Philosophy Reviewer - Week 1-8 PDF

WEEK 1 PHILOSOPHY DOING PHILOSOPHY CLASSICAL DEFINITION - tells of the very essence or nature of a thing. Science because the investigation is systematic. Light of Pure Reason Alone - uses his natural capacity to think or simply, human reason alone or the...

WEEK 1 PHILOSOPHY DOING PHILOSOPHY CLASSICAL DEFINITION - tells of the very essence or nature of a thing. Science because the investigation is systematic. Light of Pure Reason Alone - uses his natural capacity to think or simply, human reason alone or the so- called unaided reason. Study of All Things- does not limit itself to a particular object of inquiry. It is multidimensional or holistic CONTEMPORARY DEFINITION - Discipline in which questions are more important than the answers and where every answer leads to further questions”. −Karl Jaspers WEEK 2 PHILOSOPHY HISTORICAL APPROACH ANCIENT PERIOD (WORLD CENTERED) = Milesia the so-called Greek miracle happened, when Thales (Father of Philosophy) = intellectual miracle which the Greeks gave birth eventually became the basis for the progress which we ascribe today to science and technology. WORLD STUFF: Thales- WATER Anaximenes- AIR Anaximander-APEIRON Heraclitus- FIRE Empedocles- FOUR ELEMENTS Democritus- ATOM Great Triumvirate of Greek Philosophers: -SOCRATES -ARISTOTLE -PLATO MEDIEVAL PERIOD (GOD-CENTERED) = Middle Ages, Age of Belief, and Golden Age of the Christian Church. Search for the ultimate causes of all things, eventually leading to the truth about God. Western Europe. MODERN PERIOD (MAN-CENTERED) =Age of Geniuses, the Age of Enlightenment. Age of emergence of mathematics and the other sciences. And the revival of the glorious achievement of the Greeks. Leonardo da Vinci- He is a universal man, an artist, scientist, philosopher, and theologian all at once. Frenchman Rene Descartes- (Father of Modern Thought) uses his universal methodical doubt, to doubt of all things as far as possible in order to arrive at certitude. Rationalism - (the way you think) Empiricism - (your Experience) Rationalist’s Group of Philosophers: Rene Descartes Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Benedict de Spinoza CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (GLOBAL/BORDERLESS) = Post Modernity - Immanuel Kant is the Father of post-modernity. His famous philosophical landmark, the Critique of Pure Reason, marks the end of modern philosophy - Thoughts without contents are empty, and intuitions without concepts are blind.” - he reconciled the two opposing philosophical thoughts of rationalism and empiricism. WEEK 3 PHILOSOPHY SYSTEMATIC APPROACH METAPHYSICS - nature of reality and other abstract ideas. Greek word, “meta(BEYOND) physika(PHYSICAL)”. Ontology - being and existence of anything. Natural Theology - Study of God or the existence of the divine.Help us understand God. Universal Science - most fundamental principles of logic, reasoning, and other sciences. Highest form of science. THEODICY - study of God;Greek words “theos” and “dike”. Proof of the existence of God. COSMOLOGY - the processes in nature or the universe. It looks for answers in the form of empirical understanding. PSYCHOLOGY - principle of living things specifically that of man.The study of behavior. “psyche” (human mind and soul) “logos”(study) EPISTEMOLOGY - the nature and scope of knowledge. “episteme” and “logos”. LOGIC - correct thinking or reasoning. ETHICS - the search for a definition of right conduct;how people ought to act. WEEK 4 PHILOSOPHY Methods of PHILOSOPHIZING SOCRATIC/DIALECTIC METHOD = known by the Greeks as elenchus that means “argument of refutation” or “to inquire or to cross examine”, and exchange of ideas through Socratic questioning. Also known as Midwifery Method or the Art of endless questioning. Greek philosopher Socrates who taught students by asking question after question. CARTESIAN METHOD/METHODIC DOUBT = Rene Descartes (Father of Modern Thought/Philosophy). In Meditations on First Philosophy, he believed that knowledge can proceed to starting points just like mathematics. Endless Doubting. Doubting everything until you arrive at clear and distinct ideas which are non-sensical to doubt. His famous maxim cogito ergo sum which means “I think therefore I am”. Four ways to arrive at certitude: First is never accept anything except it is clear and distinct. Second, dividing ideas into many parts as needed to solve it. Third, arrange ideas from simplest to complex. Last, never leave anything in to chance. PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD = Edmund Husserl; Father of Phenomenology and thought of philosophy as rigorous science. Articulate and to describe the immanent reality of our lived experiences. Phenomenology is the science of the essence of consciousness SCIENTIFIC METHOD/EMPIRICAL METHOD = collect measurable, empirical evidence in an experiment related to a hypothesis, the results aiming to support or contradict a theory. “Scientia” which means “to produce knowledge” HISTORICAL METHOD =involves gathering evidences, examining them and formulating ideas in the past to come up with present truths. Greek word “iotopia” that means “to investigate” or “to find out.” WEEK 5 PHILOSOPHY The Neo-Classical THEORIES OF TRUTH CORRESPONDENCE THEORY = something is true if it corresponds to reality or the actual state of affairs. EXAMPLE: A mammal is a warm-blooded animal, has hair, and feeds its young with milk is considered true. COHERENCE THEORY = something is true if it makes sense when placed in a specific situation or context. EXAMPLES: -Muslims have a belief that certain animals like pigs are unclean. -Indian people have a custom in which using your left hand might be considered rude. Pragmatic Theory = something is true if we can put it into practice or is useful in real life. Ideas should be continually tested to confirm their validity. EXAMPLE: The scientific method, where experiments are designed to test hypotheses, is an example of a pragmatic approach to determining truth. WEEK 6 PHILOSPHY VIEWS OF HUMAN NATURE CLASSICAL VIEWS = Aristotle believed that humans are "rational animals." He argued that reason distinguishes humans from other animals. MODERN VIEWS = Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that humans are inherently good, but society corrupts them. Jean-Paul Sartre: "existence precedes essence". CONTEMPORARY VIEWS = Immanuel Kant saw humans as having an innate moral sense which guides moral action. THE PHYSICAL WORLD -In Christianity, man is destined to live to fulfill the will of God. However, in existentialism, man has no inherent purpose. THE SPIRITUAL WORLD -In Christianity, man is destined to live in the spiritual world because he is summoned by God to live with Him in His kingdom.  -Hinduism and Buddhism, the concept of karma refers to actions performed in the physical world that have spiritual consequences to one’s future lives. Three-fold Level of HUMAN NATURE SOMATIC LEVEL = It refers to bodily structure and color of man. ATTITUDINAL LEVEL = to a person’s internal mental states, including their thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and dispositions toward various aspects of life. BEHAVIORAL LEVEL = to the actions and conduct of individuals, which are observable and measurable. WEEK 7 PHILOSOPHY ANCIENT PERIOD THALES = Human brain: 80% Water Human body: 70% Water ANAXIMENES = Air is associated with the soul (breath of life). ANAXIMANDER = Man evolved from animals of another species. (1st Evolutionist) HERACLITUS = “Fire” 37 Degrees Celsius temp. of the somatic level of human nature as conviction that man is grounded in the world. “You cant step in the same river twice”. PARMENIDES = All claim of change or of non-being is illogical. PYTHOGORAS = Man is made up of numbers. Soul is im mortal, divine, subjected metempsychosis PROTAGORAS = “Man is the measure of all things, of the things that are; that they are; of the things that are not, that they are not. SOCRATES = Man is being who thinks and wills. More value than the human soul than the body. Knowledge is the ultimate criterion of action. PLATO= The nature of man is seen in the metaphysical dichotomy between body and soul. ARISTOTLE = Man is rational animal. According to Aristotle’s De Anima, body and soul are in state of unity. THREE PARTS OF THE SOUL Rational = The rational part of soul is located in the head (brain). Appetitive = The appetitive part of soul is located in the abdomen. (goals/dream) Spirit = The spirit part of soul is located in the chest. (feelings) THREE KINDS OF THE SOUL Vegitative = feeds itself, it grows, and it reproduces.(plants) Sensitive = feeds itself, it grows, and it reproduces, and it has feelings. Rational = capable of thinking, and judging aside from seeing and growing.  WEEK 8 PHILOSPHY MEDIEVAL PERIOD ST. AUGUSTINE = God created man in a mortal body with an immortal soul and gave man free will. God alone can redeem man. ST. THOMAS = Man is substantial unity of body and soul. Man is an embodied soul, not soul using a body. MODERN PERIOD RENE DESCARTES = Man is founded on his idea of substance. He draws the distinction between God as the infinite substance and man as the finite substance. Thinking substance Res Cogitans and extended substance Res Extensa. POST-MODERN PERIOD KARL MARX = Marx’s views of human nature lies at his ideas of labor and society. the nature of man is equivalent to labor my means of his subsistence.