Philosophy 2nd Quarter Review PDF

PHILOSPHY 2ND QUARTER Lesson 7: Environmental Aesthetics Environmental Aesthetics Environmental Disorder A significant area of philosophical research 1. Pollution and Climate Change...

PHILOSPHY 2ND QUARTER Lesson 7: Environmental Aesthetics Environmental Aesthetics Environmental Disorder A significant area of philosophical research 1. Pollution and Climate Change 1. Cognitive Views  The biggest threat to our current  Also called cognitive, way of life is pollution and conceptual, or narrative climate change.  united by the thought that  Climate change is a global knowledge and information problem with grave implications: about the nature of the object of environmental, social, economic, appreciation is central to its political and for the distribution aesthetic appreciation. of goods.  For example: appropriate  Represents one of the principal aesthetic appreciation of works challenges facing humanity in our of art, it is taken to be essential day. that we experience works as 2. Loss of Biodiversity what they in fact are and in light  Biodiversity loss has negative of knowledge of their real effects on several aspects of natures. human well-being 2. Non-Cognitive Views  Examples: food security,  “emotive” vulnerability to natural disasters,  Central feature of the aesthetic energy security, and access to appreciation of environments clean water and raw materials.  Also affects human health, social Environmental Ethics relations, and freedom of choice.  Studies the moral relationship of Principles of Sustainable Development human beings to, and also the value moral status of the environment and 1. Environmental Integrity this non-human contents.  Maintaining the state of 1. Intrinsic Value environment  Inherent worth in itself 2. Economic Efficiency  Innate/ natural value  To prudence in decision-making 2. Instrumental Value regarding the use of resources to  Means towards achieving a ensure that there is zero waste. certain end. 3. Equity  Conferred/ extrinsic  Resources are conserved until next generation Environmental Virtue Note: sustainable = preservation and conservation 1. Prudence  Ability to have good judgment Sustainable Development Goals of United that allows avoidance of dangers Nations and risks.  There are 193 countries members of UN  Conforming to reason and  17 goals decency  Plan to achieve in 2030  Exercising caution  Made by United Nation  Wise/ intellectual thinking  PHILOSPHY 2ND QUARTER  Example: Using LED lights to  Intrinsic value is assigned to the conserve electricity ecosystem as a whole. 2. Frugality  Action is right and moral when it has  Act of using money or other the tendency to preserve the resources wisely and practically integrity, stability of the biotic  Economical in the consumption community; and wrong when it does of resources the opposite.  Avoiding waster  Proponent of Ecocentrism: Aldo  Example: Practicing the 5Rs in Leopold waste management Theories in Radical Ecological Philosophy Lesson 8: Stewardship and 1. Deep Ecology Ecological Education All living things possess equal intrinsic value regardless of their Views on the Attribution or Moral usefulness or utility. Consideration Proponent: Arne Naess Anthropocentrism 2. Social Ecology  Only humans are assigned intrinsic An offshoot of the movement value. against the domination of  Human beings as the center of the existing hierarchical structures in moral consideration society that pre-empt the development of the full nature of Pathocentrism an individual.  Extend intrinsic value and thus moral Man has two natures: Biotic consideration to higher forms of Nature and Human Nature. animals or intelligent animals Proponent: Murray Bookchin  Sentient beings have the capacity to feel 3. Ecofeminism pain, and thus, suffering. Feminism: the belief that men Biocentrism and women should have equal rights and opportunities.  Intrinsic Value is assigned to living Believes that society is things characterized by a mentality that  Not only humans and animals but also tolerates the oppression of plants should be morally considerable. women is directly linked with its Ecocentrism tendency to tolerate the abuse of  Ecosystem as holistic entities that the environment and should be given moral consideration. degradation of nature.  Ecosystem: the community of living Supports Ecofeminism: Feminist organisms in conjunction with the Philosopher Mary non-living components of their Wollstonecraft and Ecofeminist environment interacting as a Theorist Ynestra King system.  This view reduces all living beings as mere members of the ecosystem.  PHILOSPHY 2ND QUARTER Lesson 9: The Will, Human Acts,  These include vegetative and sense and Voluntariness faculties, saneness, and reflexes Examples: breathing, blinking, sleeping, Freedom hearing  The quality or state of being free, such Modifiers of Human Acts as: the absence or necessity, coercion, or constraint in choice or action. 1. Ignorance  Lack or absence of knowledge in Will a person capable of knowing  The faculty of mind that is alleged to certain things stimulate motivation of purposeful  Invincible Ignorance: cannot be activity. This is done by selecting dispelled by ordinary diligence different course of action after a  Vincible Ignorance: can and rational deliberation, to choose an should be dispelled action from alternatives. 2. Fear Moral Responsibility  Disturbance brought about by the apprehension of some  The status of morally deserving praise, present or imminent danger. blame, reward, or punishment for an act or omission, in accordance with one’s 3. Concupiscence/ Passion moral obligations.  Strong tendencies towards the Types of Freedom possession of something good or 1. Circumstantial Freedom towards the avoidance of The liberty to accomplish an something evil. Movements of action without interference from passions are usually called obstacles feelings. 2. Metaphysical Freedom 4. Violence The poser to choose among  An external force applied by genuine alternatives. someone on another in order to compel him to perform an action Human Acts and Acts of Man against his will. Human Acts 5. Habits  Inclination to perform some  Acts that man does as a man, that is, of particular action acquired by which he is properly master because he repetition, and characterized by does them with full knowledge and of a decrease power of resistance his own will. and increase facility of  Those acts that proceed from a performance. Sometimes called deliberate will second nature. Examples: theft, cheating, lying, selling Determinants of Moral Action Acts of Man 1. Object  Acts that man performs without being  The object of the human act is master that which is actually done.  Not concern of morals, since they are not voluntary  PHILOSPHY 2ND QUARTER 2. Intention ▪ We do have metaphysical freedom; we  The purpose or motive for which are morally responsible. the agent acts. ▪ Example: education 3. Circumstances Hard Determinism  Individual conditions of specific acts in time and place that are ▪ This belief that all events are caused by not of themselves part of the past events such that nothing other nature of action. than what does occur could occur. ▪ Example: choosing something The Story of Robinhood Compatibilism Object of Robinhood: act of stealing ▪ Free will and determinism are Intention of Robinhood: give to those people compatible ideas. who are in need ▪ Example: being thirsty Circumstance of Robinhood: Who? Wealthy people Lesson 11: Accepting Me, Accepting You Lesson 10: Action, Consequences, Intersubjectivity by Martin Buber and Freedom of the Will Intersubjectivity Arguments on Freedom and Will ▪ Refers to the shared awareness and Common Consent understanding among persons. ▪ This conviction is of the utmost ▪ It is made possible by the awareness of practical importance for the whole of the self and the other human life. Therefore, if there is order Martin Buber in the world, the majority of mankind cannot be wrong in this belief. Hence, ▪ Best known for his philosophy of the will is free. dialogues. ▪ His main interests are focused on Psychological philosophical anthropology, a discipline ▪ We are directly and indirectly aware of dealing with questions of metaphysics our freedom in the very act of making a and phenomenology of the human free decision person. ▪ Author of I and Thou Ethical Intersubjective Relationship ▪ If there is no freedom, there is no moral responsibility, no virtue, no merit, no 1. I and Thou Relationship (Ich-du) moral obligation, no duty, no morality.  Refers to the world of encounters The connection between freedom and and relationships where there the spiritual realities is demonstrated in are persons. ethics.  It is a concrete encounter without any qualification or Views on Freedom and Moral Responsibility objectification of one another. Libertarianism  A dialogue ▪ The belief that human actions are freely chosen.  PHILOSPHY 2ND QUARTER 2. I and It Relationship Ways of People Addressing Loneliness  An individual treats others as Escapism objects to be used and experienced. ▪ The use of drugs, sex, and alcohol to  It is not a dialogue, but a find one’s self. monologue Conformity with Groups Obstacles to Dialogue ▪ Joining group, organization, club, or 1. Seeming (pagpapanggap) fraternity  It involves deliberately playing up or Creative and Productive Work hiding aspects of yourself ▪ Planning, producing, and seeing the 2. Speechifying (pagbibingibingihan) result of a hobby, pastime, or passion.  It is hearing without listening 3. Imposition (pagdidikta) Characteristics of Love  It is telling the other how he or 1. Love is HISTORICAL she should act, behave, and  Because other is a concrete respond to things. particular person with his or her The Art of Loving by Erich Fromm own being history 2. Love is TOTAL The Art of Loving (1956)  Because persons are indivisible ▪ We give more importance to being 3. Love is ETERNAL loved than to loving  Because love is not given only for ▪ People think that to love is easy and a limited period of time what is difficult is to find the right 4. Love is SACRED person to love to be loved by.  Because in love, persons are Erich Fromm valuable in themselves ▪ German-born American psychoanalyst Elements of Love and social philosopher who explored 1. Care interaction between psychology and  Active concern for the life and society. the growth of that which we love ▪ “Love is an active power in a man”, and 2. Responsibility that in general sense, the active  An entirely voluntary act; it is the character of love is primarily that of response to the needs, expressed “giving” or unexpressed, of another “The experience of live begins with the human being. experience of loneliness” – Dr. Manuel Dy Jr. 3. Respect Professor of Philosophy in Ateneo De Manila  The ability to see a person as he is, to be aware of his unique Loneliness individuality ▪ One of the most basic experiences of 4. Knowledge the human beings because of self-  Ability to know someone in its awareness. core ▪ Kalungkutan  PHILOSPHY 2ND QUARTER Lesson 12: Accepting Others is Not ▪ Formal to Impose on Others ▪ Collective Morality On Liberty by John Stuart Mill Lesson 13: Man as Social Animal and John Stuart Mill Theories of Society ▪ Promotes actions that do “the greatest Definition of Society good for the greatest number” Father of Sociology – August Comte ▪ One of the proponents of ethical philosophy of Utilitarianism Society (in Sociology) Liberty of Thoughts and Feelings  A group of people with common norms, values, and aspirations that interact ▪ Absolute freedom of opinion and with one another to attain their own sentiment on all subjects. goals for self-survival. Liberty of Tastes and Pursuits Society (in Philosophy) ▪ Framing the plan of our life to suit our  Philosophers consider society as the own character: of doing as we like, product of deliberate action by subject to such consequences as may individuals who come together in follow; without impediment from our pursuit of a common goal. fellow creatures. “Man is a Social and Political Animal” – Liberty within the Same Limits Artistotle ▪ Freedom to unite, for any purpose not Theories of Society involving harm to others Plato Liberty of Thought and Discussion  Society should be based on function ▪ Mill argues in favor of freedom of and harmony speech in the vast majority of  Ideal society must be ruled by situations. intellectual aristocracy and educated Other Principles of Liberty philosopher kings. Principle of Paternalism  A well-ordered society is one whose classes do what they should do, without ▪ It is to act for the good of another interfering and disrupting functions and person without that person’s consent powers of the other classes. ▪ To regulate your relationship ▪ Informal Plato’s Tripartite Soul Legal Moralism ▪ A view that law can legitimately be used to prohibit behaviors that conflict with society’s collective moral judgments ▪ Legal moralism implies that it is permissible for the state to use its Aristotle coercive power to enforce society’s collective morality  Society is the natural state of humanity  PHILOSPHY 2ND QUARTER  State is a creation of nature  Moral and political obligations are  A state has four elements; Population, dependent upon a contract or Territory, Government, and Sovereignty agreement among them to form the  Outside society, human person ceases to society. be human (beast or god) Thomas Hobbes Niccolo Machiavelli  Humans are fundamentally predisposed  Machiavellianism is a widely used to selfishness, desires, and destruction. negative term to characterize  In Social Contract, people surrender unscrupulous politicians their personal autonomy to governing  Society should be controlled through authority in exchange of order and seizure, maintenance and absolute protection. power by nicely graduated use of fraud,  To attain, one must sacrifice natural force, and fear to people. rights for interpersonal rights. St. Thomas Aquinas John Locke  Human beings are inclined is “to live in  Society needs a social contract to society” protect natural rights  He argued in his book “Politics” that  Just society respects and protects political society emerges from the natural rights: right to life, liberty and needs and aspirations of human nature property. itself  Individuals needs to cooperate and  Political society is not simply given by share the burden of upholding the nature welfare of society. Confucious  The state can be overthrown if it fails to protect rights.  Society should be based on virtue Jean Jacques Rousseau  Ren – a humane principle rooted in empathy, at the heart of ren is  Advocated the concept of “General reciprocity Will”.  Shong-Yong – the Golden Mean, means  Based on the assumption that the moderation, normality, and universal people have empowered the moral laws government to act on their behalf, and  Li – Rules of Propriety, or the moral that it is considered to be the best judge customs that provide specific guidance of what is most beneficial for society. Theories of Society (The Social Contract) John Rawls The Social Contract  Humans as having “Veil of Ignorance”, no knowledge of one’s own  State is the result of individuals coming characteristics together to form an organized society  In this state, humans would naturally for their mutual benefit seek a just and fair society to look out  Society is a Social Contract freely for their own interests. entered into by independent and fully informed people  PHILOSPHY 2ND QUARTER Lesson 14: Social Influences and 3. Hospitality (Magiliw na Pagtanggap) Filipino Society  Treating guests with kindness and generosity. Influences in Social Behavior Characteristics of Filipino (Positive) 1. Genetics 1. Pakikipagkapwa-Tao  Genetic traits determine our  Filipino is usually easy to get physiological attributes. These along with. We are very friendly physical attributes affect people. significantly our personality and 2. Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude) behavior in society.  Incurred by people who receive 2. Family help or favors from others.  It is the primary social 3. Flexibility, Adaptability, and Resiliency institution. It Is a dynamic  Filipino have a great capacity to system of people living together adjust and to circumstances and united by meaningful significant the surrounding environment, bonds. both physical and social. 3. Society and Culture 4. Hardwork and Industry  Culture is a cumulative learned  Given the proper conditions and behavior of a society that is incentives, Filipinos work hard passed on from generations. indeed. Through culture, man is able to 5. Faith and Religiosity interact in the society. Western  The Filipino psychology is culture are individualistic and essentially religious. We pray secular, while Eastern culture is often. We are attached to the more of family-oriented or church. When we have people oriented society. problems, we turn to God. The Filipino Values Characteristics of Filipino (Negative) 1. Kapwa (Togetherness) 1. Fatalism (Bahala na Attitude)  To embrace our shared identity  Attitude of “what goes around, and to care for our fellow comes around”, “come what beings. may”. Tendency to surrender our  Ibang Tao (Other People) or future to fate. known as Outsiders 2. Crab Mentality  Hindi Ibang Tao (Not Other  Point of selfishness People) or known as One-Of-Us. 3. Procrastination (Manana Habit) “Kapwa is the Unity of One-of-  Putting off until tomorrow what us-and-the-Other” – Virgilio can be done today. Enriquez (Father of Filipino 4. Hypocrisy (Double-Faced Person) Psychology)  Saying unpleasant things about 2. Amor Propio (Self-Esteem) you to other people while  Encompasses self -respect, self- seeming to be pleasant when worth, and self-care. they are with you.  PHILOSPHY 2ND QUARTER 5. Ningas Cogon Mental Suffering – involves emotional and  Fleetingly enthusiastic; mental states such as depression, anxiety hardworking, nice, or great at Philosophical Views on Death first, but eventually, no longer continues what was started. Aristotle 6. Filipino Time (Tardiness)  Death is a sleep without dreams  Tendency of being late  Death is the most terrible of all things; for it is the end, and nothing is thought Lesson 15: Practical and Religious to be any longer good or bad for the Views of Death dead. How to Live My Life?  Death is a thief at night Self Determination Socrates  The capacity to choose and act for  Death is just a transition oneself. A person can still exercise  “There is a change and migration of the freedom in choosing how to face the soul from this world to another” reality of death.  Death is a transformational period that is natural in all ways and nothing to fear. Temporal Existence St. Thomas Aquinas  Life is temporary, we don’t exist permanently and for eternity.  Death is not natural to man  Accepting the fact that we live a limited  A thing is said to be natural if it time allows us to determine the course proceeds from the principle of nature. of our life, how it will progress, and how The essential principle of nature are we envision to end it. form and matter. Telos  The soul is form, therefore it is immortal, and the body is matter, in  It means goal, purpose, or fulfillment which it is mortal.  According to Aristotle, everything has a Practical Views on Death purpose or final end. Ancient View Happiness  Most ancient people attributed death Noble Good – one we pursue for our own sake; to the agency of the gods, elves, it is good in itself. demons, or evil spirits who are jealous Useful Good – considered good as long as it of human achievements and beautiful serves as a mean to an end; its goodness is human features, or who are offended by found only from what it can provide. man’s sins. Pleasurable Good – considered good as long as Biological View it provides pleasure does not have to be physical.  Death is the end of man considered to be a living organism. Suffering Theological View Physical Suffering – we experience physical sensations such as discomfort, hunger  Death is natural  PHILOSPHY 2ND QUARTER  The necessity of dying for man is partly the coming of the messiah, when they from nature and partly from sin. will be resurrected. Philosophical View Lesson 16: Filipino Views on Death  Its connection with the whole of our Death in Filipino Culture existence are based on one-sided incomplete experience, which is had in Indigenous the lifetime before death, never after it.  The Philippines before was very Religious Views on Death animistic in its beliefs and practices. Christianity  It is the belief of early Filipinos that when one dies, one becomes an anito  Christians believe in some kind of serving Bathala (God). Death, for the heaven, in which believers enjoy the early Filipinos, is not the end; rather, a presence of God and other believers beginning of a new way of living. and freedom from suffering and sin.  One of these traditions is called an Islam  “atang”. An atang is a feast prepared by the bereaved family.  For them death is merely movement from one world to another. It can be Spanish described as a journey through a  The primary influence may be the separate dimension of existence. Catholic religion. Hinduism  A novena is a Catholic prayer session that consists of the reciting of original  Death in Hinduism is very spiritual, and prayers and the using of rosary prayer it strongly believes in the rebirth and beads. reincarnation of souls.  This prayer session usually lasts for  Samsara, the cycle of birth, death and nine days and the “atang” feast is held rebirth. on this ninth day, “siyam na araw”.  Moksha, the ultimate state of being. American Buddhism  The novena prayers that were  It was awareness of death that traditionally held in the deceased prompted Lord Buddha to explore the person’s house had to be moved to truth behind worldly concerns and funeral homes because U.S. laws pleasures. prohibit keeping dead bodies in the  Attainment of Nirvana to end suffering. home for the nine-day service. Judaism  Before American exposure, organ  Traditional Judaism firmly believes that donation after death was not accepted death is not the end of human among Filipinos. existence.  Orthodox Jew to believe that the souls of the righteous dead go to a place similar to the Christian heaven, or that they are reincarnated through many lifetimes, or that they simply wait until