Early 1900s Recap PDF

Early 1900s Recap link Spanish American War/US Imperialism - a conflict between the United States and Spain that resulted in the U.S. gaining territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking the emergence of the U.S. as an imperial power. Gilded Age/Progressive Era - Time of incre...

Early 1900s Recap link Spanish American War/US Imperialism - a conflict between the United States and Spain that resulted in the U.S. gaining territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking the emergence of the U.S. as an imperial power. Gilded Age/Progressive Era - Time of incredible industrial growth, but at the same time fostered corruption and greed (1870,1900) Theodore Roosevelt - Served in the Spanish American War, Roosevelt assumed the presidency aged 42, and is the youngest person to become U.S. president. As a leader of the progressive movement, he championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, which called for fairness for all citizens, breaking bad trusts, regulating railroads, and pure food and drugs. 19th Amendment - The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. WWI- The Great War, fought between the Allies (U.S., France, Great Britain, Italy, and Russia) and the Axis (Germany, Austro-Hungary), took place from 1914-1918. New types of war include, gas warfare, tanks, planes, artillery, snipers, and trench warfare. Ended with the Treaty of Versailles. The 1920s link Isolationism: a foreign policy doctrine where a country seeks to minimize its involvement in international affairs and avoid alliances or conflicts with other nations. Nativism: a political and social ideology that favors the interests of native-born or established inhabitants over those of immigrants. Eugenics: the belief in improving the genetic quality of the human population through selective breeding or other forms of intervention The Red Scare: periods of intense fear and suspicion of communism in the United States, particularly after World War I and during the Cold War. Palmer Raids: series of government actions in 1919-1920, led by U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, aimed at arresting and deporting suspected anarchists, communists, and radical leftists. Communism: political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where the means of production are owned and controlled by the community or the state. Anarchists: individuals who advocate for the abolition of all forms of hierarchical authority, including government, capitalism, and organized religion, in favor of self-managed, stateless societies. Sacco and Vanzetti: two Italian-American anarchists who were convicted of murder in 1921, largely due to their political beliefs and ethnic background, rather than concrete evidence. Ku Klux Klan - Group created on racism, based on Rebirth of a Nation. Emergency Quota System (Immigration law of 1924): U.S. immigration policy that set numerical limits on immigration based on national origin, favoring Western European countries. Labor unrest: collective dissatisfaction and protests by workers, often in the form of strikes or demonstrations, against poor working conditions, low wages, or unfair labor practices. Warren G. Harding: 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death in 1923, known for his pro-business policies and efforts to return the country to "normalcy" after World War I. Ohio Gang: a group of political allies and friends of President Warren G. Harding, many of whom held government positions and became involved in corruption scandals during Harding's administration. Calvin Coolidge: 30th President of the United States, serving from 1923 to 1929, known for his conservative policies and belief in minimal government intervention in business. His significance lies in his promotion of economic growth during the Roaring Twenties Age of the automobile: period in the early 20th century when the widespread use of automobiles revolutionized transportation, economy, and society Charles Lindbergh: first person to fly solo around the world Modern advertising - Refers to modern strategies such as advertising by tv, radio, and print advertising Credit - the ability to borrow money to purchase something now and then pay back later Prohibition (18th Amendment): banned the making and distribution of alcoholic beverages Volstead Act: Enforced the 18th amendment and ended the production, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States Speakeasies: secret hidden bars/clubs people went to to break the law Bootleggers: people who illegally sell alcohol Al Capone: famous gangster during the 20s The Jazz Age - Popularized by the african american culture, which led to whites finding joy in it Women in the 20s: letting loose, dressing how they wanted and acting how they wanted Flappers: women who went against societal norms. They wore short dresses and cut their hair Culture in 20s- Culture shift occurred during the 1920s, marked by creativity, innovation and a break from traditional ways (Fashion, music, film, radio, science, literature, art) Darwinism and Creationism: Darwinism=evolution, natural selection. Creationism=belief that god created the universe. They oppose each other Scopes Monkey Trial - Trial where a teacher was caught teaching about Darwin's Theory which was against law at the time, Scopes was found guilty The Harlem Renaissance: period of time where African Americans brought forth their music, art, fashion, and literature to be more prideful in their culture African Americans during the 20s - becoming more prideful in themselves. Flourishing Langston Hughes: poet. Leader of Harlem renaissance Jazz: upbeat style of music. Known as “black music”. White People enjoyed being rebellious and listening to “black music” The Great Depression link Economic Depression - long period of vary bad economic conditions, with lots of people struggling WWI’s effect on the GD - WWI caused an economic strain which ultimately led to national debts, disrupting global trade and led to large amounts of overproduction which all were the trigger that caused the stock market to crash Causes of the GD - Stock market crash of 1929, Bank Runs, Industries were in trouble, Income inequality, Credit and Debit, Agriculture and Tariffs Herbert Hoover: president. Thought the people should help themselves without government help Speculation: stock market predictions. Buying and then estimating when stocks would become worth more Credit: the ability to buy things with the intention of paying later Margin - Borrowing money from a broker to buy stocks or other investments Black Tuesday - October 29, 1929 the day where the stock market crashed Shantytowns: poor neighborhoods built like shacks and junk Dustbowl: during ww1, farmers overproduced crops and the land dried out. The Midwest was completely dry and dusty Effects of the GD on: Rural areas - Agriculture was lacking as many farmers suffered from crop failures due to the large winds that swept across the areas Urban areas - It was impossible to find jobs in urban areas which led to large amounts of poverty and homelessness Children - The oldest Children were often abandoned as families could not afford to feed their children, they were sent away to find jobs in order to feed themselves Elderly - limited savings which led to poverty Men - very high unemployment rates which made it difficult for them to feed their families African Americans - faced an even higher rate of unemployment as well as discrimination and poor working conditions Social norms - economic hardship created change in the traditional workforce as women now started to enter the workforce more often Psychology - GD spread great anxiety, fear and depression among the people Hobos: homeless, migratory individuals who traveled across the United States during the Great Depression in search of work and better living conditions. Hoover’s philosophy on the role of govt.: rugged individualism Rugged Individualism: popularized by President Herbert Hoover, referring to the belief that individuals should rely on their own efforts and not on government assistance to achieve success. Laissez-Faire: economic philosophy that advocates for minimal government intervention in business and economic affairs, allowing the free market to operate without regulation. Trickle-Down Economics: economic theory that suggests benefits given to the wealthy, such as tax cuts or financial incentives, will eventually "trickle down" to the broader population in the form of job creation, investment, and overall economic growth. Hoovervilles, etc.:makeshift shantytowns that sprang up across the United States during the Great Depression, named derisively after President Herbert Hoover, whom many blamed for the economic crisis. Bonus Army:World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of a promised bonus due to them for their military service. The New Deal link Election of 1932: The election's significance lies in its clear mandate for change and the beginning of a new era of government intervention in the economy, as Roosevelt's policies and leadership reshaped the U.S. government's role in responding to economic crises. FDR: His significance lies in his leadership during the Great Depression, where he introduced the New Deal Fireside Chats: a series of radio broadcasts by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, beginning in 1933, in which he addressed the American public directly to explain his policies and reassure citizens during the Great Depression 3 R’s of the New Deal:Relief, Recovery, and Reform 21st Amendment: repealed the 18th Amendment, effectively ending Prohibition Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (Glass- Steagall Act): insure bank deposits and restore public confidence in the American banking system after the Great Depression Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): regulate the stock market and protect investors by enforcing securities laws. Social Security Act: established a federal system to provide financial support to the elderly, unemployed, and disabled, ensuring economic security for vulnerable populations. Works Progress Administration: provide public works jobs for the unemployed during the Great Depression Arguments for/Against New Deal: For: Economic Recovery: Supporters argue that the New Deal programs helped pull the U.S. out of the Great Depression by providing relief to the unemployed, stabilizing the banking system, and stimulating economic growth through public works projects. Social Welfare: The New Deal established essential safety nets like Social Security, unemployment insurance, and labor rights protections, which helped improve the standard of living for many Americans, especially vulnerable groups. Against: Government Overreach: Critics argue that the New Deal expanded the federal government's power too much, creating a welfare state and undermining individual freedoms by interfering in the economy and private businesses. Insufficient Results: Some believed that the New Deal failed to end the Great Depression, arguing that World War II, rather than New Deal programs, was the primary driver of the nation's economic recovery. Others also claimed it didn’t do enough to address racial and gender inequalities. Frances Perkins: first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet, serving as Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Crucial role in new deal. Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945, a prominent advocate for human rights, and a key figure in shaping social policy during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency. New Deal’s Effects on: ​ African Americans: many benefited from the relief programs, marked the first time the federal government actively intervened to address racial inequality. ​ Native Americans: reverse some of the damage done by previous assimilation policies, promoting tribal self-governance, restoring land lost under the Dawes Act, and fostering cultural preservation ​ Unions: significantly strengthening the labor movement in the United States. Key legislation, such as the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and the Wagner Act (1935), supported workers' rights to organize, collectively bargain, and form unions, marking a significant shift in favor of labor World War II link Isolationism/Neutrality: foreign policy stance where a country seeks to avoid entanglement in international conflicts and alliances, focusing primarily on its own interests. Holocaust - Mass killing of Jews, disabled, and more by the nazis Lend Lease Act: allowed the United States to provide military aid and supplies to Allied nations during World War II without requiring immediate payment Arguments for and Against Pearl Harbor - Japanese surprise attack on the U.S. port of Pearl Harbor that killed almost 3,000 people and caused a lot of damage to the U.S. navy. Executive Order 9066 - forced Japanese Americans into their own version of concentration canps D-Day - Allied invasion of France to regain a foothold in Europe to fight the Nazi’s, biggest land invasion ever, big victory for the Allies. End of War - Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam Conferences - Set of conferences to help divide Europe among the winners and help Europe rebuild. Atomic Bombs - nuclear weapons dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 by the United States, leading to Japan’s surrender and the end of World War II.