History Exam Notes PDF

UNIT 1 - WW1 CAUSES 1. Overall causes of World War 1: The primary causes of World War I can be summarized by the acronym "MAIN": ○ Militarism: European powers were building large armies and navies, leading to an arms race. ○ Alliances: Complex network of alliances between countries created a situation where if one country was attacked, its allies would also be drawn into the conflict (e.g., Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy; and Triple Entente: France, Russia, United Kingdom). ○ Imperialism: European countries competed for colonies and resources around the world, creating tensions. ○ Nationalism: Ethnic groups and nations were pushing for independence or dominance, leading to conflicts like the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. 2. Immediate spark: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie on June 28, 1914, by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo. This event triggered a series of diplomatic and military responses leading to war. 3. Canada's entry into the war: Canada, as part of the British Empire, automatically entered the war when Britain declared war on Germany on August 4, 1914. Although Canada had a degree of independence, it did not have the option to decline, as its foreign policy was still tied to Britain. 4. French Canadians’ view: Many French Canadians were opposed to Canada's participation in the war. They felt no loyalty to Britain and did not want to be involved in a conflict they saw as irrelevant to their interests. The conscription crisis later exacerbated these tensions. 5. Canadian soldiers and motivations: Approximately 61,000 Canadians died, and 172,000 served in various capacities. Motivations included patriotism, adventure, and a sense of duty, but many were also influenced by propaganda and peer pressure. Some groups, such as French Canadians and conscientious objectors, opposed the war on various grounds (e.g., nationalistic, religious, or moral reasons). 6. No. 2 Construction Battalion: The No. 2 Construction Battalion was Canada's only all-Black battalion, formed in 1916, primarily tasked with building infrastructure behind the front lines. ○ Curley Christian: One of the first members of the No. 2 Battalion, later a prominent figure in Black Canadian history. ○ Jeremiah Jones: A key figure and one of the battalion's leaders. 7. Indigenous soldiers: Indigenous soldiers were recruited due to their skill in hunting, tracking, and marksmanship. However, the recruitment process was often discriminatory. The war affected Indigenous communities by drawing young men away from their communities, and the post-war treatment of veterans was often neglectful. ○ Francis Pegahmagabow: One of the most decorated Indigenous soldiers, serving as a sniper and scout. ○ Henry Norwest: Another renowned Indigenous sniper in the Canadian army. 8. Training and equipment: Canadians were initially poorly trained and equipped but improved over time. They received their training in Canada and the UK. The Ross rifle was controversial due to its poor performance in battle, particularly its tendency to jam. EVENTS 9. Schlieffen Plan: Germany’s strategy to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium, then turn east to fight Russia. It ultimately failed as German forces were halted in France, and Belgium’s resistance delayed them. 10. Trench warfare: A type of combat where soldiers fought from long, narrow ditches or trenches. Conditions were miserable, with mud, rats, disease, and constant threat of death from enemy fire or artillery. 11. Technological advancements: ○ Poison gas: First used by Germany in 1915, it caused horrific injuries and deaths. ○ Tanks: Introduced by the British in 1916, tanks provided a new way to break through entrenched positions. ○ Aircraft: Used for reconnaissance, bombing, and dogfights between fighter planes. 12. Battle of Ypres (1915): The first major use of poison gas by the Germans. Canada played a crucial role in holding the line despite heavy casualties. 13. Battle of the Somme (1916): One of the bloodiest battles of the war, with over 1 million casualties. Canada participated in the later stages, suffering significant losses but earning a reputation for bravery. 14. Battle of Passchendaele (1917): Known for its mud and horrendous conditions. Canada’s contribution was marked by high casualties and heroic efforts, though the battle is controversial for its questionable strategic value. 15. Battle of Vimy Ridge (1917): A pivotal moment for Canada, where Canadian troops captured the strategically important Vimy Ridge in a meticulously planned and executed attack. It became a symbol of national pride and unity. 16. Battle of Hill 70 (1917): A successful Canadian attack that was part of the larger Battle of Arras. Canada’s contribution demonstrated tactical innovation and resilience. 17. Battle of Amiens (1918) and Last 100 Days: A series of successful Allied offensives that led to the final collapse of Germany. Canada played a significant role in these victories, earning praise for its effectiveness. 18. Other significant battles: ○ Gallipoli: A failed Allied campaign to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war, where Canadians were not directly involved, but the campaign affected Allied morale. 19. Notable individuals: ○ Billy Bishop: Canada’s top flying ace, credited with 72 kills. ○ John McCrae: Poet and physician, author of the famous "In Flanders Fields." ○ Francis Pegahmagabow: Indigenous sniper and war hero. ○ Raymond Collishaw: A leading Canadian ace. ○ Roy Brown: Credited with shooting down the infamous Red Baron. ○ Curley Christian: Leader of the No. 2 Construction Battalion. ○ Jeremiah Jones: Important figure in the No. 2 Battalion. ○ Edith Monture: Canada’s first Indigenous woman to serve in the war. ○ Henry Norwest: Indigenous sniper. HOMEFRONT 19. Enemy Aliens: Immigrants from enemy nations, such as Germans, Ukrainians, and others, faced discrimination and were often interned in camps. This led to mistrust and hardships for these communities. 20. War Measures Act: Legislation giving the government wide powers to suppress dissent, control the economy, and restrict civil liberties. It was used to intern enemy aliens and limit freedoms. 21. New taxes: The government introduced new taxes, including the income tax, to help finance the war effort. 22. Spanish Flu: A deadly pandemic that spread worldwide in 1918, infecting about one-third of Canada’s population and causing significant casualties, exacerbating the war’s impact. 23. Halifax Explosion: A massive explosion in 1917 when two ships, one carrying explosives, collided in Halifax Harbor, killing over 2,000 people. It is a significant event in Canadian history. 24. Conscription Crisis of 1917: The introduction of compulsory military service led to a major divide between English and French Canadians. French Canadians were opposed to conscription, feeling it was unfair and unnecessary, leading to tensions and protests. 25. Women’s role: During the war, many women took on roles traditionally held by men, such as working in factories, serving as nurses, and joining the military in non-combat roles. This marked a significant shift in gender roles in Canada. 26. Treaty of Versailles: The peace treaty that officially ended World War I. It imposed harsh penalties on Germany and redrew the map of Europe. It was a major factor leading to the conditions that would eventually cause World War II. 27. Themes and patterns: Key themes in this unit include the impact of modern warfare on both soldiers and civilians, the changing role of women, tensions between different ethnic and linguistic groups, and the long-lasting effects of the war on Canadian society and identity. UNIT 2 - 1920’s/1930’s 1. "Roaring Twenties" and "Dirty Thirties": ○ The "Roaring Twenties" refers to the decade following World War I, marked by social, cultural, and economic change. It was a time of prosperity, with booming stock markets, the rise of consumer culture, the spread of jazz music, and significant advancements in science and technology. ○ The "Dirty Thirties" refers to the Great Depression of the 1930s, which was characterized by widespread poverty, unemployment, economic hardship, and the devastating effects of drought and dust storms, particularly in the Prairies. Labour Movement 1. Rise of Unions After WWI: ○ After World War I, there was a surge in union activity due to the harsh working conditions, poor wages, and lack of job security. Workers sought better conditions, fair wages, and the right to collectively bargain. Their goals were to improve their standard of living and ensure fair treatment in the workplace. 2. One Big Union: ○ The One Big Union (OBU) was a radical union movement in Canada that sought to unite all workers, regardless of trade or industry, into one large, powerful union. It was significant because it was an attempt to challenge the capitalist system by creating solidarity among all workers, aiming for greater influence in political and economic matters. 3. Winnipeg General Strike: ○ Causes: Poor working conditions, inflation, low wages, and a desire for workers' rights sparked the strike. ○ Events: In May 1919, over 30,000 workers walked off their jobs in Winnipeg, protesting against their conditions and demanding better wages and treatment. ○ Consequences: The strike lasted six weeks and ended with the government using military force to break it up. The leaders were arrested, and many workers were blacklisted. ○ Significance: The strike marked a turning point in labor movements in Canada, highlighting the power of unions but also the lengths to which the government would go to suppress worker uprisings. 4. Oshawa Strike of 1937: ○ This strike involved workers at the General Motors plant in Oshawa, Ontario, who were demanding better wages and working conditions. It was significant because it marked a turning point in labor relations in Canada, highlighting the growing strength of industrial unions and the increasing use of strikes to achieve labor goals. Discrimination 1. Chinese Immigration Act of 1923: ○ This act, also known as the Chinese Exclusion Act, effectively banned Chinese immigration to Canada. It was historically significant because it represented one of the most extreme forms of racial discrimination in Canadian immigration policy and remained in place until 1947. 2. Negative Impact on Indigenous Communities: ○ Residential schools: Indigenous children were taken from their families and forced to attend schools that aimed to assimilate them, often under abusive conditions. ○ The Indian Act: This legislation continued to enforce discriminatory practices, limiting Indigenous peoples' rights and freedoms. ○ Economic Disempowerment: Indigenous communities were marginalized economically and faced barriers to participating in the broader Canadian economy, often being excluded from land rights or subjected to poverty. 3. League of Indians: ○ The League of Indians, founded by Fred Loft in 1919, was a political organization that sought to address the rights and welfare of Indigenous peoples in Canada. The government opposed it because it promoted Indigenous rights and sought to challenge colonial policies. It is historically significant as one of the earliest organized efforts for Indigenous political advocacy in Canada. 4. Chatham Stars: ○ The Chatham Coloured All-Stars were a pioneering Black Canadian baseball team. They were significant as they demonstrated the importance of Black athletes in Canadian sports history and challenged racial segregation in sports. 5. Ku Klux Klan in Canada: ○ Yes, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) operated in Canada during the 1920s, with chapters in provinces like Alberta and Ontario. At its height, the Klan had tens of thousands of members. The KKK was notorious for its racist, anti-Semitic, and anti-Catholic activities, spreading hate and discrimination in Canadian communities. Women’s Rights 1. Women’s Suffrage: ○ Women in Canada gained the right to vote at different times depending on the province. By 1918, most women had the right to vote, but Indigenous women, Asian women, and Black women were often excluded from voting until later. The Chinese Exclusion Act and racial policies kept many women of color from voting. 2. Agnes Macphail and Nellie McClung: ○ Agnes Macphail was the first woman elected to the Canadian Parliament, advocating for social reforms, including prison reform and workers' rights. ○ Nellie McClung was a leading suffragist and activist who played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement and the campaign for women’s rights in Canada. 3. Persons Case: ○ The Persons Case (1929) was a landmark legal case in which five women (the "Famous Five") fought to have women recognized as "persons" under Canadian law, allowing them to hold public office. The ruling was significant because it marked a victory for women’s rights and established that women could serve in the Senate. 1920s Politics and Prohibition 1. Prohibition in Canada: ○ Prohibition began in Canada in the early 1920s as part of a movement to reduce alcohol consumption and improve social conditions. While the temperance movement was prominent, prohibition varied across provinces. It was significant because it led to the rise of illegal alcohol production and distribution, such as bootlegging, and it created a culture of defiance toward government regulations. 2. King-Byng Affair: ○ The King-Byng Affair (1926) was a constitutional crisis where Governor General Lord Byng refused to dissolve Parliament at Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King’s request. This was significant because it clarified the limits of the Governor General’s power and reinforced Canada's growing independence from Britain. 3. Chanak Crisis, Halibut Treaty, Balfour Report, and Statute of Westminster: ○ Chanak Crisis (1922): Canada’s refusal to automatically support Britain in a conflict with Turkey marked a step toward Canadian autonomy. ○ Halibut Treaty (1923): A treaty signed by Canada and the U.S. regarding fishing rights, which Canada negotiated independently of Britain. ○ Balfour Report (1926): Recognized that the Dominions, like Canada, were autonomous communities within the British Empire. ○ Statute of Westminster (1931): Gave full legislative independence to Canada and other British Dominions, solidifying Canada’s autonomy. Science and Technology 1. Frederick Banting: ○ Frederick Banting was a Canadian scientist who, along with Charles Best, discovered insulin in 1921, a groundbreaking achievement in the treatment of diabetes. This discovery saved millions of lives and revolutionized medicine. 1930s and the Depression 1. Great Depression: ○ The Great Depression (1929-1939) was a worldwide economic crisis marked by mass unemployment, bank failures, and extreme poverty. In Canada, it was particularly severe, affecting industrial workers, farmers, and Indigenous communities. 2. Causes of the Great Depression: ○ Stock market crashes, overproduction in industries, and the collapse of international trade contributed to the global economic downturn. In Canada, reliance on exports and dependence on U.S. markets worsened the impact. 3. Governmental Policies and Drought: ○ Government policies such as high tariffs and the lack of direct aid exacerbated the situation. The Prairie drought of the 1930s, combined with economic hardship, led to the Dust Bowl, devastating agricultural communities. 4. R.B. Bennett’s Response: ○ R.B. Bennett, the Prime Minister, attempted to solve the depression through relief programs, tariffs, and public works, but his policies were largely ineffective, and many Canadians felt his government was out of touch with the struggles of ordinary citizens. 5. On to Ottawa Trek: ○ The On to Ottawa Trek (1935) was a protest by unemployed men who travelled to Ottawa to demand better conditions and employment. It is historically significant because it highlighted the frustration of the working class and led to increased support for labour movements. Political Parties and the 1930s 1. Communist Party: ○ Yes, there was a Communist Party in Canada, but members faced repression in the 1920s and 1930s. The government viewed them as a threat to capitalist society and often harassed and jailed activists. 2. CCF and the Regina Manifesto: ○ The CCF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) was a socialist political party founded in 1932. The Regina Manifesto outlined the party's platform, advocating for social and economic reforms. The CCF is significant because it laid the foundation for Canada’s future social democratic policies. 3. Maurice Duplessis and Union Nationale: ○ Maurice Duplessis led the Union Nationale in Quebec and served as premier for many years. He is historically significant for his conservative, nationalist policies and his role in shaping modern Quebec politics. 4. Bible Bill Aberhart and Social Credit: ○ Bible Bill Aberhart was the leader of the Social Credit Party in Alberta. He promoted social credit policies as a solution to the economic issues of the Great Depression. His party became significant in Alberta’s political landscape in the 1930s. 5. Sterilization Laws: ○ Yes, Canada enacted laws that allowed the forced sterilization of people, particularly those in mental institutions, under the guise of eugenics. This was seen as an attempt to control the population based on racial or mental health considerations. Prime Ministers (1918-1939) 1. Prime Ministers: ○ Robert Borden (1918-1920): Led Canada through World War I and played a significant role in Canada’s increasing independence, especially at the Versailles Treaty. ○ William Lyon Mackenzie King (1921-1926, 1926-1930, 1935-1948): King is significant for his leadership during both the interwar period and the Great Depression. He also solidified Canada’s independence from Britain with the Statute of Westminster and played a key role in establishing Canadian social policies. ○ R.B. Bennett (1930-1935): His policies during the Great Depression were largely ineffective, and he faced significant criticism. However, his government did introduce some relief programs. PART 1 - ROAD TO WW2 1) How did the Nazis view the Treaty of Versailles? The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, viewed the Treaty of Versailles as a humiliating and unjust agreement. They believed it unfairly punished Germany after World War I by imposing heavy reparations, territorial losses, and military restrictions. Hitler used this resentment to rally nationalistic sentiment and justify his aggressive expansionist policies, which ultimately led to World War II. 2) What was the League of Nations and why was it ineffective? The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I, aimed at maintaining peace and preventing further wars. It was ineffective for several reasons: It lacked enforcement power (no military forces). Major powers like the United States never joined. It failed to prevent aggression from countries like Japan, Italy, and Germany. Its decisions were often ignored by aggressive nations, and it lacked authority to act decisively. 3) What was the "Stab in the Back Theory"? The "Stab in the Back Theory" was a false claim spread by nationalist and right-wing groups in Germany after World War I. It suggested that Germany did not lose the war on the battlefield but was instead "stabbed in the back" by Jews, communists, and liberals who undermined the war effort from within. This theory helped fuel anti-Semitic sentiment and contributed to the rise of the Nazi party. 4) How did the decadence of the Weimar Republic contribute to the start of WWII? The Weimar Republic (1919–1933) was politically unstable, economically crippled by hyperinflation and the Great Depression, and marked by divisions between left-wing and right-wing factions. The economic hardships, loss of faith in democratic institutions, and political chaos led many Germans to turn to extremist ideologies. The Nazi Party exploited this instability, promising order, economic recovery, and national pride, eventually leading to Hitler’s rise to power and the onset of WWII. 5) What was the March on Rome? What is Fascism and how did it help cause WWII? The March on Rome (1922) was a political event in which Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Party seized power in Italy. Mussolini's fascism was an authoritarian, nationalistic ideology that emphasized strong, centralized control, militarism, and the rejection of democracy. Mussolini's rise to power inspired other fascist movements, including Hitler’s Nazi Party, and contributed to the political environment that led to WWII by promoting aggressive nationalism and militarism. 6) How did the Maginot Line provide France with a false sense of security? The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France along its border with Germany in the 1930s, intended to protect France from invasion. However, it provided a false sense of security because it only covered the French-German border and did not extend through Belgium. When Germany invaded in 1940, it bypassed the Maginot Line by invading through Belgium, exposing France’s defensive weaknesses. 7) How did the Nazis get into power in Germany? The Nazis gained power in Germany through a combination of factors: Economic hardship during the Great Depression, which made people desperate for change. Hitler's charismatic leadership and promises to restore Germany's greatness. The Nazi Party’s use of propaganda, violence, and intimidation against political opponents. The support of conservative elites and business leaders who saw the Nazis as a way to counter communist threats. Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933, and after the Reichstag Fire, he used emergency powers to consolidate control, eliminate political opposition, and establish a dictatorship. 8) How did the Great Depression help cause WWII? The Great Depression (1929) had a profound impact worldwide, leading to economic hardship, unemployment, and political instability. In Germany, the depression created widespread dissatisfaction with the Weimar Republic, making extremist political parties like the Nazis more appealing. Hitler promised economic recovery and national pride, and the Nazi regime capitalized on the crisis to consolidate power. Similarly, the economic turmoil led other nations like Japan and Italy to pursue aggressive expansion as a way to secure resources and improve their economies. 9) Why did Japan invade Manchuria in 1931? Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 in search of raw materials and territory to fuel its growing imperial ambitions. The invasion was also driven by the need to secure a buffer zone against Soviet Russia and to demonstrate Japan's strength in the face of Western powers. This invasion marked Japan's first major act of aggression in Asia and led to its further expansion in the 1930s. 10) Why did Italy invade Ethiopia in 1935? Italy, under Mussolini, invaded Ethiopia in 1935 as part of its desire to expand its empire and restore Italy’s prestige. Ethiopia was one of the few African nations not under European control, and Mussolini sought to conquer it to demonstrate Italy's military might and secure valuable resources. The invasion was condemned by the League of Nations but ultimately went unpunished, illustrating the League's ineffectiveness. 11) How did the world respond to Japan's invasion of China in 1937? The world’s response to Japan’s invasion of China in 1937 was limited. While many countries condemned Japan’s actions, economic interests and the rise of totalitarian regimes made strong intervention difficult. The League of Nations was powerless to stop Japan, and while the United States and other nations imposed some sanctions, they did not engage in direct military action. The invasion ultimately led to the Second Sino-Japanese War, which later merged into WWII. 12) What happened in Nanking when the Japanese invaded? Why is it historically significant? The Nanking Massacre (1937), also known as the Rape of Nanking, was a horrific atrocity during Japan’s invasion of China. Japanese soldiers brutally killed an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war and committed widespread sexual violence. It is historically significant because it highlighted Japan’s brutal military tactics in China and remains a deeply controversial and sensitive issue in Sino-Japanese relations. 13) What were the Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht? Why are they historically significant? The Nuremberg Laws (1935) were a set of anti-Semitic laws that stripped Jews of their German citizenship, prohibited intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, and segregated Jews in many aspects of public life. These laws laid the legal foundation for the persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany. Kristallnacht (1938) was a violent pogrom against Jews in Nazi Germany, during which Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues were destroyed, and tens of thousands of Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps. It marked the escalation of Nazi persecution against Jews and is historically significant as a precursor to the Holocaust. 14) Why did the USA want to remain neutral in the 1930s? In the 1930s, the United States wanted to remain neutral due to a combination of factors: The horrors of World War I and the belief that the U.S. had been dragged into the war by European powers. The widespread public sentiment against foreign involvement, as demonstrated by the Isolationist Movement. The Great Depression, which focused national attention on domestic issues rather than international conflicts. 15) Why did the Nazi Regime undertake aggressive expansion? How did the world powers react at each step? The Nazi regime undertook aggressive expansion to achieve Lebensraum (living space) for Germans, spread Nazi ideology, and restore Germany’s power and influence. The world’s response at each step varied: Reoccupation of the Rhineland (1936): The world largely ignored this violation of the Treaty of Versailles, emboldening Hitler. Annexation of Austria (Anschluss, 1938): Met with minimal resistance from European powers. Munich Agreement (1938): Britain and France appeased Hitler by allowing the annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland in exchange for peace. Invasion of Poland (1939): Led to Britain and France declaring war on Germany, starting WWII. 16) Do the main causes of WWI (i.e., Alliances, Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism) also apply to WWII? Yes, the main causes of World War I—alliances, imperialism, militarism, and nationalism—can also be seen in the lead-up to World War II: Alliances: Hitler’s formation of the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and the eventual formation of the Allied powers. Imperialism: Germany, Italy, and Japan sought to expand their empires, leading to conflicts with other nations. Militarism: Both Nazi Germany and Japan pursued military buildup and aggression to achieve their goals. Nationalism: Extreme nationalism, particularly in Germany under Hitler, contributed to the drive for expansion and war. PART 2 - BATTLES IN WW2 1) How did the Nazis view the Treaty of Versailles? The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, viewed the Treaty of Versailles as a humiliating and unjust agreement. They believed it unfairly punished Germany after World War I by imposing heavy reparations, territorial losses, and military restrictions. Hitler used this resentment to rally nationalistic sentiment and justify his aggressive expansionist policies, which ultimately led to World War II. 2) What was the League of Nations and why was it ineffective? The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I, aimed at maintaining peace and preventing further wars. It was ineffective for several reasons: It lacked enforcement power (no military forces). Major powers like the United States never joined. It failed to prevent aggression from countries like Japan, Italy, and Germany. Its decisions were often ignored by aggressive nations, and it lacked authority to act decisively. 3) What was the "Stab in the Back Theory"? The "Stab in the Back Theory" was a false claim spread by nationalist and right-wing groups in Germany after World War I. It suggested that Germany did not lose the war on the battlefield but was instead "stabbed in the back" by Jews, communists, and liberals who undermined the war effort from within. This theory helped fuel anti-Semitic sentiment and contributed to the rise of the Nazi party. 4) How did the decadence of the Weimar Republic contribute to the start of WWII? The Weimar Republic (1919–1933) was politically unstable, economically crippled by hyperinflation and the Great Depression, and marked by divisions between left-wing and right-wing factions. The economic hardships, loss of faith in democratic institutions, and political chaos led many Germans to turn to extremist ideologies. The Nazi Party exploited this instability, promising order, economic recovery, and national pride, eventually leading to Hitler’s rise to power and the onset of WWII. 5) What was the March on Rome? What is Fascism and how did it help cause WWII? The March on Rome (1922) was a political event in which Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Party seized power in Italy. Mussolini's fascism was an authoritarian, nationalistic ideology that emphasized strong, centralized control, militarism, and the rejection of democracy. Mussolini's rise to power inspired other fascist movements, including Hitler’s Nazi Party, and contributed to the political environment that led to WWII by promoting aggressive nationalism and militarism. 6) How did the Maginot Line provide France with a false sense of security? The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France along its border with Germany in the 1930s, intended to protect France from invasion. However, it provided a false sense of security because it only covered the French-German border and did not extend through Belgium. When Germany invaded in 1940, it bypassed the Maginot Line by invading through Belgium, exposing France’s defensive weaknesses. 7) How did the Nazis get into power in Germany? The Nazis gained power in Germany through a combination of factors: Economic hardship during the Great Depression, which made people desperate for change. Hitler's charismatic leadership and promises to restore Germany's greatness. The Nazi Party’s use of propaganda, violence, and intimidation against political opponents. The support of conservative elites and business leaders who saw the Nazis as a way to counter communist threats. Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933, and after the Reichstag Fire, he used emergency powers to consolidate control, eliminate political opposition, and establish a dictatorship. 8) How did the Great Depression help cause WWII? The Great Depression (1929) had a profound impact worldwide, leading to economic hardship, unemployment, and political instability. In Germany, the depression created widespread dissatisfaction with the Weimar Republic, making extremist political parties like the Nazis more appealing. Hitler promised economic recovery and national pride, and the Nazi regime capitalized on the crisis to consolidate power. Similarly, the economic turmoil led other nations like Japan and Italy to pursue aggressive expansion as a way to secure resources and improve their economies. 9) Why did Japan invade Manchuria in 1931? Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 in search of raw materials and territory to fuel its growing imperial ambitions. The invasion was also driven by the need to secure a buffer zone against Soviet Russia and to demonstrate Japan's strength in the face of Western powers. This invasion marked Japan's first major act of aggression in Asia and led to its further expansion in the 1930s. 10) Why did Italy invade Ethiopia in 1935? Italy, under Mussolini, invaded Ethiopia in 1935 as part of its desire to expand its empire and restore Italy’s prestige. Ethiopia was one of the few African nations not under European control, and Mussolini sought to conquer it to demonstrate Italy's military might and secure valuable resources. The invasion was condemned by the League of Nations but ultimately went unpunished, illustrating the League's ineffectiveness. 11) How did the world respond to Japan's invasion of China in 1937? The world’s response to Japan’s invasion of China in 1937 was limited. While many countries condemned Japan’s actions, economic interests and the rise of totalitarian regimes made strong intervention difficult. The League of Nations was powerless to stop Japan, and while the United States and other nations imposed some sanctions, they did not engage in direct military action. The invasion ultimately led to the Second Sino-Japanese War, which later merged into WWII. 12) What happened in Nanking when the Japanese invaded? Why is it historically significant? The Nanking Massacre (1937), also known as the Rape of Nanking, was a horrific atrocity during Japan’s invasion of China. Japanese soldiers brutally killed an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war and committed widespread sexual violence. It is historically significant because it highlighted Japan’s brutal military tactics in China and remains a deeply controversial and sensitive issue in Sino-Japanese relations. 13) What were the Nuremberg Laws and Kristallnacht? Why are they historically significant? The Nuremberg Laws (1935) were a set of anti-Semitic laws that stripped Jews of their German citizenship, prohibited intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, and segregated Jews in many aspects of public life. These laws laid the legal foundation for the persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany. Kristallnacht (1938) was a violent pogrom against Jews in Nazi Germany, during which Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues were destroyed, and tens of thousands of Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps. It marked the escalation of Nazi persecution against Jews and is historically significant as a precursor to the Holocaust. 14) Why did the USA want to remain neutral in the 1930s? In the 1930s, the United States wanted to remain neutral due to a combination of factors: The horrors of World War I and the belief that the U.S. had been dragged into the war by European powers. The widespread public sentiment against foreign involvement, as demonstrated by the Isolationist Movement. The Great Depression, which focused national attention on domestic issues rather than international conflicts. 15) Why did the Nazi Regime undertake aggressive expansion? How did the world powers react at each step? The Nazi regime undertook aggressive expansion to achieve Lebensraum (living space) for Germans, spread Nazi ideology, and restore Germany’s power and influence. The world’s response at each step varied: Reoccupation of the Rhineland (1936): The world largely ignored this violation of the Treaty of Versailles, emboldening Hitler. Annexation of Austria (Anschluss, 1938): Met with minimal resistance from European powers. Munich Agreement (1938): Britain and France appeased Hitler by allowing the annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland in exchange for peace. Invasion of Poland (1939): Led to Britain and France declaring war on Germany, starting WWII. 16) Do the main causes of WWI (i.e., Alliances, Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism) also apply to WWII? Yes, the main causes of World War I—alliances, imperialism, militarism, and nationalism—can also be seen in the lead-up to World War II: Alliances: Hitler’s formation of the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and the eventual formation of the Allied powers. Imperialism: Germany, Italy, and Japan sought to expand their empires, leading to conflicts with other nations. Militarism: Both Nazi Germany and Japan pursued military buildup and aggression to achieve their goals. Nationalism: Extreme nationalism, particularly in Germany under Hitler, contributed to the drive for expansion and war. PART 3 - CANADA AND THE WW2 HOMEFRONT 1) How did Canada contribute to the war with munitions and industrial production? How did this change Canada? During World War II, Canada made significant contributions to the Allied war effort through munitions and industrial production. Canada became a major supplier of armaments, vehicles, aircraft, and other wartime materials. The Canadian war industries produced a vast quantity of munitions, military vehicles, and equipment, especially for Britain. This led to a transformation of Canada's economy, as industries expanded and shifted focus toward war production. It also increased Canada’s industrial capacity, which contributed to its post-war economic boom. Additionally, Canada’s economy became more industrialized and urbanized, leading to greater economic independence from Britain. 2) How was the War Measures Act used during WWII? The War Measures Act was invoked during World War II to give the government extraordinary powers. It allowed for the internment of enemy aliens, censorship of communications, and the ability to arrest or detain individuals without trial. This act was used to control potential threats to national security, including the internment of Japanese Canadians and the restriction of travel for people from certain ethnic backgrounds. While it was aimed at ensuring national security, it led to significant civil rights violations. 3) How and where did Women participate in the war? Women played a crucial role during WWII in various capacities: They served in auxiliary military units, such as the Canadian Women's Army Corps (CWAC), Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division (WRENS), and Royal Canadian Naval Service (WRCNS), where they worked in administrative, clerical, and logistical roles. Women also worked in munitions factories and on farms to help fill labor shortages caused by men going to war. The Women’s Voluntary Services (WVS) and Red Cross contributed to civilian and volunteer efforts. Women’s participation in the workforce during WWII was a key moment in the evolution of gender roles in Canada. 4) Who was Elsie MacGill and why is she historically significant? Elsie MacGill was Canada’s first female aerospace engineer and a pioneering figure in the field. During WWII, she oversaw the production of Hurricane fighter planes for the Royal Canadian Air Force. She is historically significant for breaking gender barriers in engineering and contributing to Canada’s wartime aviation industry. 5) What was the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan? How did Canada participate in it and why is it historically significant? How was Oshawa involved? The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) was a joint military training program established by Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Canada became the primary training ground for Allied aircrew, with over 130,000 airmen trained on Canadian soil. Canada contributed a large portion of the infrastructure and resources, making it a critical element in the success of the Allied air war. Oshawa, Ontario, was home to a significant aircraft production facility and training base, contributing to the war effort. 6) Did Canada have Prisoner of War Camps? Where were they located (i.e. Bomanville)? Yes, Canada had Prisoner of War (POW) camps during WWII, where enemy soldiers were interned. These camps were spread across the country. Bomanville, Ontario, was one of the largest POW camps in Canada, housing thousands of German soldiers. Canada’s treatment of POWs was in line with the Geneva Convention, though some were involved in forced labor in Canadian industries. 7) What was Camp X and why is it historically significant? Camp X was a secret training facility located in Whitby, Ontario, during WWII. It was used by the Allied intelligence services to train spies, including Canadian and British agents. It also played a key role in the training of saboteurs and operatives for the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and Canadian secret intelligence services. Its existence remained secret for many years. 8) Did the Battle of Atlantic occur in Canadian waters? Were any boats sunk in Canadian waters? Yes, the Battle of the Atlantic occurred in Canadian waters, especially along the coast of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the St. Lawrence River. It was a prolonged naval campaign fought between the Allies and the Axis powers, primarily Germany. Several Allied ships were sunk by German U-boats in Canadian waters, and the battle was critical for controlling the vital supply routes between North America and Europe. 9) What were Japanese Fire Balloons? Why are they historically significant? Japanese Fire Balloons were large balloons filled with explosive materials and incendiary bombs, launched by Japan in an attempt to start fires and create panic in North America, particularly in Canada and the United States. Though the balloons caused limited damage and fatalities, they are historically significant as an example of unconventional warfare and Japan’s attempt to strike at North America. 10) What was the Conscription Crisis of WWII? Why is it historically significant? The Conscription Crisis of 1944 was a political and social crisis in Canada, as the government passed conscription to meet military manpower shortages. This caused significant tensions, particularly in Quebec, where there was widespread opposition to conscription. The crisis highlighted the divide between English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians and had lasting effects on Canada’s national unity and Anglo-French relations. 11) Was the Canadian military segregated during WWII? How did this differ from WWI? Unlike WWI, the Canadian military was less segregated during WWII, though discrimination against racial minorities, particularly Indigenous peoples and Black Canadians, still existed. Indigenous soldiers were allowed to enlist and serve in combat roles, unlike WWI, where many were not allowed to fight. However, there were still instances of racism, and some groups faced barriers to service. 12) Who were Tommy Prince and the Cree Code Talkers? Why are they historically significant? What was their experience like with the war? Tommy Prince was one of Canada’s most decorated Indigenous soldiers during WWII. He was a member of the Cree Code Talkers, a group of Indigenous soldiers who used their native languages to transmit unbreakable military codes. Their role was crucial in preventing enemy interception of messages. The experience of Indigenous soldiers like Prince was marked by both bravery and the challenge of overcoming prejudice. 13) How were Hutterites, Germans and Italians treated in Canada during WWII? Hutterites, Germans, and Italians were often viewed with suspicion due to their ethnic backgrounds and were subject to internment and restrictions. Hutterites, a pacifist religious group, were forced to perform alternative service instead of military duty. Many German-Canadians and Italian-Canadians faced discrimination, surveillance, and, in some cases, internment. These actions were largely driven by fears of espionage and collaboration with Axis powers. 14) How did Black Canadians, Indigenous Peoples, Chinese Canadians, Jewish Canadians, and other Canadian communities contribute to the war? Black Canadians served in auxiliary and non-combat roles, despite facing discrimination. Indigenous peoples contributed significantly, with many joining the military and serving with distinction. Chinese Canadians worked in factories, served in non-combat roles, and contributed to war efforts despite facing racial discrimination. Jewish Canadians were heavily involved in the war effort, both on the frontlines and on the home front. These communities showed immense patriotism despite facing racial and social barriers. 15) How did Canada treat Japanese Canadians? What happened to them? Why is it historically significant? After Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese Canadians faced severe discrimination. Over 22,000 Japanese Canadians were forcibly relocated and interned in camps, primarily in the interior of British Columbia. Their property was seized, and many were not allowed to return to the West Coast until the 1940s. This treatment is historically significant as a violation of civil rights, and the Canadian government later apologized for the internment and provided compensation to surviving individuals. 16) What was the Ontario Racial Discrimination Act of 1944? Why is it significant? The Ontario Racial Discrimination Act of 1944 was legislation aimed at reducing racial discrimination, particularly in the workplace. It marked a step towards civil rights reforms in Canada, as it acknowledged the need for legal protection against discrimination based on race or ethnicity. 17) Who was Dr. Norman Bethune and is he revered in China? Dr. Norman Bethune was a Canadian physician and medical innovator who volunteered to serve in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. He developed mobile blood transfusion techniques that saved countless lives. He is revered in China for his contributions to medicine and his humanitarian efforts. He died in 1939, and his legacy is still celebrated in China. Post-War 1) What was Canada's position militarily and economically after WWII? After WWII, Canada emerged as a military power with a respected army, navy, and air force. Economically, it entered a period of prosperity, having expanded its industrial base during the war. It also became more integrated into the global economy, establishing trade relations with other countries and joining international organizations like the United Nations and NATO. 2) Who were Displaced Persons and how did this change Canadian society? Displaced Persons (DPs) were individuals who were forced to leave their homes during or after WWII. Canada accepted thousands of DPs, mainly from Europe, many of whom were refugees from Nazi occupation and Soviet control. This influx of new immigrants helped to diversify Canada’s population and contributed to its post-war growth. 3) What is the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? The United Nations (UN) is an international organization formed in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation between countries. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) was adopted by the UN and established fundamental human rights for all people, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, or religion. 4) What was Bretton Woods (1944), IMF, World Bank, and GATT (WTO)? The Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 established key institutions for post-war global economic governance: the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which later became the World Trade Organization (WTO). These institutions were designed to stabilize the global economy and facilitate international trade. 5) Who was Gouzenko and the Cold War? Igor Gouzenko was a Soviet cipher clerk who defected to Canada in 1945, exposing a Soviet spy ring operating in Canada. His revelations contributed to the onset of the Cold War, as they heightened tensions between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies, particularly Canada, the United States, and Britain. UNIT 4 - POST WAR Post-WWII Canada 1. What was Canada's position militarily and economically after WWII? After WWII, Canada emerged as a military power with a strong role in NATO and other international alliances. Economically, Canada shifted from a wartime economy to a peacetime economy, benefiting from its war production capabilities and a booming global demand for goods. Canada’s industrial capacity grew during the war, and this shift contributed to a period of prosperity. Canada also became a more independent, globally engaged nation, participating in international organizations like the United Nations. 2. Who were Displaced Persons and how did this change Canadian society? How were they initially treated and which government began to change Canada's immigration policy? Displaced Persons (DPs) were refugees from Europe, primarily survivors of WWII, who had been uprooted from their homes due to the war. Canada accepted many DPs, particularly from Eastern Europe, which helped diversify the population. Initially, DPs faced some discrimination, as Canada’s immigration policies were restrictive. However, Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent's government began to liberalize Canada's immigration policy, allowing for a greater number of refugees and immigrants to come to Canada, leading to increased ethnic diversity in Canadian society. 3. What is the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? How did this change Canada? What are the problems with how the United Nations operates? The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the UN in 1948, set out fundamental human rights and freedoms for all people. Canada was a founding member and a strong supporter of both the UN and the UDHR, which helped shape Canada’s humanitarian and peacekeeping role in the world. The UN’s operations are sometimes criticized for inefficiency, bureaucratic delays, and the disparity in power between member nations. 4. What were the Nuremberg Trials? Why are they historically significant? The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals held after WWII to prosecute prominent leaders of Nazi Germany for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. These trials set a legal precedent for how international law could hold individuals accountable for atrocities committed during war. They are historically significant because they established the principles of justice in international law and were a key moment in the development of human rights law. 5. What was Bretton Woods (1944), IMF, World Bank, and GATT (WTO)? How did this establish the present world economic system? The Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 established the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), later evolved into the World Trade Organization (WTO). These institutions helped to stabilize the global economy by promoting free trade, fostering financial stability, and providing loans to nations in need. They have been instrumental in establishing the modern global economic system, encouraging economic cooperation and preventing future global depressions. 6. Who was Gouzenko and the Cold War? Igor Gouzenko was a Soviet cipher clerk who defected to Canada in 1945 and revealed a Soviet spy ring operating within the Canadian government and military. His defection and the information he provided helped ignite the Cold War, as it exposed Soviet espionage activities in the West. Gouzenko's revelations led to widespread fear of communism and the establishment of intense counter-intelligence efforts during the early years of the Cold War. 1950s and 1960s 1. Was Mackenzie King a good or bad P.M.? Why? What is his legacy? Mackenzie King served as Prime Minister of Canada for over 20 years (1921–1926, 1926–1930, 1935–1948). His legacy is mixed. He is credited with leading Canada through WWII and establishing social welfare programs, but his policies toward French-Canadians, Indigenous peoples, and Japanese-Canadians have been criticized. King is also known for his pragmatism and ability to balance different factions within Canada, maintaining peace and stability through some turbulent times. 2. Who was Louis St. Laurent and why is he historically significant? Louis St. Laurent served as Prime Minister of Canada from 1948 to 1957. He is historically significant for leading Canada through the post-war period, overseeing the expansion of Canadian social programs, the development of a modern welfare state, and the construction of the Trans-Canada Highway. He also played a significant role in Canada's foreign policy, including joining NATO and supporting the UN's efforts. 3. What major projects were undertaken by Louis St. Laurent? St. Laurent’s government was responsible for several important projects, including: ○ The Trans-Canada Highway (completed in 1962), a monumental infrastructure project that united the country. ○ Canada’s entry into NATO in 1949. ○ Expansion of Canada’s social welfare programs, such as universal health care and old age pensions. 4. What is NATO? Why did Canada join? How has it impacted Canada? The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military alliance formed in 1949 to provide collective security against the Soviet Union and its allies. Canada joined NATO as a way to protect itself and contribute to global peace and security during the early years of the Cold War. NATO has since impacted Canada by shaping its foreign policy, contributing to its reputation as a peacekeeping nation, and ensuring its role in global military and diplomatic affairs. 5. What was the DEW line? How did it affect the Inuit? The Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line was a system of radar stations built across the Arctic to detect Soviet bombers during the Cold War. While the system helped protect North America, it had a negative impact on the Inuit living in the region. Many were relocated to areas near the radar stations, where living conditions were harsh, and their traditional way of life was disrupted. 6. How and why did Newfoundland join Canada? Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949 after a referendum showed that the majority of people in Newfoundland wanted to become part of the Canadian Confederation. Newfoundland had faced severe financial difficulties during the Great Depression and was under British control, which prompted many to seek the stability of joining Canada. 7. What is the Indian Act? How is it viewed by Indigenous Peoples? How did it change in 1951? The Indian Act is a Canadian law that governs the rights and lives of Indigenous peoples in Canada. Indigenous people view it negatively because it imposed colonial control over their communities, restricting their autonomy and culture. In 1951, the Indian Act was amended to remove some of its more restrictive clauses, such as the ban on cultural practices like the potlatch ceremony, but it still maintained control over many aspects of Indigenous life. 8. What was the High Arctic Relocation and the Sixties Scoop? How did they affect Indigenous peoples? ○ The High Arctic Relocation involved the Canadian government relocating Inuit families to the High Arctic in the 1950s to assert Canadian sovereignty over the region. It disrupted traditional Inuit life and led to poverty and hardship. ○ The Sixties Scoop refers to the practice of removing Indigenous children from their families and placing them in non-Indigenous homes or institutions. It had a lasting impact on Indigenous communities, leading to a loss of culture, identity, and connection to their heritage. 9. Who was Viola Desmond? Why is she historically important? Viola Desmond was an African-Canadian businesswoman who became a civil rights icon when she was arrested for refusing to leave a whites-only section of a movie theater in Nova Scotia in 1946. She is historically significant for her role in challenging racial segregation in Canada, and in 2010, she became the first Canadian woman to appear on a regularly circulating Canadian banknote. 10.Who were Hugh Burnett and Donald Moore? Why are they historically important? Hugh Burnett and Donald Moore were Canadian civil rights activists who fought against racial discrimination, particularly in the areas of housing and employment. They were significant figures in the early civil rights movement in Canada, advocating for the rights of Black Canadians and helping to bring attention to racial inequality. 11.What was the Korean War? What was Canada’s contribution? Why is it historically significant? The Korean War (1950–1953) was a conflict between communist North Korea, supported by China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea, supported by the United Nations, particularly the United States. Canada contributed 3,000 troops to the UN forces and played a key role in the ceasefire negotiations. It is historically significant as Canada’s first major military engagement after WWII and helped establish its role as a peacekeeping nation. 12.What was the Suez Crisis? How was Canada involved? Why is it historically significant? The Suez Crisis (1956) was a conflict over the control of the Suez Canal in Egypt, involving Britain, France, and Israel against Egypt. Canada, under Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, proposed a UN peacekeeping force to resolve the conflict, which led to a ceasefire. Pearson's leadership in this crisis earned him the Nobel Peace Prize and solidified Canada’s role as a peacekeeping nation. 13.Who was John Diefenbaker? What were his policies? Why is he historically significant? Was he a good or bad P.M.? What is his legacy? John Diefenbaker served as Prime Minister from 1957 to 1963. He is historically significant for his strong stance on Canadian nationalism and his advocacy for civil rights, including the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960. His policies, however, were often polarizing, particularly his opposition to the Avro Arrow project and his difficult relations with the United States. His legacy is mixed but includes his contributions to Canadian sovereignty and human rights. Pearson and the 1960s 1. What was the Quiet Revolution and how did it affect Quebec? What was its cause and consequence? The Quiet Revolution (1960s) was a period of intense social, cultural, and political change in Quebec, driven by the desire for greater autonomy and secularism in Quebec society. The movement led to the nationalization of resources, reforms in education and healthcare, and the rise of the Quebec independence movement. Its consequence was increased political tensions between Quebec and the rest of Canada. 2. Explain why Pearson is historically significant? Evaluate his impact as PM of Canada. Lester B. Pearson was Prime Minister from 1963 to 1968 and is historically significant for his international diplomacy and domestic achievements. He is credited with establishing universal health care, Canada’s peacekeeping role, and the Canadian flag. His government is often viewed as one of the most progressive and influential in Canadian history. 3. What did Pearson accomplish in terms of CPP, the Auto Pact, Medicare, and capital punishment? ○ Canadian Pension Plan (CPP): Established in 1965, providing retirement income for Canadians. ○ Auto Pact: Signed in 1965, it promoted trade between Canada and the U.S. in the automotive industry. ○ Medicare: Established in the 1960s, ensuring access to universal healthcare for all Canadians. ○ Capital Punishment: Pearson’s government abolished the death penalty for most crimes in 1976, marking a major step toward human rights. 4. Why did Canada change its flag? Why is this significant? Canada adopted the Maple Leaf flag in 1965, replacing the British Union Jack. The change was significant because it represented a move toward a distinct Canadian identity, separate from British colonial ties. 5. How did the “Vive le Quebec Libre” speech affect Quebec nationalism? The "Vive le Quebec Libre" speech by Charles de Gaulle in 1967, while in Montreal, was seen as a strong endorsement of Quebec sovereignty. This speech further inflamed the Quebec separatist movement and contributed to rising tensions between Quebec and the rest of Canada. 6. How did Pearson react to separation? What was his plan to deal with the issue? Pearson believed in national unity and worked to balance the demands of Quebec separatism and English Canada. He sought to promote national identity through federal reforms and supported the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism to address Quebec’s concerns. 7. How did the status of women change in society during the 1960s? The 1960s marked a period of change for women’s rights in Canada, with feminist movements advocating for gender equality, including equal pay, reproductive rights, and improved educational opportunities. The Royal Commission on the Status of Women was established in 1967, leading to major legislative changes in the 1970s. 8. Who were Everett Klippert and the Wolfenden report? Why are they historically significant? Everett Klippert was a Canadian man who was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for being gay in the 1960s. His case led to the eventual decriminalization of homosexuality in Canada in 1969. The Wolfenden Report, from the United Kingdom, was also influential, advocating for the decriminalization of homosexuality, which served as a reference for Canadian policy changes. 9. Who was Lincoln Alexander and why is he historically significant? Lincoln Alexander was the first Black Canadian to be appointed to Parliament (1968) and later became Ontario’s Lieutenant Governor in 1985. He was a trailblazer for racial equality and diversity in Canada and is an important figure in Canadian political and civil rights history. UNIT 5 - 1968/1982 Trudeau Era and Its Impact on Canada 1. What was “Trudeaumania”? Trudeaumania was the term used to describe the overwhelming public enthusiasm for Pierre Trudeau, who became Prime Minister of Canada in 1968. His charisma, youthful energy, and progressive ideas, particularly his strong stance on individual rights and civil liberties, made him a popular and transformative figure. Trudeaumania reflected the excitement and national attention surrounding his leadership and the sweeping changes he brought to Canadian society, including his focus on secularism, multiculturalism, and Canadian nationalism. 2. How did the Official Languages Act change Canada? The Official Languages Act (1969) made English and French the official languages of Canada, meaning that government services and communications would be available in both languages. This was a key step in recognizing and accommodating Canada’s bilingual nature, especially in the context of the Quebec issue and Francophone rights. The Act was a significant move towards promoting equality between the two linguistic communities and fostering national unity. 3. What was Trudeau’s policy of multiculturalism supposed to do? Trudeau’s policy of multiculturalism, introduced in 1971, was aimed at recognizing and celebrating the cultural diversity of Canada. It was designed to encourage immigrants to retain their cultural identities while promoting integration into Canadian society. The policy sought to foster a sense of belonging and inclusion for all Canadians, regardless of their ethnic or cultural background, and to counter any trends of assimilationism. 4. What was the “White Paper on Indian Affairs” and what was the reaction of the Indigenous community? The White Paper on Indian Affairs (1969), proposed by the Trudeau government, aimed at assimilating Indigenous peoples into mainstream Canadian society by eliminating the Indian Act and recognizing Indigenous peoples as equal citizens under Canadian law. The proposal was met with strong opposition from Indigenous communities, who felt it would strip them of their cultural rights, land claims, and special status as the first inhabitants of Canada. This led to a major backlash and was ultimately withdrawn in 1970. 5. Who were Norval Morrisseau and the Professional Native Indian Artists Incorporation? Why are they historically significant? Norval Morrisseau was a Anishinaabe artist considered the father of Woodland School of Art. He was the first Indigenous artist in Canada to achieve recognition in mainstream galleries. His work, and that of the Professional Native Indian Artists Incorporation (founded in 1973), played a significant role in reclaiming Indigenous identity and promoting Indigenous culture through art, creating a space for Indigenous perspectives in the Canadian art world. 6. What was the October Crisis and why is it historically significant? The October Crisis of 1970 was a political crisis in Quebec, in which the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), a separatist and militant group, kidnapped British diplomat James Cross and Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte. In response, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act, suspending civil liberties and allowing the military to intervene. The crisis ended with Laporte’s death and the release of Cross. The event is historically significant for highlighting the tensions in Quebec and the lengths Trudeau was willing to go to protect national security. 7. What was Trudeau’s policy in terms of international relations? Trudeau’s foreign policy was characterized by independent nationalism and a desire to distance Canada from American influence. He sought to promote Canadian sovereignty and emphasize a multilateral approach in international relations. This included improving relations with countries such as China and Cuba, supporting peacekeeping missions, and maintaining a moderate stance in the Cold War by advocating for arms reduction and détente. 8. Explain how the separatist movement grew in Quebec. The separatist movement in Quebec gained momentum during Trudeau’s tenure, particularly in the 1970s. The FLQ was followed by the Parti Québécois (PQ), which advocated for Quebec's independence. The movement was fueled by a combination of cultural pride, frustration over language rights, and a desire for more political and economic autonomy. The 1976 provincial election, in which the PQ won, marked a key moment in the rise of separatism. 9. How did Bills 22 and 101 in Quebec attempt to protect Francophone culture? What were their consequence? ○ Bill 22 (1974) declared French the official language of Quebec, requiring all public business and services to be conducted in French. ○ Bill 101 (1977) further strengthened this, mandating that all public signs and advertising in Quebec be in French and limiting the use of English in schools. These laws were intended to protect the Francophone majority in Quebec, but they led to significant tensions with Anglophone communities and immigrant groups who felt marginalized. The Anglophone exodus from Quebec increased, and some criticized the laws for limiting personal freedoms. 10.What was Trudeau’s policy towards economic nationalism (i.e. Petro Canada, National Energy Policy, etc.)? What were their effects on National unity and the economy? Trudeau’s economic nationalism was exemplified by the creation of Petro-Canada (1975), a national oil company, and the implementation of the National Energy Policy (NEP) (1980), which aimed to ensure Canadian control over energy resources. While the policy was intended to protect Canadian interests and reduce dependence on foreign oil, it was highly controversial, especially in Western Canada, where it was seen as unfair and harmful to the oil industry. The Western alienation grew, leading to regional divides and resentment towards the federal government. 11.Who was Joe Clark and why is he historically significant? Joe Clark was the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and served as Prime Minister of Canada from 1979 to 1980. He is historically significant for his short tenure, as he lost a confidence vote shortly after taking office. Although his time as PM was brief, he later became an important figure in Canadian politics and played a significant role in foreign affairs and international diplomacy. 12.What was the 1980 Referendum and why is it historically significant? The 1980 Quebec Referendum was a vote on whether Quebec should pursue sovereignty and negotiate a new relationship with Canada. The Yes side, led by René Lévesque of the Parti Québécois, campaigned for independence, but the No side won with 60% of the vote. This referendum is historically significant because it represented a pivotal moment in Quebec’s political history, and it marked the beginning of intense constitutional negotiations in the 1980s. 13.What were the Toronto Bathhouse Raids in 1981? Why are they historically significant? The Toronto Bathhouse Raids took place in February 1981 when police raided several gay bathhouses, arresting hundreds of men for public indecency. The raids sparked protests and highlighted the discrimination faced by the LGBTQ+ community in Canada. These events are historically significant because they galvanized the gay rights movement and led to greater activism for LGBTQ+ rights in Canada. 14.What was the Constitution Act of 1982? What were its positive and negative aspects? Why is it historically significant? The Constitution Act of 1982 was a major moment in Canadian history, as it patriated the Canadian constitution from Britain and included the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guaranteed individual rights and freedoms. The positive aspects include the promotion of human rights and democratic values. However, the negative aspect was the failure to include Quebec in the agreement, leading to feelings of alienation in Quebec. The Act remains historically significant as it is one of the cornerstones of Canada’s legal and political identity. 15.How did the national debt grow under Trudeau? How did this help cause the end of Trudeau’s government? Trudeau’s national debt grew significantly during his tenure, particularly due to social spending on programs like Medicare, unemployment insurance, and education. While these were important for Canadian social welfare, the debt burden became a concern, particularly in the 1980s when interest rates rose. Trudeau's inability to control inflation and the economic challenges of the 1980s contributed to his government’s decline, leading to his resignation in 1984. 16.Evaluate Trudeau’s legacy using various historical perspectives (Francophones, Anglophones, Westerners, Conservatives, Liberals, etc.). What is his historical significance? What are the consequences of his policies in Canada (i.e. Western Alienation, Regionalism, Quebec Separation, etc.)? Pierre Trudeau's legacy is complex and multifaceted: ○ Francophones appreciate his support for the French language and culture, as seen in his Official Languages Act. ○ Anglophones often view Trudeau as a champion of Canadian unity and individual rights. ○ Western Canadians tend to view him more negatively, especially due to policies like the National Energy Policy, which led to a sense of Western Alienation. ○ Liberals celebrate his commitment to progressive values, while Conservatives criticize his economic policies and centralized government approach. ○ Trudeau’s policies, such as multiculturalism and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, have shaped modern Canadian identity. However, UNIT 6 - 1983/PRESENT Brian Mulroney and the Economy 1. Who was Brian Mulroney and why is he historically significant? Brian Mulroney was the Prime Minister of Canada from 1984 to 1993, leading the Progressive Conservative Party. He is historically significant for his economic reforms, such as negotiating NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), implementing the Goods and Services Tax (GST), and privatizing Crown corporations. He was also involved in efforts to address environmental issues like acid rain. 2. How did Mulroney change Canada’s economy via NAFTA and the GST? ○ NAFTA (1994) was a landmark trade agreement between Canada, the U.S., and Mexico that aimed to eliminate trade barriers, promote economic cooperation, and increase investment. This significantly opened up markets for Canadian goods and services. ○ The GST (introduced in 1991) was a new federal sales tax that replaced the Manufacturers’ Sales Tax (MST). While it was controversial, it provided a more stable revenue source for the federal government and was part of Mulroney’s economic reforms to modernize Canada’s tax system. 3. Why did Mulroney privatize Crown Corporations like Air Canada? Mulroney believed in reducing the government’s role in the economy and promoting a more market-driven approach. By privatizing Crown corporations, such as Air Canada, he aimed to increase efficiency, reduce government spending, and make Canadian businesses more competitive in a globalized economy. 4. What was the Airbus Scandal? The Airbus Scandal involved allegations that Brian Mulroney and his government accepted kickbacks in the 1980s in exchange for awarding contracts to Airbus for the purchase of new airplanes for Canadian Airlines. The scandal was highly controversial and damaged Mulroney's reputation, though he was never formally charged. Environmental Issues under Mulroney 5. What was the Acid Rain Accord of 1991 and why is it historically significant? The Acid Rain Accord was an agreement between Canada and the United States to reduce acid rain pollution, which had a harmful effect on lakes, rivers, and forests, especially in Eastern Canada. It was historically significant because it marked one of the first major cross-border environmental agreements, demonstrating Canada’s commitment to tackling environmental issues and establishing international cooperation. 6. Why did Mulroney shut down the Cod Fishery? Why is that historically significant? In 1992, the cod fishery in the Atlantic Ocean was shut down due to overfishing, which led to the collapse of the cod stock. The closure, though controversial, was necessary to allow the population to recover. It was historically significant because it highlighted the unsustainable practices of the fishing industry and led to major changes in how Canada's fisheries were managed. Constitution and National Unity 1. What was Meech Lake and what was its purpose? Meech Lake was a 1987 constitutional agreement intended to bring Quebec into the Constitution Act of 1982. It sought to recognize Quebec as a distinct society and address various grievances held by Quebec nationalists. It was an attempt to resolve Quebec’s exclusion from the 1982 patriation of the constitution. 2. What were the problems with Meech Lake and what were the results? Meech Lake faced significant opposition from various provinces and Indigenous groups, who felt it gave too much power to Quebec and ignored their rights. It ultimately failed in 1990, as it was not ratified by all provincial legislatures. The failure of Meech Lake led to increased separatist sentiments in Quebec and regional tensions within Canada. 3. What was the Charlottetown Accord and how did it try to solve the problems of Meech Lake? The Charlottetown Accord (1992) was a comprehensive agreement that aimed to address the issues left unresolved by Meech Lake, including giving Quebec more recognition and expanding the rights of Indigenous peoples. It also proposed changes to the Senate and constitutional amending procedures. However, the accord was rejected in a referendum by Canadian voters, which further strained national unity. 4. How did Meech Lake and Charlottetown affect national unity? Both Meech Lake and the Charlottetown Accord stirred significant debate over national unity. The failure of Meech Lake led to a sense of alienation in Quebec, while the rejection of the Charlottetown Accord by Canadians indicated a growing divisiveness regarding the constitution and Quebec’s role in Canada. These events exacerbated regionalism and contributed to a growing divide between Quebec and the rest of Canada. Indigenous Rights 1. What was Oka and how did it affect Indigenous people’s relationship with Canada? The Oka Crisis (1990) was a 78-day standoff between the Mohawk people and the Canadian government over plans to expand a golf course on land that was sacred to the Mohawk. The standoff ended in violence and led to a national conversation about Indigenous rights, land claims, and sovereignty. It intensified Indigenous activism and drew attention to issues like land rights and government treatment of Indigenous peoples. Sovereignty and Global Issues 8. What other significant events happened during the Mulroney years? ○ Cod Fishery Collapse (1992): The shutdown of the cod fishery in Newfoundland due to overfishing. ○ North West Passage: Canada asserted its sovereignty over the Northwest Passage, which was becoming an increasingly important trade route due to climate change. ○ Somalia: Canadian forces were deployed as part of a UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia (1992-1993), where a controversial incident involving Canadian soldiers occurred. ○ Gulf War: Canada joined the U.S.-led coalition in the 1991 Gulf War, contributing to the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation. 9. Who was Kim Campbell and why is she historically significant? Kim Campbell was the first woman to serve as Prime Minister of Canada (1993). She is historically significant for breaking the gender barrier in Canadian politics. Her time in office, however, was short-lived, as her party was defeated in the 1993 federal election. 10.What ultimately happened to the Conservative Party in 1993 and why is it significant? In the 1993 federal election, the Progressive Conservative Party suffered a devastating defeat, falling from a majority government to just two seats. This was significant because it marked the end of Mulroney’s political legacy and the collapse of the Progressive Conservative Party as a dominant political force in Canada. Chretien and Beyond 1. Who was Jean Chretien and why is he historically significant? Jean Chretien served as Prime Minister from 1993 to 2003. He is historically significant for his leadership during a time of economic recovery, his successful opposition to Quebec separatism, and his refusal to involve Canada in the Iraq War in 2003. Chretien’s government presided over a period of economic growth and fiscal surplus. 2. What was the 1995 Referendum and why is it historically significant? The 1995 Quebec Referendum was a vote on whether Quebec should separate from Canada. The Yes side narrowly lost, with 49.4% in favor of separation. The referendum was historically significant because it brought Quebec’s potential separation to the forefront and highlighted the ongoing divide between Quebec and the rest of Canada. 3. How did the Chretien government respond to the referendum (i.e., Supreme Court and Clarity Act)? The Chretien government responded by passing the Clarity Act (2000), which outlined the conditions under which a referendum on Quebec separation would be recognized. The Supreme Court also ruled that Quebec could not unilaterally declare independence and that any such decision would require negotiation with the federal government. 4. What was Ipperwash and why is it historically significant? The Ipperwash Crisis (1995) was a standoff between the Ontario Provincial Police and the Stoney Point First Nation over the occupation of Ipperwash Provincial Park, a site of significance to the First Nations. The crisis resulted in the death of activist Dudley George. The incident raised awareness about Indigenous land rights and the need for better relations between Indigenous communities and the government. 5. How did Indigenous Rights change in the 1990s? The 1990s saw a growing recognition of Indigenous rights in Canada. Legal victories, such as the Delgamuukw (1997) and Mikisew Cree (1998) rulings, strengthened land claim and self-governance rights. The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) (1996) also laid out recommendations for improving the relationship between Canada and Indigenous peoples. 6. What happened in the 1997 federal election and why was it significant? The 1997 federal election saw the Liberal Party under Jean Chretien win a second majority government. The election was significant because it solidified the Liberal Party as a dominant force in Canadian politics in the late 20th century. 7. What was the Montreal Massacre and Bill C-68? The Montreal Massacre (1989) was a tragic event in which a gunman killed 14 women at École Polytechnique. This event led to the passage of Bill C-68, which introduced stricter gun control laws in Canada, including the creation of a gun registry. It was significant for its impact on Canadian gun laws and the ongoing debate over gun control. 8. Why is it historically significant and what were its consequences? The Montreal Massacre and the passage of Bill C-68 were significant because they brought attention to the issue of gender-based violence and gun control in Canada, leading to more stringent firearm regulations and ongoing discussions about public safety and the rights of women. 9. Why did the Conservatives and Reform Party join forces? In the 1990s, the Progressive Conservative Party and the Reform Party merged to form the Canadian Alliance (later the Conservative Party of Canada) due to a desire to create a unified right-wing political force in response to the growing popularity of the Liberal Party and to compete effectively in

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