Global Biodiversity Framework PDF

GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY FRAMEWORK Following the adoption of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2010 the need for a The Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) is a new framework was recognized as th...

GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY FRAMEWORK Following the adoption of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2010 the need for a The Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) is a new framework was recognized as the significant international agreement aimed at targets were not fully met by 2020. This addressing biodiversity loss. It emerged from the led to the initiation of the GBF process Conversation on Biological Diversity (CBD) and culminating in the agreements reached at was finalized during the COP15 in December 2022 COP15. held in Montreal, Canada. The framework sets Integration with Sustainable Development Goals ambitious targets for 2030 aiming to halt and (SDGs) reverse biodiversity loss globally. The GBF aligns with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizing the Here are some key events and historical contexts interconnections between biodiversity, related to GBF: human well being and sustainable development. It aims to contribute to Key Events and Situations achieving the SDGs particularly those related to life on land and below water. COP15 in Montreal (December 2022) The GBF was adopted during the 15th THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND Conference of the Parties to the CONSEQUENCES Convention on Biological Diversity. This event mark a pivotal moment in global Biodiversity biodiversity governance, with countries Biodiversity is the richness of all life on committing to ambitious targets to protect earth. It includes not only species that are ecosystems and species. commonly recognized, such as plants and Kunming Decleration (October 2021) animals, but also microorganisms; fungi Prior to COP15 the Kunming Decleration and invertebrates that play significant was established during the first part of roles in ecosystems. COP15 in Kunming China. It emphasized Declining Biodiversity the urgent need for transformative change Three billion birds have disappeared from to address biodiversity loss and set the North America since 1970 and beetles stage for the GBF. have declined in the United States by 83 Global Assessment Report (2019) percent over the last 40 years. 41% of US The Intergoverment Science Policy ecosystems are already at risk of range Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem wide collapse and in 2020, the world Services (IPBES) released a Economic Forum found that biodiversity comprehensive report highlighting the loss is one of the top threats of the global alarming rates of biodiversity loss stating economy. that around 1 million species are at risk of extinction. This report provided a THREATS scientific basis for the urgency of the GBF. Habitat Loss Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 This is the most significant threat, driven The GBF builds on a previous strategic by human expansion and resource plan assessing its achievements and gaps. extraction. Deforestation for The lessons learned from this period agriculture,urbanization, and logging informed the development of the new destroys habitats, fragmenting populations framework aiming for a more effective and reducing species ability to survive and approach to biodiversity conservation. thrive. Climate Change Brief History Rising global temperature, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) extreme weather events disrupting The CBD was established at the Earth ecosystems and pushing species towards Summit in Rio de Janeiro Brazil as a key extinction. Ocean acidification, caused by international treaty aimed at conserving increased carbon dioxide absorption, biodiversity promoting sustainable use and further threatens marine life. ensuring fair sharing of benefits arising Pollution from genetic resources. Air, water, and soil pollution from Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework industrial activities, agriculture, and waste Process disposal harm ecosystems and threaten  species survival. Pollution can directly The current human population is poison organisms or disrupt their habitats, approximately 8.2 billion people. It is leading to population declines and even expected to grow to 9.7 billion by 2050. extinction. Cause Overexploitation Population grows or shrinks through two Excessive hunting, fishing, and harvesting very basic components: 1.Natural Birth, of natural resources can deplete 2.Migration. populationa and disrupt ecosystems. This Effect includes overfishing, poaching of More people means an increase demand endangered species, and unsustainable for food,housing energy,transportation and timber harvesting. many more. Invasive Species The introduction of non native species into Malthusian Theory of Population new wnvironments can disrupt native ecosystems, outcompete native species for The malthusian theory of population is the theory resources, and introduce diseases. This of exponential population and arithmetic food can lead to the decline or extinction of supply growth. native species. The theory was proposed by Thomas Robert CONSEQUENCES Malthus. Ecosytem Collapse He believed that a balance between population The loss of species disrupts ecological growth and food supply can be establish through balance leading to cascading effects preventive and positive checks. throughout ecosystems. For example, the decline of pollinators can impact food The population would double in 25 years at this production, and loss of top predators can rate. However, food supply increases at a slower lead to population exploisions of prey rate than the population that is food supply would species. be limited in a few years. Loss Ecosystem Services Biodiversity underpins essential ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF RAPID ecosystems services such as water POPULATION AND POPULATION purification, climate regulation, and EXPLOSION pollination. The decline of biodiversity threatens these services, impacting human Introduction health, food security, and economic Population growth is the increase in the stability. number of humans on Earth. For most of Economic Impacts human history our population size was Biodiversity loss can have significant relatively stable. But with innovation and economic consequences, impacting industrialization,energy,food,water and industries such as agriculture, tourism, and medical care became more available and pharmaceuticals. The loss pollinators, for reliable. Consequently, the global human example can reduce crop yields while the population rapidly increased and continues decline of coral reefs can harm tourism. to do so with dramatic impacts on global climate and ecosystems. Social Impacts Biodiversity loss can exacerbate social The Causes of Overpopulation inequalities impacting food security, Today the Earth is home to over & billion livelihoods, and cultural heritage. The loss people. By 2100 the population is on track of traditional knowledge and practices to hit to 8 billion according to the United associated with biodiversity can further Nations and that's assuming steady undermine cultural identity. fertility declines in many countries. Interestingly if extra progress is made in POPULATION GROWTH AND women's reproductive self determination MALTHUSIAN and fertility falls more than the United Nations assumes, it is likely the Population is the increase in the number of humans population in 2100 might be a relatively on Earth. smaller 7.3 billion. Fun Fact Falling Mortality Rate  The primary (and perhaps most obvious) CONTROL POPULATION GROWTH cause of population growth is an imbalance between birth and death. The Control Population Growth refers to the practice of infant mortality rate has decreased actively managing and limiting the rate at which a globally with 4.1 million infant deaths in population increases usually through policies and 2017 compared to 8.8 million in 1990 programs aimed at reducing birth rates often according to the World Health achieved through increased access to contraception Organization (WHO). This is welcome and family planning initiatives; it can also apply to public health news of course. managing animal populations through methods like culling or sterilization. Underutilized Contraception The global fertility rate has fallen steadily Human Population over the years down from an average of 5 children per woman in 1950 to 2.4 Family Planning children per woman today according to the Increasing access to contraception and UN Population Division. Along with that family planning services. promising trend contraceptive use has Emigration Reduction slowly but steadily increased globally Leaving one's country to settle to another. rising from 54% in 1990 to 57.4% in Sterilization 2015. Yet on the whole contraceptive use A surgical procedure that prevents a is still underutilized. person from producing. One-child Policy Lack of Female Education Limiting the number of children a family Although female access to education has can have. increased over the years the gender gap remains. Roughly 130 million girls Animal Population worldwide are out of school currently and an estimated 15 million girls of primary Hunting and Culling school age will never learn to read and Removing animals from the populations. write compared with 10 million boys. Reintroducing Predators Bringing predators back into an area to Rapid Population Growth Can Have Many control the population. Negative Environmental Effects Including Sterilization and Neutering Preventing animals from reproducing. Pollution Rapid population growth can lead to Wildlife Contraception higher levels of waste production Preventing animals from reproducing in including sewage pollution and carbon the wild. emissions. Ensuring animals have enough food. Deforestation Using Pesticides To meet demand for food agricultural Using chemicals to control the population. development can lead to large scale deforestation. Natural Factors Biodiversity The environment can also control population Loss deforestation and the depletion of growth through biotic and abiotic factors. natural habitats can lead to biodiversity loss. Climate Change Biotic Factors Rapid population growth can increase The presence of food pathogens or greenhouse gas emissions which can predators. exacerbate climate change. Resource depletion rapid population growth can Abiotic Factors lead to increased extraction of resources Physical or chemical factors like from the environment including fossils temperature water pH soil pH wind speed fuels minerals trees water and wildlife. and sunlight. Poverty Rapid population growth can increase ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION poverty rates. What is environmental pollution?  Environmental pollution refers to the What is rapid industrialization? contamination of the natural environment Is a process of rapid transformation in the by pollutants that can harm humans significance of manufacturing in a animals and plants. national or regional economy. Types Of Pollution CHANGES Air Pollution Economic Growth Release of harmful gases oarticles and Industrialization can lead to economic chemicals into the atmosphere growth especially in developing countries. contributing to climate change respiratory Urbanization problems and other health issues. Industrialization can lead to rapud Water Pollution urbanization as people move from rural Contamination of water bodies such as areas to cities for jobs. rivers lakes and oceans through industrial Pollution waste agricultural runoff and domestic Industrialization can lead to environmental sewage. pollution especially in cities. Soil Pollution Climate Change Degradation of soil quality due to Industrialization has contributed to climate industrial waste, agricultural chemicals change through the release of greenhouse and waste disposal. gases into the atmosphere. Noise Pollution Demographic Shift Excessive noise from human activities Industrialization can lead to a affecting wildlife and human health. demographic shift as people move from Light Pollution rural areas to cities. Artificial light interfering with natural Wealth Expansion light cycles impacting ecosystems and Industrialization can lead to human health. unprecedented expansion in wealth and financial well being for some. Causes of Pollution Middle Class Emergence 1. Industrial activities Industrialization can lead to the emergence 2. Vehicle emissions of a larger middle class. 3. Agricultural practices 4. Waste disposal OZONE DEPLETION GLOBAL WARMING & 5. Consumerism and plastic use CLIMATE CHANGE 6. Climate change What is Ozone Depletion? Effects Of Pollution Ozone depletion is the gradual thinning of 1. Respiratory problems and other health Earth’s ozone layer in the upper issues. atmosphere. 2. Ecosystem Disruption and biodiversity loss. Causes of Ozone Depletion 3. Water scarcity and food contamination. 4. Climate change and extreme weather events. 5. Economic impacts on tourism, fisheries and agriculture. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) This are synthetic compounds used in Solutions to Pollutions refrigeration air conditioning aerosol 1. Reduce Reuse Recycle propellants and foam blowing agents. 2. Use public transport or carpool Halons 3. Use eco friendly product Used in fire extinguishers halons release 4. Conserve water and energy bromine when they break down. Bromine 5. Support renewable energy is even effective at depletion ozone than 6. Implement waste management chlorine. 7. Promote sustainable agriculture Carbon Tetrachloride 8. Educate and advocate This chemical was used in industrial applications and as a solvent. It also RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION contributes to ozone depletion in similar manner to CFCs. Methyl Chloroform stored carbon in soils and vegetation Previously used as a solvent methyl contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. choloroform contributes to ozone Waste Management depletion by releasing chlorine. Decomposing waste in landfills produces Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) methane, a potent greenhouse gas. While these are somewhat less common Inadequate waste management can they also release bromine and contribute exacerbate emissions. to ozone layer depletion. Transportation Other Chemicals The transportation sector including cars, Various other industrial chemicals such as trucks , ships and airplanes is a major certain solvents and pesticides can also source of CO2 emissions due to the contribute to stratospheric ozone burning of fossil fuels. depletion. Global Warming Effects Ozone Depletion Effects ❖ Melting Ice Caps and Glaciers ❖ Ocean Acidification ❖ Social and Economic Impact ❖ More Extreme Weather Events ❖ Rising Sea Level ❖ Displacement and Migration ❖ Feedback Loops How to Prevent Global Warming ❖ Disruptions of Ecosystem ❖ Reduce fossils fuels use ❖ Waste reducing and recycling How to Prevent Ozone Depletion ❖ Support climate policy and legislation ❖ Technological Innovation ❖ Public Awareness and Education Climate Change ❖ Support Sustainable Practices What is Climate Change Global Warming Climate change refers to long term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. What is Global Warming These shifts may be natural but since the Global warming is the gradual increase in 1800s human activities have been the the Earth’s temperature generally due to main driver of climate change primarily the greenhouse effect caused by increased due to the burning of fossil fuels (like coal levels of carbon dioxide CFCs and othr oil and gas) which produces heat trapping pollutants. gases. Causes of Global Warming The Primary Causes of Climate Change Burning of Fossils Fuels Human Causes The combustion of coal oil and natural gas for energy and transportation releases Global Carbon Emissions significant amounts of carbon dioxide Carbon emissions cause climate change by (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in Deforestation the atmosphere which traps heat from the Trees absorb CO2 and when forests are sun and Earth’s surface. cut down for logging agriculture or urban Deforestation development not only is this carbon Deforestation contributes to climate storage capacity lost but the act of burning change by releasing carbon dioxide into or decomposing trees also releases stored the atmosphere. CO2. Agriculture Natural Causes Agricultural practices contribute to global warming through livestock production Volcanic Activities (which emits methane) rice cultivation Volcanic eruptions can inject significant (also a significant source of methane) and amounts of ash and gases including sulfur the use of synthetic fertilizers (which can dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) lead to nitrous oxide emissions). into the atmosphere. Ash can block Land Use Changes sunlight leading to temporary cooling Altering land agriculture, urban while gases like CO2 can contribute to development or other uses can release long term warming if produced in large quantities. Solar Irradiance batteries a first aid kit and a battery A warming of the planet due to an powered radio. increase in solar irradiance probably results in the release of methane and Flood carbon dioxide from stores in the oceans A flood is antural disaster that occurs and icecaps and these greenhouse gases when an area becomes inundated with an can then produce additional warming. excessive amount of water typically due to heavy rainfall snowmelt or the overflow of rivers lakes or costal areas. Climate Change Effects Floods can be slow developing lasting for ❖ Rising Temperatures days or even weeks or they can be rapid ❖ Human Health Risks and intense known as flash floods. ❖ Economic Impact ❖ Impact on Agriculture and Foof Security What To Do? ❖ Water Scarcity Move to a higher ground if you are in a ❖ Biodiversity Loss and Habitat Destruction low lying area or if floodwaters are rising. Head to higher elevation where you can How to Prevent Climate Change? stay safe. ❖ Reforestation and Afforestation Have emergency supplies ready including ❖ Sustainable living non perishable food water flashlights ❖ Reduce carbon footprint batteries a first aid kit and a battery NATURAL CALAMITIES AND DISASTER powered radio. MANAGEMENT Follow instructions and guidance provided by local authorities including evacuation Natural Disasters routes or shelter locations. Natural disasters refer to extreme and Listen to local news and weather updates catastrophic events caused by natural for information about the flood situation processes or forces resulting in significant evacuation orders and safety advisories. damage destruction and loss of life. These events occur without human intervention Eruption and can have severe impacts on the A volcanic eruption is a natural environment infrastructure and phenomenon in which molten rock gas communities. and other materials are ejected from a volcano’s vent or fissure onto the Earth’s Hurricane surface or into the atmosphere. A hurricane is a large powerful and Volcanic eruptions are a result of the rotating storm characterized by strong buildup of pressure within the Earth’s winds and intense rainfall. It is a tropical crust often associated with the movement cyclone that forms over warm ocean of tectonic plates. waters. What To Do? Hurricanes are known by different names Listen to local news authorities and in different regions. For example in the volcanic monitoring agencies for updates Western Pacific they are called typhoons on the volcanic activity and any warnings while in the Indian Ocean they are or evacuation orders. referred to as cyclones. Stay indoors if possible to avoid exposure What To Do? to volcanic ash gases and other hazardous Listen to local news and weather updates materials. for information about the hurricanes path Avoid rivers and low lyong areas that can intensity and any evacuation orders or be prone to lahars (volcanic mudflows) warnings. caused by the melting of volcanic ice and If authorities issue an evacuation order snow. follow it promptly. Prepare a go bag with Listen for and heed warnings of essential items and important documents pyroclastic flows fast moving hot ash and to take with you. debris clouds that can travel down the Stay indoors and away from windows volcano’s slopes. during the storm. Seek shelter in a small windowless interior or room on the lowest Earthquake level of your home. An earthquake is a sudden and violent Have emergency supplies ready including shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by non perishable food water flashlight  the movement of tectonic plates beneath What To Do? the Earth’s crust. Listen ro local news weather updates and It is a natural phenomenon resulting from tsunami warnings issued by authorities to the release of accumulated stress along stay informed about the situation. fault lines. Earthquakes can occur along If you are in a coastal area and authorities plate boundaries where tectonic plate issue a tsunami warning or evacuation interact or within the interior of tectonic order leave immediately and move to plates. higher ground or inland. What To Do? Move to a higher ground as quickly as Be prepare for aftershock and continue to possible. Aim for a location that is at least follow the Drop, Cover and Hold On 30 meters (100 feet) above sea level. technique. After reaching higher ground continue to If you are indoors stay there. Avoid monitor local news radio or emergency turning outside during the shaking as communication channels for updates. falling debris or broken glass may pose a risk. Tornado Stay informed about the latest updates and A tornado is a violent and rapidly rotating information from local authorities column of air that is in contact with both regarding the earthquake and potential the surface of the earth and a aftershock. cumulonimbus cloud (thunderstorm cloud) Keep away from potential hazards such as Tornadoes are characterized by a funnel tall furniture bookshelves or cabinets that shaped cloud extending downward from could toople over. the thunderstorm often accompanied by a visible condensation funnel or debris Landslide cloud. A landslide refers to the downward What To Do? movement of a mass of soil rocks or Move to a small windowless and sturdy debris along a slope. It is a geological interior room on the lowest level of your phenomenon that can occur due to various home such as a basement or storm cellar. factors such as gravity heavy rainfall Regularly practice tornado drills with your earthquake volcanic activity or human family or classmate to ensure everyone activities. knows what to do during a tornado. Landslides can cause significant damage Listen to local weather updates and to infrastructure and pose risks to human warnings through a battery powered lives and the environment. weather radio or smartphone app. What To Do? Cover your head and neck with your arms Stay informed by monitoring local news or a sturdy object to protect against flying weather updates and any warnings or debris. evacuation orders issued by the local authorities. Drought If you are in an area prone to landslises Drought is a prolonged period of issue an evacuation order leave the area abnormally low precipitation resulting in a immediately. shortage of water supply that significantly If evacuation is not possible seek shelter impacts ecosystems agriculture and human in a stable building or structure on higher activities. ground. It is a natural disaster that can occur in Avoid riverbanks and areas near water various regions around the world leading bodies that can be susceptible to erosion to sinificant socioeconomic and during a landslide. environmental consequences. What To Do? Tsunami Use water sparingly and avoid wastage. A tsunami is a series of ocean waters Turn off faucets tughtly to prevent triggered by a significant disturbance dripping fix any leaks promptly and only usually associated with undewater use the water you need. earthquakes volcanic eruptions or Consider collecting and reusing water for landslides. non portable purposes such as watering Tsunamis can travel across vast distances plants or cleaning. across the ocean and cause devastating Water pants and gardens during cooler damage and loss of life when they reach hours to minimize evaporation and use costal areas. much to retain moisture in the soil.  Educate yourself and others about the The solution is that people from young importance of water conservation during a should start doing activities with the drought. opposite sex. SOCIAL ISSUES Economic Inequality Refers to the unequal distribution of Social Issues wealth income and economic ❖ Bullying opportunities within a society. It means ❖ Child Abuse that some individuals and groups have ❖ Drug Abuse significantly more resources and ❖ Racism advantages than others. ❖ Gay and Lesbian Rights ❖ Animal Rights Lack of Education ❖ Sexual Descrimination Also known as illiteracy or educational deprivation refers to the absence or Bullying insuficiency of formal schooling and A form of aggresive behavior that is learning opportunities. intended to harm or intimidate another person. The consequences for the victim Unemployment of bullying can be both physical and Refers to the situation where individuals psychological. who are actively seeking employment are unable to find a job. Its a key indicator of Child Abuse economic health and can have significant A physical sexual emotional and consequences for individuals families and psychological maltreatment or neglect of a society. child especially by a parent or a guardian. Politial Instability Drug Abuse Refers to a state of uncertainty Is the excessive use of a drug typically to unpredictability and vulnerability within a the point where it has negative country’s political system. It signifies a consequences for the users physical lack of stability and order often mental or social well being. It can involve characterized by frequent changes in using drugs for reasons other than thier goverment political violence civil unrest intended medical use such as seeking a and a breakdown in the rule of law. high coping with stress or fitting in with a social Racism The skin color of a person has become a problem to some people who hate someone they are different from them. Gay and Lesbian The legal and social equality sought by the LGBTQ+ community. This movement strives to ensure that individuals who identify as gay or lesbian are treated fairly and have equal access to opportunities regardless of their sexual orientation. Animal Rights Movement strives to make the public aware of tha fact that animals are sensitive emotional and intelligent beings who deserve dignity and respect. Sexual Discrimination A lot of people discriminate people of the opposite sex because they think they are superior than them.