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Developments in Americas: Age of New Ideas

• Enlightenment was considered optimistic initially, applying God's laws, but became less pervasive over time.
• Socialism and liberalism emerged as new schools of thought to improve society, contrasting with conservatism practiced by the ruling classes.
• Clashes between new ideas and old political structures led to revolutions and new forms of government, fostering nationalism and threatening European multi-ethnic empires.

New Ideas and Their Roots

• Empiricism, promoted by Francis Bacon, asserts that knowledge comes from experience rather than principles or religion.
• Thomas Hobbes advocated for social control through government for law and order.
• John Locke proposed that unjust governments denying natural rights should be overthrown.
• Locke's proposition that human personalities depend on their environment was radical.
• Philosophes explored social, political, and economic theories, popularizing scientific and traditional beliefs.
• Baron Montesquieu suggested new constitutions in France and the Americas, with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches, like the British parliament.
• Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire), known for "Candide," advocated civil liberties.
• Voltaire was exiled for his conflict with a French aristocrat, and he lived in England.
• Voltaire appreciated the monarchy's civil rights, bringing them to France to reform religious liberties and the judicial system.
• Voltaire's work influenced the religious liberty aspects of the U.S. Constitution.
• Jean Jacques Rousseau expanded on the social contract and laid out ideas on child-rearing and education, inspiring 18th-century revolutions.

Age of New Ideas (Continued)

• Adam Smith supported limited state regulations, advocating for a "laissez-faire" system where government intervention is minimized, fostering capitalism.
• Deism emphasized reexamining the relationship between humans and gods while maintaining regular church attendance as an important obligation.
• Thomas Paine's "The Age of Reason" and "Common Sense" made him popular in America for advocating liberty from England, but his anti-church views diminished his reputation.
• The New Enlightenment increased urbanization and industrialization, which increased poverty and disease and disregarded political representation.
• Christian attempts to provide charity and propose governmental ideas were met with the government blaming the poor.
• Utopian societies represented a form of socialism with role-based alterations.
• Henri de Saint-Simon believed workers could operate cleanly and efficiently to sustain a society beautifully.
• Charles Fourier desired a utopia
• Robert Owen established small utopian communities in England and Indiana.
• The Fabian Society promoted gradual socialist reform through parliament.
• Classical liberalism encompasses belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, reduced military and church spending, and male suffrage.
• Feminism advocated for women's equality, with Mary Wollstonecraft arguing for equal rights for women.
• Abolitionism aimed to abolish slavery and serfdom, marking the end of nobles owning serfs.
• Zionists were Jews

Nationalism and Revolution: The American Revolution + New Zealand Wars

• European Enlightenment ideas influenced the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness in the Declaration of Independence from British rule.
• The American Revolution was rooted in opposition to English mercantilism.
• The Maori people revolted against European annexation, developing their nationalism but losing to the British in 1872.

The French Revolution + Haitian Revolution

• France's economic struggles due to excessive spending, including aiding the U.S. revolt led to the French Revolution.
• Commoners (National Assembly) broke away and attempted to force these changes to the Emperor unsuccessfully.
• Emperor Louis XVI and nobility resisted limiting their rule, leading to the establishment of the French Republic.
• During the Reign of Terror, the King, Queen, and nobility were executed; Napoleon became emperor in 1804.
• In Haiti, Haitian slaves revolted against their masters, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, who established an independent government.
  • L'Ouverture was then murdered by French forces.
• Jean-Jaques Dessalines declared permanent independence for Haiti.

Creole Revolutions in Latin America

• Revolutionary ideas were embraced by Creoles to not be under Spanish rule
• Slave uprisings are what stopped the revolt.
• Caudillos, independent army generals in South America, controlled governments and disregarded representative governance.
• Slavery was legally ended, but voting restrictions remained until later years (1860), with Creoles as the upper class.

Revolt in the Philippines

• The Philippines was still a Spanish colony. Rich mestizos and creoles studied enlightenment ideas in Europe.
• Jose Rizal advocated for Philippine autonomy, leading to his arrest and execution.
• Rizal's execution sparked a revolution in 1896.

Nationalism and Unification in Europe

• Nationalism spread throughout France and Napoleonic conquered lands from the Germanic areas of the HRE (Holy Roman Empire).
• Count di Cavor united the Italian Peninsula under the House of Savoy.
• Di Cavor believed liberal natural rights, progress, and constitutional monarchy.
• Di Cavor used "realpolitik" or practical politics and manipulation to get Napoleon into a war with Austria.
• In Germany, nationalist movements under Napoleon Bonaparte increased nationalism; Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck used nationalist feelings to engineer wars, unifying Germany.
• Unified Italy and Germany became new powers, contributing to World War I, but poverty in Italy led to emigration to the U.S. and Argentina.

Balkan and Ottoman Nationalism

• Ottoman territories decline enabled Austria and Russia to gain control of the Balkans.
• Greece gained independence in the 1800s.
• There were Enlightenment-inspired revolts.
• Similar independence movements followed in Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania, aided by Russia and Austria.
• Ottoman Nationalism (Ottomanism) sought to minimize ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences by the Ottoman Empire.
• Ottoman Nationalism included mandating curriculum in schools, but an attempt led to more tension.
• Nationalism shapes political allegiances and religion, declining with the universalization of currency and free travel.

Industrial Revolution Begins: Agricultural Improvements

• The agricultural revolution included seed drills and crop rotation, which led to increased food production and population growth.
• Infant mortality rates decreased.
• People lived longer and enabled more people to work in factories and produce manufactured goods.

Pre-Industrial Societies

• Rural families in the British Empire grew their own food, made their own clothes, and spun their own fabrics.
• Britain began building cottage industries to compete with Indian cotton.
• Women worked at home and spun fabric which gave them form of independence.
• Investors sought faster production, leading to machinery and technology development.

Growth of Technology

• The spinning jenny by James Hargreaves in the 1760s, and water frame reduced yarn spinning and cloth weaving time.
• Weavers spun more than one thread at a time because of The Spinning Jenny.
• Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, which doomed the household cottage industry, it developed factories.
• Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts in 1798 for the U.S. military.
• Factory owners specialized employees instead of skilled labor because of Interchangeable Parts.

Britain's Industrial Advantages

• Britain harnessed raw materials and sea ways that allowed them to use coal.
• They accumulated resources and capital.
• They gained resources and cash from colonies.
• The rivers in N.E. America helped create the world's strongest fleet of naval defense and commerce ships.
• Entrepreneurs had protection of private property that would be taken by other businessmen or government.
• The enclosure movement moved people towards the cities and agriculture.
• People moved out of rural areas and towards urban areas.

Industrialization Spreads: Spread of Industrialization

• France's limited urbanization and the French Revolution slowed industrial growth.
• Germany was fragmented until 1871 but became a notable steel and coal producer.
• The US began its Industrial Revolution in the 19th century.
• By 1900 it became a world power and a destination for East Asian and European immigrants seeking factory work.
• Russia focused on industries such as railroads(36k miles), the Trans-Siberian Railroad (Moscow to the Pacific).
• Russia became the fourth largest producer of steel.
• Japan adapted European technology to protect its cultural heritage, becoming a leading world power.

Shifts in Manufacturing

• The British East Indian company took shipbuilding from British companies
• British tariffs made it impossible to mine, and closed it down
• Mining in India was non-existent until the 20th century because mines seemed inaccessible.
• The British improved their Lancaster textile industry and imposed a 5% tariff on other countries (India and Egypt).

Technology in the Industrial Age: The Coal Revolution

• James Watt's steam engine provided an inexpensive way to use coal for machinery in textiles.
• Steam engines powered trains over 50 years.
• Steamships revolutionized sailing because ships could turn of and on ships.
• Ocean faring ships led to coaling stations in Cape Colony and other islands.
• Coke, the refined form of coal helps mass produce iron that is more workable.
• Henry Cort patented those processes using coal to make refined iron

A Second Industrial Revolution

• The U.S., Germany, and Britain led the Second Industrial Revolution with steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.
• Steel became a backbone due to the bessemer process.
• Oil wells were a new resource that led to kerosene and automobiles.
• Electricity was used for street lighting and trains in the 1890's.
• Thomas Edison refined AGB's Telephone and made it more practical
• Gugliemo Maroni sent a radio signal across the atlantic ocean

Global Trade and Migration

• The transcontinental railroad connected the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in 1869 ,which was built with public funds
• GB, Germany and the US increased
• There was emphasis on human relationships

Nationalism and Revolution, Quick Info

• Egypt and China's developments slowed due to a lack of industrialization.
• China splits from the Opium war and becomes a republic
• Japan grows stronger and adapts

Ottoman Industrialization

• After Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire suffered.
• Muhammad Ali takes over and reforms and acts independently from the sultan.
• Ottoman empire adopts European studies and Establishes schools
• Ottoman put taxes on places and has military.
• He built the first navy for Egypt and ship supplies.
• Japan had little contact on the other empires.
• Commodore Matthew Perry came to the Tokyo bay
• US demanded trade privileges which led to other countries being torn.
• the Japanese then adopt it which is similar to the meiji restoration.
• Japan adopts technology which is similar to the Meiji restoration
• The government provides high taxes, and women began to work in factories.
• There were zaibatsu who encouraged technology.

Economic Developments and Innovation: Start of Info

• Laissez-faire began and Mercantilism declined.
• Transnational Institutions rose such as Unilever
• Giant corporations began during the industrial revolution
• Alfred Krupp had the Essens
• Cecil Rhodes the Beers Diamonds
• Transnational corporations operated such as Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking.
• Corporations has a flexible structure, and lower structures
• Marine insurance began marine insurance
• Consumerism expanded to bike

Industrial Revolution Begins

• Some economists criticized capitalism for being inhumane
• Unions were advocated for legal reforms such as child labor
• Utilitarianism sought to have justice in the greatest number of people
• Karl Marx critiqued capitalism and Engels
• The markets exploit the masses for profits leading to communism
• The markets exploit the masses for profits leading to communism
• II got rid of fedualism and the army became stronger and got food from direct government pay
• The postal service and roads came including charities
• THe tanzimat rooted out corruption, secular education and colleges
• women became oppressed in turkey
• china was in debt and could not pay things
• china had diplomatic cops
• china had reformation until ci xi stopped it
• china then had problems so modernized after western influence.

Society and the Industrial Age: Effect on Urban Areas

• Poor planning of cities led to tenements where working-class families lived amid contaminated conditions.
• Families faced diseases like cholera, prompting the creation of police and firefighters. Cities implemented sanitation reforms.
• Industrialization led to the growth of the middle class, with access to goods, housing, culture, and education.
• Class structure emerged. Laborers were at the bottom and easily replaceable.
• White-collar workers filled office jobs. Industrialists held power at the top, replacing aristocrats.
• Factory work was a shock for farmers, with 14-hour days and 6-day weeks.
• Children worked in dangerous mine conditions, facing coal dust, heat, and collapses.
• Women only got half pay that men did.
• Middle-class women stayed home, cultivating domesticity.
• The cult of domesticity led to advertising of house products for women.
• The Seneca Falls Convention in New York in 1848 advocated for equality for all women.
• Burning coal caused toxic air pollution and smog. Waste dumped into water sources caused disease

Developments in Americas: Nationalist Motives for Imperialism

• Nationalism fueled loyalty to countries like Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands, leading to empire-building in Africa and Asia.
• Britain sought new territories in New Holland (Australia), India, Ceylon, Burma, Malaysia, and Borneo.
• The French occupied Algeria, French Caledonia, Senegal, and Indochina.
• Italy and Germany colonized in the mid-1800s.
• Japan defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War and seized Taiwan.

Cultural and Religious Motives for Imperialism

• Colonizers saw themselves as "benevolent protectors" of colonized peoples.
• Some whites believed Pseudo scientists prove them as inherently superior.
• Darwin's theory of survival of the fittest was used as "Social Darwinism" and biological superiority.
• Countries imposed their own religion, language, and culture on colonies.
• Missionaries sought to "civilize" populations by spreading European beliefs and establishing schools.
• Some children were taught and provided with medical care and an end to the sub saharan trade

Economic Motives for Imperialism

• British sought charter companies to to established place
• The east Indian company had traded monopoly and British in india
• east Indians had trade monopoly in place/
• after that Britain got jute, vegetable and material

State Expansion: Imperialism in Africa

• Initially, Europe had a trading relationship with Africa.
• Europe then made trading alcohol illegal.
• Europeans spread through Africa with military and tech
• Europeans made treaties with Kings, but turned out for areas.

The European Scramble for Africa

• The berlin conference divided africa
• British took over Africa when a bunch of farmers died of starvation
• king leopold looted for the state until Belgium butted in.

Imperialism in South Asia

• France fought against the British for 7 years.
• Mughals got invaded.
• Indians revolted but were surpressed.

Imperialism in East Asia

• Europeans carved spheres of influence in china empress ixi had boxer rebllions I

Imperialism in Southeast Asia

• Dutch took over Spanish The british had control Siam was the only independent nation

Australia and New Zealand

• Britain sent convicts and the free people
• Britain Angst

US expansion

• The American people took natives land
• The Monroe doctrine was issued
• Us wanted to control over America

Russian Expansion

• Catherine great Annaxed ottoman territories
• Russuan American company has HQ in Arngelsk
• They took Manchura.

Indigenous Responses to State Expansion: Nationalist Movements in the Balkans

• Balkans wanted states.
• Serbia and Greece got independence.
• Austria and Hungry all rebelled.

Resistance and Rebellion in the Americas

• Proclimation of 1763 created land among natives.
• The Cherokee nations took constution till they were forcd to relocate
• Napoleon the 3rd was the Mexican emperor.

South asian movements

• some troops revolted. the muphals were exhiles students came and began the congress to do self rule

Southeast asia resistance

• The Vietnamese had a resisterical movement
• Jose was killed.

Australia and New Zealand Resistence

• Austrailia lived for 50 k years.
• waitangi promised property but it was ignored

african Resistance

• Sokoto created the trade. British where fighting people. v-British were fighting the xsha
• tore raided some people till failed

Global economic development

• Rail roads helped opened colonial markets
• It said how it helped them do the war Cattle got moved out

Raw materials

• The British cut off india
• The confederates had problems

Gobal consequence

• There was a need for materials.
• It helped grow global market fast.

Economic Imperialism: Rise of Economic Imperialism

• Gained material of influence
• Took advantage of non-industrial societies.

Economic imperialism in Asia

• Force on Indians to correalte Europeans tates
• British demanded them their production
• opium war

Economic imperialism in africa

• They had farmers to for the crop
• egypt had embraced cotton.
• There were cottons and weaving

Economic Imperialism in america.

• new impalerism for raw power materials and they were investing

imperialism in Hawaii

The power of investments dominated small states .reolution developed the demand for materials.

Causes of Migration in an INterconnected World: Migration through labor Systems

• European states recruited new laborers in Asia, Caribbean and Fiji, Chinese, California and Malaya
• indenturned servants were working to be free and the transportation paid them
• asian labor sent tiintidad.

Migration in the Face of Challenges

• poverty drove Indians and plantation
• India and Africa had the Caribbean. Chineses migrant were seragated

Migration To Settle Colonies

• The France and Britain were figthing.
• indians had more rebels with more

Migtration,Transportation and urbanization

There was a shift there

Changes in Home Societies

• There was more power shift
• women got more of educarion

Effect of migration on society

ethnic came together

• chinese came and had forms

Prejudicce and regulation

.the US passed more laws.

• mexico suport for the inagrgration

Imperial Age: global economic devolopment

• more automotion
• interghangable stuff The standered if living got adgusted.

Overse expansion

• domdestic could not consune trade The new amount of naturwl resoucers

seed revolution rebellion.

• after colones rebell they were in depended peopel would see rebellons. In China and Boes rebel

Migraitons

people migrated from rural to undestized societies.