Immunization and Types of Immunity

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Questions and Answers

During a pandemic, which demographic is disproportionately affected by severe disease and death?

Young people without underlying health conditions (correct)

Adults with chronic illnesses

Elderly individuals

Children with underlying health conditions

What happens to the seasonal morbidity and mortality pattern following a pandemic?

It remains unchanged indefinitely

It increases dramatically each year

It becomes less lethal than before

It reverses to typical patterns gradually over time (correct)

What gap in the health care system was highlighted during the pandemic?

Lack of resources for pandemics and emergency preparedness (correct)

Oversupply of vaccines

Inefficiencies in health care technology

Surplus of health care staff available

What potential effect may occur in interprofessional practice due to health care workers performing non-standard duties during the pandemic?

Increased collaboration and flexibility among professionals Signup and view all the answers

What key lesson has COVID-19 taught about pandemic planning?

Preparedness needs constant evaluation and improvement Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary reasons why epidemiology is considered important?

Determining risk factors for disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pre-vaccine information guideline?

Discuss potential future vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What should vaccine recipients be advised to do following immunization?

Report and manage any common adverse events Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern regarding public attitude towards vaccines?

Low public tolerance for adverse effects Signup and view all the answers

In assessing vaccine recipients, which factor is crucial to ensure informed consent?

Assess the recipient's capability of consenting to the procedure Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the adverse effects of vaccines?

Most vaccine side effects are minor and self-limiting Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication in relation to vaccines?

A situation in which a vaccine should not be used due to risk outweighing benefit. Signup and view all the answers

Which group is typically assessed for contraindications to vaccines?

Individuals who have a history of serious allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for healthcare providers to discuss adverse events related to vaccines?

To manage expectations and ensure safety Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is specifically recommended for grade 6 boys and girls for protection against certain cancers?

HPV vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is indicated by a blotchy rash that spreads from the face and can be dangerous for infants?

Rubeola (Measles) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main symptom of whooping cough?

Forceful coughing spells with a whooping sound Signup and view all the answers

Which diseases are specified as affecting the liver, with one spread through contaminated food and water?

Hepatitis B and A Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the immune system's response to a foreign invader?

Recognition of the foreign invader Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is acquired by surviving a disease and producing antibodies?

Natural active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What type of adverse reactions may necessitate a precaution before immunization?

High fever or allergic reaction to a component Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of vaccinations?

To reduce serious illness and death Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is associated with severe diarrhea and vomiting and is administered orally?

Rotavirus vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which disease exists in only three countries, leading to efforts for eradication through vaccination?

Polio Signup and view all the answers

How do vaccines stimulate the immune system?

By introducing a weakened or killed microorganism Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response involves helper T cells activating other immune cells?

Humoral response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about passive immunity is true?

Antibodies are transferred from a mother to her infant. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the effector stage of the immune response?

Killer T cells and antibodies target the antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in the immune response after vaccination?

They present antigens to T cells and B cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Helper T cells in the immune response?

To activate B cells to produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine typically requires multiple doses to achieve a high antibody response?

Inactivated vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of memory cells in the immune system?

To trigger a faster immune response upon re-exposure to the same microorganism Signup and view all the answers

How do vector vaccines work?

By inserting genetic material from a specific virus into a modified viral vector Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about vaccines is commonly held?

Vaccines cause autism Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates mRNA vaccines from traditional vaccines?

They provide instructions to cells using messenger RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of live attenuated vaccines?

They provide stronger immunity with just one dose Signup and view all the answers

Which common myth about vaccines relates to public health concerns?

Vaccines contain harmful microchips Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of Canada's pandemic preparedness strategy?

Reduction of serious illness and overall deaths Signup and view all the answers

What can characterize an influenza pandemic compared to seasonal influenza?

Longer total duration and multiple waves Signup and view all the answers

How should a nurse respond to a patient's refusal of a mandatory flu vaccination in a long-term care facility?

Provide information on the benefits of vaccination and document the refusal Signup and view all the answers

Why might some healthcare workers hesitate to receive a new influenza vaccine?

They are concerned about its newness and safety Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the complexity of pandemic planning in healthcare institutions?

Rapid depletion of healthcare workforce and supplies Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of the flu vaccine offerings in healthcare facilities during flu season?

Vaccination is free but not required Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of not implementing effective pandemic planning?

Overwhelmed healthcare systems with significant care gaps Signup and view all the answers

During a pandemic, how does the new pandemic virus affect seasonal influenza strains?

Replaces other circulating influenza strains Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunization

Immunization is a critical component of disease prevention, reducing serious illnesses and deaths.
Herd immunity is also an important outcome of effective immunization programs.
The immune system recognizes foreign invaders (antigens).
Macrophages and B cells have receptors to detect antigens.
Immune cells, like T cells, break down antigens, exposing them to other immune cells.
Cytotoxic T cells attack infected cells.
Helper T cells activate other immune cells.
B cells differentiate into plasma cells, producing antibodies that bind to foreign antigens.
Antibodies or killer T cells reach the antigen and initiate the humoral or cellular response.

Types of Immunity

Active Immunity: The body is exposed to a relatively harmless antigen, not causing infection. The body then produces antibodies.
Passive Immunity: Antibodies are administered directly, not produced by the body's immune response. This can be through clinical administration of serum or concentrated immunoglobulins.
Natural Active Immunity: A person develops immunity by surviving a prior disease, producing antibodies.
Natural Passive Immunity: Antibodies are transferred from a mother to her baby through the placenta during pregnancy.

Purpose of Immunizations

Key component of preventing disease
Reduce serious illness and deaths
Achieve herd immunity

How Vaccines Work

Vaccines use weakened or inactive microorganisms to stimulate antibody production.
The immune system recognizes these antigens as foreign invaders, triggering an immune response.
Macrophages and dendritic cells engulf vaccine antigens, presenting them to T cells and B cells.
Helper T cells activate B cells, leading to antibody production.
Cytotoxic T cells attack infected cells.
B cells multiply and produce more antibodies available if the same microorganism is encountered again.
Memory cells are created, leading to a faster and stronger immune response if the body is re-exposed.

Types of Vaccines

Live-attenuated vaccines use a weakened version of the virus to stimulate a strong antibody response. They usually produce immunity after one dose.
Inactivated vaccines use a non-live vaccine that typically requires adjuvants and multiple doses to generate high and sustained antibody response.
Vector Vaccines use genetic material from a specific virus placed in a different or modified virus. The modified virus instructs the body to create antibodies against the original virus.
mRNA Vaccines use genetically engineered messenger RNA to get the body to replicate the S-protein found in a virus; this stimulates the body to create antibodies. mRNA then breaks down.

Population's Opinion and Common Myths

Some common misconceptions relate to the presence of microchips, harmful ingredients, links to autism or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
Some believe that it is better for children to contract a disease to develop immunity (rather than getting vaccinated).
Another common myth is that vaccines alter DNA.

Epidemiology and Immunization

Epidemiology is important for determining prevalence, incidence, risk factors, at-risk groups, and the severity of diseases, including the measles.

Pre-Vaccine Information

Assess the patient's health, including a complete history.
Explain the vaccine benefits and risks.
Assess any contraindications or precautions related to prior reactions.

Post-Vaccine Information

Counsel vaccine recipients about reporting and management of common adverse events.
Keep vaccine recipients under observation for at least 15 minutes after receiving a vaccine.
Advise them to notify their doctor or healthcare provider about any concerns following vaccination.

Group Work

Divide and choose a vaccine from the Canadian Immunization Guide.
Describe the epidemiology of the disease the vaccine targets.
Describe key points to teach the recipient or guardian.
Describe any contraindications or who should not receive the vaccine.
Discuss any related concerns or myths.

Vaccine Safety

Public tolerance for vaccine side effects is low.
Public lack of vaccine safety confidence threatens successful immunization programs.
Vaccines offer lifelong benefits, while most side effects are minor and temporary.
Rare serious reactions are tracked by public health authorities.

Vaccine Development

Diseases are targeted for vaccine development.
Thorough lab testing occurs and researchers conduct clinical trials in various phases.
Ethical review is critical throughout the research.
Continuous monitoring of vaccine safety is performed.

Vaccine Testing and Approval

Health Canada examines results from clinical trials to assess if vaccines are safe, protective, and high quality.
Quality assurance is vital in the manufacturing and storage steps, including constant manufacturing batch testing for quality and standards.
Vaccines are carefully packaged and stored under controlled temperatures.

Vaccine Recommendations

The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) reviews evidence related to a vaccine's best use for different populations.
Public Health Agency of Canada approvals are followed by recommendations to healthcare providers.
Provincial/territorial decisions are made regarding public access to vaccines; this often includes funding, availability at specific locations, e.g. pharmacies, schools.

Pandemic Planning

Influenza pandemics tend to exhibit wide scale health problems.
They cause waves of illness, deplete healthcare resources, and can overwhelm health care systems due to their wide scale.
Pandemic plans are essential elements of quality assurance to properly handle any type of possible pandemic.
Goal of pandemic planning is to minimize serious illness and deaths and limit societal disruption.

Pandemic Preparedness

Pandemics differ in character but often feature characteristics that are significant.
Pandemics tend to occur (and last) for more than 12-18 months, outside of typical seasonal flu.
Several types of pandemics occur, and the strains/types may replace each other or dominate over certain seasons.

Aftermath of a Pandemic

Reflecting on personal, educational and professional experiences over the COVID-19 pandemic
Understanding lessons learned about pandemic planning, gaps in the healthcare system, and potential future impact on interprofessional skills

Assignment- Vaccine Debate

Pro and con vaccination views.
Understanding arguments and rationale for a given viewpoint.
Evaluating safety and benefits of vaccination, and individual rights vs. the greater good.

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Description

This quiz explores the essential concepts of immunization, focusing on its role in disease prevention and the development of herd immunity. It also covers the different types of immunity, including active and passive immunity, and the functions of various immune cells like T cells and B cells in the immune response. Test your knowledge on how the immune system recognizes and combats foreign pathogens.