PHMP 211: Kirby-Bauer and Mycology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which species of Plasmodium is associated with the most severe form of malaria?

P.ovale

P.vivax

P.malariae

P.falciparum (correct)

What is the primary vector responsible for the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi?

Anopheles mosquito

Tsetse fly

Ixodes tick

Triatomine bug (correct)

Which transmission route is NOT associated with Toxoplasma gondii?

Congenital transmission

Airborne transmission (correct)

Ingestion of undercooked meat

Exposure to cat feces

Which of the following diseases is typically associated with a fecal-oral transmission route?

Cryptosporidiosis Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan disease is primarily transmitted by Ixodes ticks?

Babesiosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant risk of Leishmania donovani if left untreated?

Progression to visceral leishmaniasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions increases the severity of Cryptosporidiosis?

HIV/AIDS Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species is not part of the genus Plasmodium?

Babesia spp. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily associated with Taenia solium infection?

Cysticercosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following trematodes is known to be transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated water plants?

Fasciola hepatica Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of neurocysticercosis?

Consumption of undercooked pork Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is characterized by cysts forming in the liver and lungs due to Echinococcus granulosus?

Hydatid Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a result of Schistosoma spp. infections?

Vitamin B12 deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the known transmission method for Clonorchis sinensis?

Ingestion of freshwater fish Signup and view all the answers

What disease is associated with Echinococcus multilocularis?

Alveolar echinococcosis Signup and view all the answers

Which infection is typically caused by the consumption of undercooked fish?

Diphyllobothriasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) in microbiological studies?

To estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the interpretation of a bacterium marked as 'Intermediate' in the Kirby-Bauer Technique?

Higher doses of the antibiotic may be needed for effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) in fungal identification?

Staining the fungal structures to reveal chitin Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately characterizes the Urease Agar's function in microbiological testing?

It determines the urease production in microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Which medium would be most appropriate for the cultivation of Cryptococcus neoformans?

Birdseed Agar Signup and view all the answers

What does the 0.5 McFarland Standard represent in the context of the Kirby-Bauer Technique?

A standard turbidity representing 1.5 x 10^8 bacteria per mL Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Scotch Tape Method in mycology?

To separate and collect fungal samples Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes nematelminthes in helminthology?

They are roundworms within the helminth group Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the clear area surrounding an antibiotic disk in agar where bacterial growth is inhibited?

Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disease caused by Giardia lamblia?

Giardiasis Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is known to cause iron-deficiency anemia through skin penetration?

Ancylostoma duodenale Signup and view all the answers

How is Trichinella spiralis primarily transmitted to humans?

Consumption of undercooked pork Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causative agent of sporotrichosis?

Sporothrix schenckii Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease caused by Balantidium coli?

Balantidiasis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of helminth is shaped like a flat ribbon and segmented?

Cestodes Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for pulmonary histoplasmosis?

Itraconazole Signup and view all the answers

What disease is commonly associated with Plasmodium spp.?

Malaria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is caused by Coccidioides spp.?

Coccidioidomycosis Signup and view all the answers

Which fungus is associated with the condition known as 'shell disease'?

Malassezia furfur Signup and view all the answers

Which disease leads to severe swelling of limbs and is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes?

Elephantiasis Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan causes a sexually transmitted infection characterized by genital inflammation?

Trichomonas vaginalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causal agent of Tinea nigra?

Hortaea werneckii Signup and view all the answers

What is the socio-economic impact of Trichuris trichiura infection?

Growth and cognitive development issues in children Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of candidiasis?

Tinea capitis Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is primarily associated with guinea worm disease?

Dracunculus medinensis Signup and view all the answers

Which tinea infection affects the nails?

Tinea unguium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica?

Fecal-oral Signup and view all the answers

Which tinea infection is characterized by round, red, scaly patches with a raised border?

Tinea corporis Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease caused by the inhalation of microconidia from bird or bat droppings?

Histoplasmosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course name: PHMP 211
Exam date: Thursday
Exam format: Exam (50)
Quizzes: 2, Kirby, Mycology, Parasitology
Study materials: Manual

Topic Outline

Kirby-Bauer Technique
Mycology
Parasitology
- Protozoology
  - Sarcodina
  - Sporozoa
  - Mastigophora
  - Ciliata
- Helminthology
  - Nematelminthes (Roundworms)
  - Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
    - Cestoda (tapeworms)
    - Trematoda (flukes)

Kirby-Bauer Technique (Definition of Terms)

Zone of Inhibition (ZOI): A clear, circular area around an antibiotic disk on an agar plate; indicates bacterial growth prevention by diameter.
Minimum Inhibitory Conc. (MIC): The lowest antibiotic concentration that stops bacterial growth.
Minimum Bactericidal Conc. (MBC): The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that kills a bacterium.
Colony-Forming Unit (CFU): A unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample.
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP): A set of principles and guidelines to ensure laboratory studies are conducted with quality, consistency, and reliability.

Kirby-Bauer Technique (Disk Diffusion Test)

Widely used to measure antibiotic efficacy against bacterial infections.
Media used: Mueller-Hinton Agar.

0.5 McFarland Standard

Used to standardize the turbidity (cloudiness) of a bacterial suspension to a known concentration.

McFarland Standard Table

0.5 McFarland Standard corresponds to 1.5 x 10⁸ bacteria/mL.
1.0 McFarland Standard corresponds to 3.0 x 10⁸ bacteria/mL.
2.0 McFarland Standard corresponds to 6.0 x 10⁸ bacteria/mL.
3.0 McFarland Standard corresponds to 9.0 x 10⁸ bacteria/mL.
4.0 McFarland Standard corresponds to 1.2 x 10⁹ bacteria/mL.

Kirby-Bauer Technique (Interpretations)

Susceptible (S): Effective against the bacterium.
Intermediate (I): Moderately effective; may require higher doses.
Resistant (R): Ineffective against the bacterium.

Mycology

Study of fungi.

Fungal Tease Preparation (Definition of Terms)

Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of chitin, a polysaccharide (sugar). May be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (molds, mushrooms).
Tease: Technique used to disperse or separate cells or colonies of an organism, mainly fungi or bacteria.

Fungal Tease Preparation (Staining and Collection)

Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB): A staining solution used for preparing and identifying fungi; includes lactic acid, phenol, and cotton blue dye.
Scotch Tape Method: Used to collect samples of fungi.

Fungal Tease Preparation (Cultivation Media)

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA): Used to cultivate fungi, particularly yeasts and molds.
Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80: Used in the identification and cultivation of Candida species, promoting the formation of chlamydoconidia (spores).
Birdseed Agar: Used to culture Cryptococcus neoformans; characterized by a dark brown or black color due to melanin production.
Urease Agar: Used to detect urease production by microorganisms.

Fungal Diseases

Sporotrichosis ("Rose Gardener's Disease"): Caused by Sporothrix schenckii; acquired via direct inoculation of plant material. Treatment: Itraconazole.
Histoplasmosis ("Darling's Disease"): Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum; acquired by inhaling microconidia from contaminated soil (bird or bat droppings). Treatment: Amphotericin B or itraconazole.
Blastomycosis ("Gilchrist's Disease"): Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis; acquired by inhaling conidia (spores). Treatment: Itraconazole.
Coccidioidomycosis ("Valley Fever"): Caused by Coccidioides immitis or posadasii; acquired by inhaling arthroconidia from dust or soil.
Malassezia furfur: Causes Tinea versicolor ("Pityriasis versicolor"); characterized by pigmentary changes on the skin. Treatment: Selenium disulfide or ketoconazole.
Tinea nigra: Caused by Hortaea werneckii (previously Cladosporium werneckii); presents as dark brown or black patches on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet. Treatment: Clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole.

Candidiasis

Caused by Candida albicans; affects the vaginal, oral, invasive, cutaneous, esophageal, and diaper areas.

Parasitology

Protozoa: Sarcodina, Sporozoa, Mastigophora, Ciliata
- Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebiasis)
- Plasmodium spp. (Malaria)
- Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
- Cryptosporidium spp. (Cryptosporidiosis)
- Babesia spp. (Babesiosis)
- Trypanosoma spp. (African trypanosomiasis, American trypanosomiasis)
- Leishmania spp. (Leishmaniasis)
- Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis)
- Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis)
- Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis)

Helminthology

Classification of parasitic worms: Nematodes (Roundworms), Cestodes (Tapeworms), Trematodes (Flukes).
Diseases caused by various helminths:
- Ascariasis: Caused by Ascaris lumbricoides
- Hookworm Infection: Caused by Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
- Trichuriasis: Caused by Trichuris trichiura
- Strongyloidiasis: Caused by Strongyloides stercoralis
- Elephantiasis/Lymphatic Filariasis: Caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
- Onchocerciasis (River Blindness): Caused by Onchocerca volvulus
- Trichinosis: Caused by Trichinella spiralis
- Dracunculiasis/Guinea worm disease: Caused by Dracunculus medinensis
Specific examples of tapeworms:
- Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm)
- Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm)
- Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid Disease)
- Echinococcus multilocularis (Alveolar echinococcosis)
- Diphyllobothrium latum
Specific examples of flukes:
- Schistosoma spp. (Urinary and Intestinal schistosomiasis)
- Fasciola hepatica (Fascioliasis)
- Clonorchis sinensis (Clonorchiasis)
- Paragonimus westermani (Paragonimiasis)

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Description

Test your knowledge on the Kirby-Bauer technique, mycology, and parasitology concepts. This quiz will cover important definitions, techniques, and classifications in microbiology. Prepare thoroughly to excel in your upcoming exam this Thursday.