roundworm) Tissue: Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi Onchocerca volvulus Trichinella spiralis Dracunculus medinensis Taenia solium, T. saginata, Cestodes Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, (Tapeworm) Diphyllobothrium latum Schistosoma spp. Trematodes Fasciola hepatica (Flukes) Clonorchis sinensis Paragonimus westermani