Immunization - Student Notes PDF
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North-West College
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These notes cover immunizations, including types of immunity, vaccines, and pandemic planning in the context of public health. The notes aim to explain the process of immunization and related topics.
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LO5 Immunization s Table of Contents LS 1 LS 2 Identify the Purpose of General Guidelines Immunizations for Immunizations LS 3 LS 4 Common Immunizations Pandemic Planning Immu...
LO5 Immunization s Table of Contents LS 1 LS 2 Identify the Purpose of General Guidelines Immunizations for Immunizations LS 3 LS 4 Common Immunizations Pandemic Planning Immune System Review 1. Recognition: the immune system recognizes a foreign invader. Macrophages and B cells are equipped with receptors to detect antigens. 2. Proliferation: immune cells encounter the antigens and break them down exposing them to other immune cells such as; T cells. 3. Response: 1. Cellular Response: cytotoxic T cells directly attack cells infected with the virus. Helper T cells activate other immune cells. 2. Humoral Response: B cells differentiate into plasma cells to produce and release antibodies. Antibodies bind to the foreign antigen 4. Effector: antibodies or killer T cells reach the antigen and initiates either the humoral or cellular immune response. Types of Immunity Artificial Natural The body is clinically A person acquires immunity Active exposed to a relatively harmless form of an antigen by surviving the disease and producing antibodies. Immunization that does not cause an actual infection. Body produces antibodies. Clinical administration of Antibodies are transferred Passive serum or concentrated from a mother to her infant immunoglobulins. Directly through the bloodstream via Immunization giving the individual the the placenta during substance needed to fight off pregnancy. the microorganism. Purpose of Immunizations Key component of disease prevention Reduce serious illness and death Herd Immunity How Vaccines Work 1. An attenuated (weakened) or killed (inactivated) microorganism is given via vaccine to stimulate the production of antibodies against the particular organism. 2. The immune system recognizes the antigens as foreign invaders which triggers the immune response. 3. Macrophages and dendritic cells engulf the antigens from the vaccine and present the antigen to the T cells and B cells of the immune system. 4. Helper T cells activate B cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies. 5. Cytotoxic T cells directly attack cells infected with the antigen. How Vaccines Work 6. B cells multiply and produce antibodies. These antibodies are available to the body if they encounter the same microorganism again. 7. Memory cells are also formed following vaccination. If the body is exposed to the same microorganism, the memory cells trigger a faster and stronger immune response, providing long- term immunity. https://youtu.be/WOvvyqJ-vwo?si=KzAXMVQvbQHr01we TYPES OF VACCINES Live attenuated vaccines: introduction of a live or weakened virus to the immune system. ○ Generally induce a stronger and more sustained antibody response. ○ More closely resembles natural infection ○ Typically produce immunity in one dose Inactivated vaccines: non-live vaccines that require adjuvants to enhance antibody response and multiple doses to generate high and sustained antibody response. TYPES OF VACCINES Vector Vaccines: take genetic materials from a specific virus and place it in a different/modified virus called a viral vector. ○ Genetic material from the specific virus instruct the body’s cells to replicate the S-protein from the COVID-19 virus. ○ The immune system then response by creating antibodies. mRNA Vaccines: genetically engineered messenger RNA to instruct our cells to replicate the S-protein found in the COVID-19 virus. ○ The creation of the S-protein stimulates the body to create antibodies. ○ The mRNA then breaks down, never entering the host’s cell. POPULATION´S OPINION & COMMON MYTHS There are microchips in the COVID-19 vaccines. I don’t need to vaccinate my children because all the other children around them are immune. Vaccines contain many harmful ingredients. Vaccines cause autism and sudden infant death syndrome. It is better for children to have the disease than become immune through vaccine. COVID-19 vaccines will alter my DNA. VACCINE HESITANCY VS. ANTI-VACCINE EPIDEMIOLOGY & IMMUNIZATION WHY EPIDEMIOLOGY IS IMPORTANT… Determining prevalence Determining incidence Determining risk factors for disease Determining at risk groups Determining severity https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/ 6596bdc1614fa2000df3a8f3/NOIDS-weekly-report-week52- 2023_v2.pdf LS Describe the General Guidelines for 2 Immunizations PRE VACCINE INFORMATION Assess the vaccine recipients current state of health Provide benefits and risks of receiving or not receiving vaccine Assess contraindications and precautions to receiving the vaccine Evaluate reactions to previous vaccinations Discuss adverse events and potential rare severe adverse events Provide opportunity for questions Assess recipients' capability of consenting to the procedure Obtain informed consent. Outline process of vaccine administration and explain positioning procedures POST VACCINE INFORMATION Vaccine recipients should be counselled about reporting and management of common adverse events. Vaccine recipients should be kept under observation for at least 15 minutes after immunization. Vaccine recipients should be advised to notify their vaccine provider or other healthcare provider about any concerns that arise following immunization. GROUP WORK 1. In groups of 4 – choose a vaccine from the Canadian Immunization Guide: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/canadian-i mmunization-guide.html 2. Describe the epidemiology of the disease your chosen vaccine is treating 3. Describe key elements you would teach the vaccine recipient or guardian. 4. Describe contraindications if any, and who should not receive the vaccine. 5. Describe any concerns/myths related to the vaccine. 6. Choose one person to present to the class. VACCINE SAFETY Public tolerance for any type of adverse effect of immunization is low. Public’s lack of confidence in vaccine safety is a threat to the continued success of Canada’s established immunization programs. Vaccines are associated with lifelong benefits for children. Most vaccine side effects are minor and self-limiting. The extremely rare reports of serious allergic reactions are tracked by the Public Health Agency of Canada. In considering the safety of vaccines, both associated risks and benefits should be considered. VACCINE CONTRAINDICATIONS & PRECAUTIONS Contraindication: ○ a situation in which a vaccine should not be used because the risk outweighs any potential therapeutic benefit Precaution: ○ a condition that may increase the risk of an adverse reaction following immunization or that may compromise the ability of the vaccine to produce immunity. What are some common contraindications and precautions? LS3 DESCRIBE THE COMMON IMMUNIZATIONS SASKATCHEWAN IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE COMMON CHILDHOOD VACCINES NAME THAT DISEASE… 1. _______ is caused by the varicella-zoster virus that affects children 2. This vaccine is recommended for both grade 6 boys and girls. It helps protect against certain types of cervical cancer, anal cancer and genital warts. 3. In Canada, thousands of people are hospitalized and dies from this (and its complications) each year. A yearly immunization is recommended for this virus. COMMON CHILDHOOD VACCINES NAME THAT DISEASE… 4. After 3 – 7 days, a blotchy rash develops on the face and spreads down the body. Most people recover within 2- 3 weeks, but it can be dangerous for infants and those with weakened immune system. This is _______________. COMMON CHILDHOOD VACCINES NAME THAT DISEASE… 5. This was a common childhood disease before immunization. Possible complications of this disease included; encephalitis, temporary deafness or permanent deafness. 6. This is a serious infection of the airway. It causes very forceful coughing spells that often end with a whooping sound. 7. This vaccine has eliminated the disease in the western hemisphere, however the disease still exists in 3 countries (Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria). COMMON CHILDHOOD VACCINES NAME THAT DISEASE… 8. The vaccine for this disease is given by mouth for the infant to swallow. Saskatchewan Ministry of Health recommends it to be given at the 2 and 4 months of age. This virus causes severe diarrhea and vomiting. 9. When these bacteria enter the skin through an open wound, they produce a painful tightening of muscles all over the body and if very serious can affect the breathing muscles. 10. Both of these diseases affect the liver … a. ________ is spread through contaminated food and water. b. ________ is spread through an infected individual's blood VACCINATIONS SCENARIO Many health care facilities offer free flu vaccines to staff yearly during flu season. While the flu vaccine is not mandatory, many agencies are now requiring staff to wear masks if they choose not to be immunized, in order to reduce the chances of spreading the flu to others, including their family, co-workers and patients. 1. Should flu vaccines be made mandatory for all health care workers? Why or why not? 2. In some long-term care facilities, the flu vaccine is mandatory for residents. What would the nurse do if a patient refuses to receive a vaccination in a long-term care facility? 3. A new vaccine has been created to prevent the spread of a virulent form of influenza that has rapidly spread across the world’s population. Some of your nursing colleagues are saying that they aren’t sure about taking it because it is “so new”. Based on your knowledge about how vaccines are created and the science behind why vaccines work, what would you respond to the colleagues who are not sure about receiving the vaccine? LS4 DESCRIBE GUIDELINES RELATED TO PANDEMIC PLANNING Influenza pandemics are more likely to cause wide scale health problems than other types of emergency events, tend to occur in “waves”, deplete the available health care workforce, and reduce supplies of necessary equipment. As pandemic outbreaks can quickly result in serious gaps in the provision of care and overwhelm the health care system, pandemic planning is a challenging, yet essential element of quality assurance for health care institutions (El Hussein & Osuji, 2020). PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS Canada’s pandemic goals include: 1. Reduction of serious illness and overall deaths 2. Minimization of societal disruption as a result of a pandemic. First Canadian pandemic plan was completed in 1988 and has been updated several times. PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS While every pandemic is different, some common characteristics can be recognized: The pattern of disease is different in pandemics than in seasonal influenza. Pandemics may arrive outside of the usual influenza season and typically have more than one wave of illness. The total duration of a pandemic is likely to be 12 to 18 months. During a pandemic, the new pandemic virus replaces other circulating influenza strains. Afterwards, the pandemic strain becomes part of (and may dominate) the mix of seasonal influenza A viruses. During seasonal influenza, most hospitalizations and deaths occur in the elderly and persons with underlying health conditions, whereas, in a pandemic, disproportionately more severe disease and death is seen in young people and in persons without underlying health conditions. There is a gradual reversion back to the typical seasonal morbidity and mortality pattern over the decade following the pandemic. THE AFTERMATH OF A PANDEMIC Reflect on the experiences you have had in your personal, educational, and professional life since the COVID-19 pandemic was declared in March 2020. 1. What has COVID taught us about pandemic planning? 2. What gaps exist in the health care system that have been highlighted during the pandemic? What are some priorities for improving health care in Canada? 3. Many health care workers were seconded to perform duties that are not normally in their professional scope of practice during the COVID 19 pandemic. What effect might this have on interprofessional practice in the future? Assignment Discussion: Vaccine Debate DUE: February 6 @ 1159 PM -Initial post should be completed by February 3. -Minimum 3 quality replies THANKS QUESTIONS? CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik