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PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 1 ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS ★ Sustainable Development Goals Goal 1: No Poverty...

PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 1 ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS ★ Sustainable Development Goals Goal 1: No Poverty Goal 2: Zero Hunger ENVIRONMENTAL DISORDER Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being Goal 4: Quality Education Goal 5: Gender Equality Pollution and Climate Change Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation The biggest threat to our current way of life Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy is pollution and climate change. Climate Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth change is a global problem with grave Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure implications for the environmental, social, Goal 10: Reduced Inequality economic, political, and distribution of goods. Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities It represents one of the principal challenges Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and facing humanity in our day. Production Goal 13: Climate Action Goal 14: Life Below Water Loss of Biodiversity Goal 15: Life on Land Biodiversity loss has negative effects on Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions several aspects of human well-being, such as Goal 17: Partnerships to Achieve the Goal food security, vulnerability to natural disasters, energy security, and access to clean water and raw materials. It also affects human health, social relations, and freedom ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS of choice. PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ★ Environmental Aesthetics Environmental aesthetics as a significant area of philosophical research. Last part of the last century, these positions ➔ Environmental Integrity developed distinct points of view concerning Refers to maintaining the state of the nature of the aesthetic appreciation of the environment. natural environments. The positions were ➔ Economic Efficiency frequently distinguished as belonging in one Refers to prudence in or the other of two groups, alternatively decision-making regarding the use labeled cognitive and non-cognitive, of resources to ensure that there is conceptual and non- conceptual, or narrative zero waste. and ambient. ➔ Equity Resources are conserved until the Cognitive Views next generation. structure of artwork Also called cognitive, conceptual, or narrative positions in SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS environmental aesthetics are united OF UNITED NATIONS by the thought that knowledge and information about the nature of the object of appreciation are central to its aesthetic appreciation. 193 country members For example, in serious, Year target : 2030 appropriate aesthetic appreciation of works of art, it is taken to be essential that we experience works as what theater and in light of knowledge of their real natures. Tuesday | Philosophy Page 1  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 Non-Cognitive Views Frugality Standing in contrast to the The act of using money or other cognitive positions in environmental resources wisely and practically. aesthetics are several so-called Economical in the consumption of non-cognitive, non-conceptual, or resources. ambient approaches. However, Avoiding waste. "non-cognitive" here should not be Practicing the 5R’s in waste taken in its older philosophical management. sense, as meaning primarily or only “emotive”. Rather it indicates simply that these views hold that something other than a cognitive component, such as scientific knowledge or cultural tradition, is the central feature of the aesthetic appreciation of environments. ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS ★ Environmental Ethics The discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value moral status of the environment and this non-human contents. Intrinsic Value (inherent/innate) Something has an intrinsic value if it has inherent worth in itself. Instrumental Value (extrinsic) Something has instrumental value if it is considered as a means towards achieving a certain end. ★ Environmental Virtue Prudence Defined as the ability to have good judgment that allows avoidance of dangers and risks. Conforming to reason and decency. Exercising caution. Using LED light to conserve electricity. Tuesday | Philosophy Page 2  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 THEORIES IN RADICAL 2 STEWARDSHIP AND ECOLOGICAL EDUCATION ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY VIEWS ON THE ATTRIBUTION OF Deep Ecology An ecological and environmental philosophy MORAL CONSIDERATION which presupposes that all living things possess equal intrinsic value regardless of Anthropocentrism their usefulness or utility to other beings. Only humans are assigned intrinsic value. Considers human beings as the center of ★ Arne Ness: “Each living being is understood as a goal in itself, in principle moral consideration. on an equal footing with one's own ego.” Most evil moral consideration Social Ecology Pathocentrism An offshoot of the movement against the Extend intrinsic value and thus moral domination of existing hierarchical structures consideration to higher forms of animals or in society that preempt the development of intelligent animals such as dogs and the full nature of an individual. chimpanzees who are sentient beings. Man has two natures: Biotic Nature and Sentient beings have the capacity to feel Human Nature. pain, and thus, suffering. ★ Murray Bookchin: “Ultimate human Biocentrism beings cease to live in societies that are The view that not only humans and animals structured around hierarchies as well as but also plants should be morally economic classes, we shall never be free considerable. of domination. However, much we try to Intrinsic value is assigned to living things. dispel it with rituals, incantations, eco theologies, and the adoption of the seemingly natural ways of life.” Ecocentrism Regards ecosystems as holistic entities that Ecofeminism should be given moral consideration. Feminism: The belief that men and women Ecosystem: The community of living should have equal rights and opportunities. organisms in conjunction with the non-living Believes that society is characterized by a components of their environment interacting mentality that tolerates the oppression of as a system. women is directly linked with its tendency to This view reduces all living beings as mere tolerate the abuse of the environment and members of the ecosystem. degradation of nature. Intrinsic value is assigned to the ecosystem as a whole. ★ “I do not wish them(women) to have Thus an action is right and therefore moral, powder over men; but over themselves.” when it has the tendency to preserve the - Mary Wollstonecraft (Feminist integrity, stability of the biotic community; Philosopher Author of “A and wrong when it does the opposite. Vindication of the Rights of the Woman”) ★ Aldo Leopold: “That land is a community; the basic concept of ecology, but that ★ “The human species in its patriarchal land is to be loved and respected is an form is the only species which holds a extension of ethics.” conscious belief that it is entitled to dominion over other species, and over the planet.” - Ynestra King (Ecofeminist Theorist Author of “The Ecology of Feminism and Feminism of Ecology”) Tuesday | Philosophy Page 3  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 3 THE WILL, HUMAN ACTS, AND Acts of Man Acts of man are those acts that man VOLUNTARINESS performs without being master of them through his intellect and will. In principle, acts of man are not the concern of morals, since Freedom they are not voluntary. These include The quality or state of being free, such as: vegetative and sense faculties, saneness, the absence of necessity, coercion, or and reflexes. constraint in choice or action. liberation from slavery or from the power of another. HUMAN ACTS ACTS OF MAN boldness of conception or execution. a political right. Theft Breathing Will Cheating Blinking The will, in philosophy and psychology, is a term used to describe the faculty of mind Lying Sleeping that is alleged to stimulate motivation of purposeful activity. This is done by selecting different course of action after a rational Selling Hearing deliberation, to choose an action from alternatives. Moral Responsibility MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS The status of morally deserving praise, blame, reward, or punishment for an act or omission, in accordance with one’s moral obligations. Ignorance Lack or absence of knowledge in a person capable of knowing a certain thing or things. ★ Invincible Ignorance. The type of TYPES OF FREEDOM ignorance which cannot be dispelled by ordinary diligence. ★ Vincible ignorance. The type of Circumstantial Freedom ignorance which can and should be The liberty to accomplish an action without dispelled. interference from obstacles. Fear Metaphysical Freedom A mental agitation of disturbance brought The power to choose among genuine about by the apprehension of some present alternatives. or imminent danger. The danger may be real or imaginary, for as long as something apprehended as a danger, it can cause fear. HUMAN ACTS AND ACTS OF MAN Concupiscence/Passion A movement of the sensitive appetite which is produced by good or evil as apprehended Human Acts by the mind. Strong tendencies towards the Human acts are those acts that man does as possession of something good or towards a man, that is, of which he is properly master the avoidance of something evil. Movements because he does them with full knowledge of passions are usually called feelings. and of his own will. Human acts are therefore those acts that proceed from a deliberate will. Tuesday | Philosophy Page 4  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 Violence An external force applied by someone on THE STORY OF ROBINHOOD another in order to compel him to perform an action against his will. If one resists the violence as much as possible, the evil act to Object of Robinhood: Act of stealing which one is forced is not culpable. Intention of Robinhood: Give to those people Habits who are in need Are inclination to perform some particular action acquired by repetition, and Circumstance of Robinhood: Who? Wealthy characterized by a decreased power of people resistance and an increased facility of performance. Sometimes called second nature; something deeply embedded in an individual, but ingrained by being acquired not being inborn through repeated actions performed by the agent. DETERMINANTS OF MORAL ACTION Object The object of the human act is that which is actually done. From this, we get the character of objective morality. There are actions that are objectively in conformity or not in conformity with the created human person, and thus, actions in conformity with them or against them are objectively good or evil as such. Intention The purpose or motive for which the agent acts. While a wrong intention can make a morally good act subjectively wrong and cause culpability in the agent, a good intention can never make an objectively evil act to be good. The end doesn't justify the means. Circumstance The circumstances of an action are individual conditions of specific acts in time and place that are not of themselves part of the nature of the action. They do, however, modify the moral quality of the action. The who, what, when, and where of actions are bearing on the goodness or otherwise of specific actions. Tuesday | Philosophy Page 5  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 4 ACTION, CONSEQUENCES, Compatibilism This belief that free will and determinism AND FREEDOM OF THE WILL are compatible ideas, and that it is possible to believe in both without being logically inconsistent. Ex: Being thirsty ARGUMENTS ON FREEDOM AND WILL Common Consent The great majority of men believe that their will is free. This conviction is of the utmost practical importance for the whole of human life. Therefore, if there is order in the world, the majority of mankind cannot be wrong in this belief. Hence, the will is free. Psychological We are directly and indirectly aware of our freedom in the very act of making a free decision; we are indirectly aware of it because of the many instances of the behavior which can only be explained by admitting the freedom of the will. Ethical If there is no freedom, there is no moral responsibility, no virtue, no merit, no moral obligation, no duty, no morality. The necessary connection between freedom and the spiritual realities is quite obvious and is demonstrated in Ethics. VIEWS ON FREEDOM AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITY Libertarianism The belief that human actions are freely chosen. We do have metaphysical freedom; we are morally responsible. Ex: Education Hard Determinism This belief that all events are caused by past events such that nothing other than what does occur could occur. Ex: Choosing something Tuesday | Philosophy Page 6  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 5 ACCEPTING ME, ACCEPTING YOU INTERSUBJECTIVE RELATIONSHIP I and Thou Relationship (Ich-Du) INTERSUBJECTIVITY It refers to the world of encounters and relationships where there are persons. It is a concrete encounter without any It is the condition of man, a subject, qualification or objectification of one among other men, who are also another. subjects. It is a dialogue. Refers to the shared awareness and understanding among persons. I and It Relationship (Ich-Es) It is made possible by the awareness of An individual treats other things, people, the self and the other. etc., as objects to be used and experienced. Essentially, this form of ★ MARTIN BUBER objectivity relates to the world in terms An Austrian-born Israeli Jewish of the self, on how an object can serve philosopher best known for his individual interest. philosophy of dialogue. It is not a dialogue, but a monologue. His main interests are focused on philosophical anthropology, a ★ “Through the Thou, the person discipline dealing with questions of becomes I.’ metaphysics and phenomenology of - Martin Buber the human person. Author of I and Thou “The world is not comprehensible, OBSTACLES TO DIALOGUE but it is embraceable: through the embracing of one of its beings.” “Men feel themselves to be carried Seeming by the collectivity, which lifts them It is a way of approaching the other out of loneliness and fear of the governed by the image one desires to world and lostness.” impress on the other. It involves deliberately playing up or Social hiding aspects of yourself to appear Social refers to the life of a group bound more desirable or impressive. together by common experiences and “Happiness can exist only in acceptance” reactions. Speechifying Interhuman It refers to one’s talking past another. The interhuman refers to the life between It is hearing without listening to what and among persons; it refers to the one says. interpersonal, that is, a life of dialogue. “Naririnig ka nga, hindi ka naman pinapakinggan” Dialogue It is a deep and genuine relationship Imposition between persons. It happens when two It constitutes holding one’s own opinion, persons truly acknowledge each other’s values, attitudes and oneself without presence and treat each other as equals. regard for those of another. It is telling the other how he or she should act, behave, and respond to things. Tuesday | Philosophy Page 7  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 THE ART OF LOVING (1956) CHARACTERISTICS OF LOVE We give more importance to being Love is Historical loved than to loving. Because the other is a concrete particular People think that to love is easy and person with his or her own being history. what is difficult is to find the right person to love or to be loved by. Love is Total We confuse the initial falling-in love with Because persons are indivisible. the permanent state of being-in-love. Love is Eternal Because love is not given only for a limited ★ ERICH FROMM period of time. German-born American Love is Sacred psychoanalyst and social Because in love, persons are valuable in philosopher who explored the themselves. interaction between psychology and society. "Love is an active power in a man" , and that in the general sense, the ELEMENTS OF LOVE active character of love is primarily that of "giving". Care “The experience of love begins with the Active concern for the life and the growth of experience of loneliness.” that which we love. - Dr. Manuel Dy Jr. Responsibility An entirely voluntary act; it is the response to LONELINESS the needs, expressed or unexpressed, of One of the most basic experiences of human another human being. beings is self awareness. Respect ➔ Ways people addressing loneliness The ability to see a person as he is, to be ↪ Escapism aware of his unique individuality. The use of drugs, sex, and alcohol to find one’s self. Knowledge ↪ Conformity with groups Ability to know someone transcending in its Joining a group, organization, core. club, or fraternity. ↪ Creative and Productive Work Planning, producing, and seeing “Love is a decision, it is a judgment, it is a the result of a hobby, pastime, or promise. If love were only a feeling, there passion. would be no basis for the promise to love each other forever.” - Erich Fromm Tuesday | Philosophy Page 8  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 6 ACCEPTING OTHERS IS OTHER PRINCIPLES OF LIBERTY NOT TO IMPOSE TO OTHERS Principle of Paternalism In modern philosophy and jurisprudence, LIBERTY it is to act for the good of another person without that person's consent, as parents do for children. It is ★ JOHN STUART MILL controversial because its end is benevolent, and its means coercive. A liberal classical economist, Mill was Paternalists advance people's interests an advocate of individual rights, (such as life, health, or safety) at the progressive social policies, and expense of their liberty. utilitarianism, which promotes Whenever the state acts to protect actions that do "the greatest good people from themselves, it seeks their for the greatest number. " good; but by doing so through criminal One of the proponents of ethical law, it does so coercively, often against philosophy of Utilitarianism. their will. Liberty of Thoughts and Feelings Legal Moralism Absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment A view that the law can legitimately be on all subjects. The liberty of expressing and used to prohibit behaviors that conflict publishing opinions may seem to fall under a with society's collective moral different principle, since it belongs to that judgments even when those behaviors part of the conduct of an individual which do not result in physical or psychological concerns other people; but, being almost as harm to others. much importance as the liberty of thought A person's freedom can legitimately be itself, and resting in great part on the same restricted simply because it conflicts reasons, is practically inseparable from it. with society's collective morality; thus, legal moralism implies that it is Liberty of Taste and Pursuits permissible for the state to use its Framing the plan of our life to suit our own coercive power to enforce society's character: of doing as we like, subject to collective morality. such consequences as may follow; without impediment from our fellow creatures, so long as what we do does not harm them, “A person may cause evil to others not only even though they should think our conduct by his actions but by his inaction, and in foolish, perverse, or wrong. either case, he is justly accountable to them for the injury.” Liberty within the Same Limits - John Stuart Mill (English Of combination among individuals; freedom Philosopher and Economist) to unite, for any purpose not involving harm to others: the persons combining being supposed to be of full age, and not forced or deceived. Liberty of Thought and Discussion Mill argues in favor of freedom of speech in the vast majority of situations, barring a few key exceptions such as when an individual incites immediate violence. Mill deals with three cases of free speech: one in which the suppressed opinion is true, one in which it is partly true, and, lastly, one in which it is wholly false. Tuesday | Philosophy Page 9  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 7 MAN AS SOCIAL ANIMAL AND THEORIES OF SOCIETY SOCIETY “Sociology is the Science of Society.” - August Comte (Father of Sociology) Aristotle - Society is the natural state of Society (In Sociology) humanity. - An organized group of people - State is a creation of nature, and whose members interact frequently that man is by nature a political and have a common territory and animal. culture. - A state has four elements: - A group of people with common Population, Territory, Government, norms, values, and aspirations that and Sovereignty. interact with one another to attain - Outside society, human person their own goals for self survival. ceases to be human (beast or God). Society (In Philosophy) Niccolo Machiavelli - Studying society and its influence - Machiavellianism is a widely used on the human person. It applies negative term to characterize philosophical concepts and social unscrupulous politicians of the sort context. Machiavelli described most - Philosophers consider society as famously in The Prince. the product of deliberate action by - Society should be controlled individuals who come together in through seizure, maintenance and pursuit of a common goal. absolute power by nicely graduated use of fraud, force, and “Man is a social and political animal.” - fear to people. Aristotle (Greek Philosopher) St. Thomas Aquinas - The natural good to which human THEORIES OF SOCIETY beings are inclined is “to live in society” - He argued in his book “Politics” that Plato political society emerges from the - Society should be based on needs and aspirations of human function and harmony. - Ideal society must be ruled by nature itself. intellectual aristocracy and - Political society is not simply given educated philosopher kings. by nature. - A well-ordered society is one whose classes do what they should do, without interfering and disrupting functions and powers of the other classes. Tuesday | Philosophy Page 10  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 Confucious - Society should be based on virtue. ★ John Locke - Ren - a humane principle rooted in - Society needs a social contract to empathy, at the heart of ren is protect natural rights. reciprocity. - Just society respects and protects - Shong-Yong - the Golden Mean, natural rights: right to life, liberty means moderation, normality and and property. universal moral laws. - Individuals needs to cooperate and - Li - Rules of Propriety, or the moral share the burden of upholding the customs that provide specific welfare of society. guidance. - The state can be overthrown if it fails to protect rights. THEORIES OF SOCIETY ★ Jean Jacques Rousseau (THE SOCIAL CONTRACT) - Advocated the concept of “General Will” - Based on the assumption that the The SociaL Contract - Many theories of the society just people have empowered the begin with the idea that the state is government to act on their behalf, the result of individuals coming and that it is considered to be the together to form an organized best judge of what is most society for their mutual benefit. beneficial for society. - Society is a Social Contract freely entered into by independent and ★ John Rawls fully informed people. - Humans as having “Veil of - Moral and political obligations are Ignorance” , no knowledge of one’s dependent upon a contract or own characteristics such as gender, agreement among them to form race, or social status. the society. - In this state, humans would - During the Age of Enlightenment, naturally seek a just and fair social philosophers studies the society to look out for their own natural laws that govern human interests. society. ★ Thomas Hobbes - Humans are fundamentally predisposed to selfishness, desires, and destruction. - In Social Contract, people surrender their personal autonomy to governing authority in exchange of order and protection. - To attain, one must sacrifice natural rights for interpersonal rights. Tuesday | Philosophy Page 11  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 “Kapwa is the unity of 8 SOCIAL INFLUENCES one-on-us-and-the-other.” - Virgilio Enriquez AND FILIPINO SOCIETY (Father of Filipino Psychology) Amor Propio (Self-esteem) - Amor Propio is a core Filipino value INFLUENCES IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR that encompasses self- respect, self-worth, and self- care. It is about having a strong sense of Genetics identity, setting boundaries, and - Genetic traits determine our taking care of oneself physiological attributes. These physical attributes affect significantly our personality and Hospitality (Magiliw sa pagtanggap) behavior in society. - The value of magiliw na - Genetic traits of parents can be pagtanggap, which translates to transmitted to children including treating guests with kindness and biological make-up and personality. generosity. Family - It is the primary social institution. It CHARACTERISTICS OF FILIPINO (POSITIVE) is a dynamic system of people living together united by meaningful and significant bonds. - Functions include: survival and 1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao security, biological needs, nurture Practices pakikipagkapwa-tao through the and emotional support. famous Filipino hospitality. A prime value of Filipinos is smooth interpersonal relationships. The Filipino is usually easy to Society and Culture get along with. We are very friendly people. - Culture is a cumulative learned behavior of a society that is passed 2. Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude) on from generations. Through Incurred by people who receive help or culture, man is able to interact in favors from others. Deep gratitude and the society. Western culture are emphasizes respect and family obligations, individualistic and secular, while which children are encouraged to develop. Eastern culture is more of family-oriented or people oriented 3. Flexibility, Adaptability, and society. Resiliency Filipinos have a great capacity to adjust and to circumstances and the surrounding THE FILIPINO VALUES environment, both physical and social. 4. Hardwork and Industry Kapwa (Togetherness) Given the proper conditions and incentives, - To embrace our shared identity Filipinos work hard indeed. and to care for our fellow beings. - The Filipinos have two groups within 5. Faith and Religiosity their approach to studying the Filipino psychology is essentially religious. We psychology of their people. pray often. We are attached to the church. - Ibang Tao (Other People) or known When we have problems, we turn to God. as Outsiders. - Hindi Ibang Tao (Not Other People) or known as One-Of-Us. Tuesday | Philosophy Page 12  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 - According to Aristotle, everything CHARACTERISTIC OF FILIPINO (NEGATIVE) has a purpose or final end. Happiness ➔ Noble Good - One we pursue for 1. Fatalism (Bahala na Attitude) our own sake; it is good in itself. Attitude of “What goes around, comes ➔ Useful Good - Considered good as around” , “come what may”. Tendency to long as it serves as a mean to an surrender our future to fate. end; its goodness is found only from what it can provide. 2. Crab Mentality ➔ Pleasurable Good - Considered People will try to prevent others from gaining good as long as it provodes a favourable position in something, even if it pleasure, does not have to be has no effect on those trying to stop them. physical. Point of selfishness. Suffering 3. Procrastination (Manana Habit) ➔ Physical Suffering - we experience The regular tendency or practice of putting physical sensations such as off until tomorrow what can be done today. discomfort, hunger, distress, and pain. 4. Hypocrisy (Double-faced person) ➔ Mental Suffering - involves Saying unpleasant things about you to other emotional and mental sates such people while seeming to be pleasant when as depression, anxiety, fear, they are with you. loneliness, and grief. 5. Ningas Cogon Fleetingly enthusiastic; hardworking, nice, or PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS ON DEATH great at first, but no longer continues. 6. Filipino Time (Tardiness) The tendency of being late. ★ Aristotle - Death is a sleep without dreams - Death is the most terrible of all 9 PRACTICAL AND RELIGIOUS things; for it is the end. VIEWS OF DEATH - Death is a thief at night. ★ Socrates - Death is just a transition. LIFE - “There is a change and migration of the soul from this world to another”. - Socrates viewed death as a Self-Determination transformational period that is - The importance of self- natural in all ways and nothing to determination in freedom. fear. - Self-determination is the capacity to choose and act for oneself. ★ St. Thomas Aquinas - Death is not natural to man. Temporal Existence - A thing is said to be natural if it - Life is temporary, we do not exist proceeds from the principle of permanently and for eternity. nature. The essential principle of nature are form and matter. Telos - The soul is form, therefore it is - It means goal, purpose, or immortal, and the body is matter, in fulfillment. which it is mortal. Tuesday | Philosophy Page 13  PHILOSOPHY made by avy & danyela & ariadne super ganda 2ND QUARTER | 2024 PRACTICAL VIEWS ON DEATH Buddhism Attainment of Nirvana to end suffering. Judaism Ancient View - Death is not the end of human existence. Most ancient people attributed death to the - Orthodox Jew to believe that the souls of agency of the gods, elves, demons, or evil the righteous dead go to a place similar to spirits who are jealous of human. the Christian heaven, or that they are reincarnated through many lifetimes, or that Biological View they simply wait until the coming of the Death is the end of man considered to be a messiah, when they will be resurrected. living organism. 10 FILIPINO VIEWS ON DEATH Theological View - Death is natural. - "Death due to nature is caused by the Death in Filipino Culture contrary elements of the body. The culture of Filipinos has a diverse cultural - From the point of view of the body, then background. This can be seen through the man is mortal and doomed to die. diversity of its culture and traditions. Philosophical View ★ Indigenous All the conceptions of death and of its - The Philippines before was very connection with the whole of our existence animistic in its beliefs and are based on one-sided incomplete practices. experience. - This is because it is the belief of early Filipinos that when one dies, one becomes an anito serving RELIGIOUS VIEWS ON DEATH Bathala (God). Death, for the early Filipinos, is not the end; rather, a beginning of a new way of living. - One of these traditions is called an Christianity “atang”.An atang is a feast Majority of Christians believe in some kind of prepared by the bereaved family. heaven, in which believers enjoy the presence of God and other believers and ★ Spanish freedom from suffering and sin. - Primary influence Catholic religion. - A novena is a Catholic prayer Islam session that consists of the reciting The present life is only a preparation for the of original prayers and the using of next realm of existence. For them death is rosary prayer beads. merely movement from one world to - This prayer session usually lasts for another. It can be described as a journey nine days and “atang” feast is held through a separate dimension of existence. on this ninth day, “siyam na araw” Hinduism ★ American - Death in Hinduism is very spiritual, and it - The novena prayers that were strongly believes in the rebirth and traditionally held in the deceased reincarnation of souls. When a person dies, person’s house had to be moved to the soul travels for sometime to another funeral homes because U.S. laws world and finally returns again to the earth prohibit keeping dead bodies in the to continue its journey. home for the nine-day service. - Samsara, the cycle of birth, death and - Further, before American exposure, rebirth. organ donation after death was - Moksha, the ultimate state of being. not accepted among Filipinos. Tuesday | Philosophy Page 14