PHMP 211: Kirby-Bauer and Mycology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which species of Plasmodium is associated with the most severe form of malaria?

  • P.ovale
  • P.vivax
  • P.malariae
  • P.falciparum (correct)

What is the primary vector responsible for the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi?

  • Anopheles mosquito
  • Tsetse fly
  • Ixodes tick
  • Triatomine bug (correct)

Which transmission route is NOT associated with Toxoplasma gondii?

  • Congenital transmission
  • Airborne transmission (correct)
  • Ingestion of undercooked meat
  • Exposure to cat feces

Which of the following diseases is typically associated with a fecal-oral transmission route?

<p>Cryptosporidiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan disease is primarily transmitted by Ixodes ticks?

<p>Babesiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant risk of Leishmania donovani if left untreated?

<p>Progression to visceral leishmaniasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions increases the severity of Cryptosporidiosis?

<p>HIV/AIDS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species is not part of the genus Plasmodium?

<p>Babesia spp. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily associated with Taenia solium infection?

<p>Cysticercosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following trematodes is known to be transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated water plants?

<p>Fasciola hepatica (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of neurocysticercosis?

<p>Consumption of undercooked pork (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is characterized by cysts forming in the liver and lungs due to Echinococcus granulosus?

<p>Hydatid Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a result of Schistosoma spp. infections?

<p>Vitamin B12 deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the known transmission method for Clonorchis sinensis?

<p>Ingestion of freshwater fish (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is associated with Echinococcus multilocularis?

<p>Alveolar echinococcosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infection is typically caused by the consumption of undercooked fish?

<p>Diphyllobothriasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) in microbiological studies?

<p>To estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the interpretation of a bacterium marked as 'Intermediate' in the Kirby-Bauer Technique?

<p>Higher doses of the antibiotic may be needed for effectiveness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) in fungal identification?

<p>Staining the fungal structures to reveal chitin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately characterizes the Urease Agar's function in microbiological testing?

<p>It determines the urease production in microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medium would be most appropriate for the cultivation of Cryptococcus neoformans?

<p>Birdseed Agar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 0.5 McFarland Standard represent in the context of the Kirby-Bauer Technique?

<p>A standard turbidity representing 1.5 x 10^8 bacteria per mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Scotch Tape Method in mycology?

<p>To separate and collect fungal samples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes nematelminthes in helminthology?

<p>They are roundworms within the helminth group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the clear area surrounding an antibiotic disk in agar where bacterial growth is inhibited?

<p>Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disease caused by Giardia lamblia?

<p>Giardiasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is known to cause iron-deficiency anemia through skin penetration?

<p>Ancylostoma duodenale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Trichinella spiralis primarily transmitted to humans?

<p>Consumption of undercooked pork (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causative agent of sporotrichosis?

<p>Sporothrix schenckii (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease caused by Balantidium coli?

<p>Balantidiasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of helminth is shaped like a flat ribbon and segmented?

<p>Cestodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for pulmonary histoplasmosis?

<p>Itraconazole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is commonly associated with Plasmodium spp.?

<p>Malaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is caused by Coccidioides spp.?

<p>Coccidioidomycosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fungus is associated with the condition known as 'shell disease'?

<p>Malassezia furfur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease leads to severe swelling of limbs and is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes?

<p>Elephantiasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan causes a sexually transmitted infection characterized by genital inflammation?

<p>Trichomonas vaginalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary causal agent of Tinea nigra?

<p>Hortaea werneckii (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the socio-economic impact of Trichuris trichiura infection?

<p>Growth and cognitive development issues in children (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of candidiasis?

<p>Tinea capitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is primarily associated with guinea worm disease?

<p>Dracunculus medinensis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tinea infection affects the nails?

<p>Tinea unguium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica?

<p>Fecal-oral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tinea infection is characterized by round, red, scaly patches with a raised border?

<p>Tinea corporis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease caused by the inhalation of microconidia from bird or bat droppings?

<p>Histoplasmosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Malaria

A serious disease caused by a parasite that infects red blood cells, transmitted by mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, chills, sweating, headache, and muscle pain.

P. falciparum

A species of parasite that causes malaria, known for its severity and potential for complications.

Toxoplasma gondii

A parasite that causes the disease toxoplasmosis, often acquired from contaminated meat or cat feces.

Cryptosporidium spp.

A parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis, a waterborne illness characterized by watery diarrhea.

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Babesia spp.

A parasite transmitted by ticks, causing a malaria-like illness called babesiosis.

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Trypanosoma brucei

A parasite that causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). It is transmitted by the tsetse fly.

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Trypanosoma cruzi

A parasite that causes Chagas disease, a serious illness transmitted by the kissing bug.

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Leishmania spp.

A parasite that causes leishmaniasis, a disease affecting the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs, often spread by sandflies.

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Zone of Inhibition (ZOI)

The clear area around an antibiotic disk on an agar plate where bacterial growth is prevented.

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Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that stops bacterial growth.

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Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that kills bacteria.

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Colony-Forming Unit (CFU)

A unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample.

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Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)

A set of principles and guidelines ensuring quality, consistency, and reliability in laboratory studies, especially in non-clinical research.

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Kirby-Bauer Technique

A widely used method to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotics against bacterial infections.

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What media is used in Kirby-Bauer Technique?

Mueller-Hinton Agar is the media used.

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0.5 McFarland Standard

A standard used to standardize the turbidity (cloudiness) of a bacterial suspension to a known concentration.

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Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB)

A staining solution used in preparation and identification of fungi. It consists of lactic acid, phenol, cotton blue dye, and glycerin.

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Scotch Tape Method

A method used to collect fungal samples.

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Giardia lamblia

A protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, a diarrheal illness.

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Trichomonas vaginalis

A protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection.

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Balantidium coli

A protozoan parasite that causes balantidiasis, an intestinal infection leading to severe diarrhea and colitis.

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Helminths

Parasitic worms that infect humans and animals, causing significant diseases worldwide.

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Ascaris lumbricoides

A roundworm (nematode) that causes ascariasis, an intestinal infection.

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Hookworm infection

An intestinal infection caused by the nematodes Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus.

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Trichuris trichiura

A roundworm (nematode) that causes trichuriasis, or whipworm infection.

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Strongyloides stercoralis

A roundworm (nematode) that causes strongyloidiasis, an intestinal infection.

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Elephantiasis

A severe condition caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, leading to swelling of limbs.

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Onchocerciasis

A parasitic infection caused by Onchocerca volvulus, commonly known as river blindness.

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Helicobacter pylori

A bacterium that commonly infects the stomach and can cause ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer.

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Sporotrichosis

A fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii, often affecting the skin after contact with contaminated materials like plants or soil.

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Histoplasmosis

A fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, typically contracted through inhaling spores from contaminated soil, especially bird or bat droppings.

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Blastomycosis

A fungal infection caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis, contracted through inhaling spores.

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Coccidioidomycosis

A fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii, typically contracted through inhaling spores from dust or soil.

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Malassezia furfur

A fungus that causes skin conditions like tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) and seborrheic dermatitis.

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Tinea nigra

A fungal infection caused by Hortaea werneckii, characterized by dark brown or black patches on the skin, commonly on palms and soles.

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Tinea capitis (Scalp Ringworm)

A fungal infection affecting the scalp, causing hair loss, scaling, and itching. Often caused by Trichophyton tonsurans.

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Tinea corporis (Ringworm of the Body)

A fungal infection affecting the body, causing round, red, scaly patches with a raised border. Often caused by Trichophyton rubrum.

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Candidiasis

A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, commonly found in our bodies. It can affect various areas like the vagina, mouth, and skin.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course name: PHMP 211
  • Exam date: Thursday
  • Exam format: Exam (50)
  • Quizzes: 2, Kirby, Mycology, Parasitology
  • Study materials: Manual

Topic Outline

  • Kirby-Bauer Technique
  • Mycology
  • Parasitology
    • Protozoology
      • Sarcodina
      • Sporozoa
      • Mastigophora
      • Ciliata
    • Helminthology
      • Nematelminthes (Roundworms)
      • Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
        • Cestoda (tapeworms)
        • Trematoda (flukes)

Kirby-Bauer Technique (Definition of Terms)

  • Zone of Inhibition (ZOI): A clear, circular area around an antibiotic disk on an agar plate; indicates bacterial growth prevention by diameter.
  • Minimum Inhibitory Conc. (MIC): The lowest antibiotic concentration that stops bacterial growth.
  • Minimum Bactericidal Conc. (MBC): The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that kills a bacterium.
  • Colony-Forming Unit (CFU): A unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample.
  • Good Laboratory Practice (GLP): A set of principles and guidelines to ensure laboratory studies are conducted with quality, consistency, and reliability.

Kirby-Bauer Technique (Disk Diffusion Test)

  • Widely used to measure antibiotic efficacy against bacterial infections.
  • Media used: Mueller-Hinton Agar.

0.5 McFarland Standard

  • Used to standardize the turbidity (cloudiness) of a bacterial suspension to a known concentration.

McFarland Standard Table

  • 0.5 McFarland Standard corresponds to 1.5 x 108 bacteria/mL.
  • 1.0 McFarland Standard corresponds to 3.0 x 108 bacteria/mL.
  • 2.0 McFarland Standard corresponds to 6.0 x 108 bacteria/mL.
  • 3.0 McFarland Standard corresponds to 9.0 x 108 bacteria/mL.
  • 4.0 McFarland Standard corresponds to 1.2 x 109 bacteria/mL.

Kirby-Bauer Technique (Interpretations)

  • Susceptible (S): Effective against the bacterium.
  • Intermediate (I): Moderately effective; may require higher doses.
  • Resistant (R): Ineffective against the bacterium.

Mycology

  • Study of fungi.

Fungal Tease Preparation (Definition of Terms)

  • Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of chitin, a polysaccharide (sugar). May be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (molds, mushrooms).
  • Tease: Technique used to disperse or separate cells or colonies of an organism, mainly fungi or bacteria.

Fungal Tease Preparation (Staining and Collection)

  • Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB): A staining solution used for preparing and identifying fungi; includes lactic acid, phenol, and cotton blue dye.
  • Scotch Tape Method: Used to collect samples of fungi.

Fungal Tease Preparation (Cultivation Media)

  • Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA): Used to cultivate fungi, particularly yeasts and molds.
  • Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80: Used in the identification and cultivation of Candida species, promoting the formation of chlamydoconidia (spores).
  • Birdseed Agar: Used to culture Cryptococcus neoformans; characterized by a dark brown or black color due to melanin production.
  • Urease Agar: Used to detect urease production by microorganisms.

Fungal Diseases

  • Sporotrichosis ("Rose Gardener's Disease"): Caused by Sporothrix schenckii; acquired via direct inoculation of plant material. Treatment: Itraconazole.
  • Histoplasmosis ("Darling's Disease"): Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum; acquired by inhaling microconidia from contaminated soil (bird or bat droppings). Treatment: Amphotericin B or itraconazole.
  • Blastomycosis ("Gilchrist's Disease"): Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis; acquired by inhaling conidia (spores). Treatment: Itraconazole.
  • Coccidioidomycosis ("Valley Fever"): Caused by Coccidioides immitis or posadasii; acquired by inhaling arthroconidia from dust or soil.
  • Malassezia furfur: Causes Tinea versicolor ("Pityriasis versicolor"); characterized by pigmentary changes on the skin. Treatment: Selenium disulfide or ketoconazole.
  • Tinea nigra: Caused by Hortaea werneckii (previously Cladosporium werneckii); presents as dark brown or black patches on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet. Treatment: Clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole.

Candidiasis

  • Caused by Candida albicans; affects the vaginal, oral, invasive, cutaneous, esophageal, and diaper areas.

Parasitology

  • Protozoa: Sarcodina, Sporozoa, Mastigophora, Ciliata
    • Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebiasis)
    • Plasmodium spp. (Malaria)
    • Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
    • Cryptosporidium spp. (Cryptosporidiosis)
    • Babesia spp. (Babesiosis)
    • Trypanosoma spp. (African trypanosomiasis, American trypanosomiasis)
    • Leishmania spp. (Leishmaniasis)
    • Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis)
    • Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis)
    • Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis)

Helminthology

  • Classification of parasitic worms: Nematodes (Roundworms), Cestodes (Tapeworms), Trematodes (Flukes).
  • Diseases caused by various helminths:
    • Ascariasis: Caused by Ascaris lumbricoides
    • Hookworm Infection: Caused by Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
    • Trichuriasis: Caused by Trichuris trichiura
    • Strongyloidiasis: Caused by Strongyloides stercoralis
    • Elephantiasis/Lymphatic Filariasis: Caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
    • Onchocerciasis (River Blindness): Caused by Onchocerca volvulus
    • Trichinosis: Caused by Trichinella spiralis
    • Dracunculiasis/Guinea worm disease: Caused by Dracunculus medinensis
  • Specific examples of tapeworms:
    • Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm)
    • Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm)
    • Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid Disease)
    • Echinococcus multilocularis (Alveolar echinococcosis)
    • Diphyllobothrium latum
  • Specific examples of flukes:
    • Schistosoma spp. (Urinary and Intestinal schistosomiasis)
    • Fasciola hepatica (Fascioliasis)
    • Clonorchis sinensis (Clonorchiasis)
    • Paragonimus westermani (Paragonimiasis)

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Test your knowledge on the Kirby-Bauer technique, mycology, and parasitology concepts. This quiz will cover important definitions, techniques, and classifications in microbiology. Prepare thoroughly to excel in your upcoming exam this Thursday.

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