Unit 5 Study Guide (Honors) PDF

Unit 5 Study Guide (Honors) Turn of the Century Innovations 1. How did new inventions and technology change daily life in the early 1900s? Give specific examples. - Automobiles (Ford Model T, 1908) – Henry Ford’s mass production of the Model T made cars affordable for many A...

Unit 5 Study Guide (Honors) Turn of the Century Innovations 1. How did new inventions and technology change daily life in the early 1900s? Give specific examples. - Automobiles (Ford Model T, 1908) – Henry Ford’s mass production of the Model T made cars affordable for many Americans, reducing reliance on horses and trains and enabling greater mobility. - Airplanes (Wright Brothers, 1903) – The first successful powered flight paved the way for the aviation industry, revolutionizing long-distance travel. - Telephones (Widespread use by the 1920s) – Made long-distance communication faster and more accessible, connecting people across cities and countries. - Radio (First commercial broadcast, 1920) – Introduced mass communication, providing news, entertainment, and cultural programming to households. - Electricity (Expanded access by the 1920s) – Brought lighting, refrigeration, and household appliances like washing machines, making home life easier and safer. - Assembly Line (Introduced by Ford in 1913) – Increased efficiency in manufacturing, lowering costs and making consumer goods more affordable. - Movies (Silent films in the 1910s, “Talkies” by the late 1920s) – Created a new form of entertainment that brought people together. - Phonographs and Recorded Music – Allows people to listen to music at home rather than relying on live performances. 2. How did the rise of leisure activities reflect changes in American society? Give examples of new entertainment and explain their impact. Silent Movies (1910s) and “Talkies” (late 1920s) – The motion picture industry boomed, with Hollywood emerging as the entertainment capital. Films like The Jazz Singer (1927) introduced synchronized sound, revolutionizing entertainment. Impact – Movies became a shared cultural experience, influencing fashion, behavior, and social norms while also offering an escape from daily life. Baseball (Babe Ruth and the 1920s “Golden Age”) – Baseball became America’s pastime, with figures like Babe Ruth capturing national attention. Boxing (Jack Dempsey fights) – Huge crowds gathered for boxing matches, and radio broadcasts brought sporting events to a wider audience. Impact – Sports reinforced national pride, created a sense of community and provided role models. Progressive Era 3. How did the role of government change during the Progressive Era? - Trust-Busting – Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson pursued antitrust lawsuits to break up monopolies. - The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) and - - Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) targeted corporate monopolies to promote fair competition. - Railroad and Utility Regulation – Laws like the Hepburn Act (1906) gave the federal government power to regulate railroad rates, reducing the influence of powerful corporations. - Child Labor Laws – Progressive activists pushed for restrictions on child labor, leading to state-level reforms and eventually the Keating-Owen Act (1916) (though later struck down).  - Workplace Safety Laws – After the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911), laws were passed to improve factory conditions. - Pure Food and Drug Act & Meat Inspection Act (1906) – Inspired by muckrakers like Upton Sinclair (The Jungle), these laws ensured safer food and drug products. - Direct Election of Senators (17th Amendment, 1913) – Allowed citizens to elect U.S. senators directly, reducing corruption from political machines. - Women’s Suffrage (19th Amendment, 1920) – Granted women the right to vote after decades of activism. - Initiative, Referendum, and Recall – Gave citizens more direct control over laws and elected officials, reducing political corruption. - Federal Reserve Act (1913) – Created the Federal Reserve System to stabilize banking and prevent financial crises. - Income Tax (16th Amendment, 1913) – Allowed the federal government to collect an income tax, providing revenue for expanded public services. - Prohibition (18th Amendment, 1919) – The government attempted to regulate morality by banning alcohol, reflecting Progressive concerns about social problems linked to drinking. - Settlement Houses (Jane Addams and Hull House) – Local and state governments supported efforts to help immigrants and the poor with housing, education, and healthcare. 4. What did each of the following laws or amendments do, and what problem did they address? (Progressive Era Solutions and Progressive Presidents) a. Meat Inspection Act: Established strict cleanliness standards for meatpacking plants and required federal inspections of meat products. b. The Pure Food and Drug Act: Prohibited the sale of mislabeled or contaminated food and drugs, leading to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). c. Keating-Owen Act: Banned the sale of goods produced by child labor across state lines. d. 17th Amendment: Allowed direct election of U.S. senators by the people instead of state legislatures. e. 18th Amendment: Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol (Prohibition). f. 19th Amendment: Granted women the right to vote. g. Clayton Antitrust Act: Strengthened antitrust laws by prohibiting monopolies, price-fixing, and unfair business practices. It also protected labor unions from being targeted under antitrust laws. 5. What were the main ideas of Theodore Roosevelt’s and Woodrow Wilson’s progressive policies? Give two actions each took: (Progressive Presidents) a. Square Deal (Roosevelt): Roosevelt’s Square Deal focused on fairness for workers, regulating big business, protecting consumers, and conserving natural resources. He believed in a strong federal government to ensure economic and social justice.  b. New Freedom (Wilson): Wilson’s New Freedom aimed to restore economic competition by breaking up monopolies, reducing government corruption, and reforming the banking system. He wanted to limit big business power while promoting small businesses and individual opportunity. 6. What was Theodore Roosevelt’s view on trusts? (Progressive Presidents) - Good Trusts – Efficient businesses that provided quality goods at fair prices and contributed to economic growth. Roosevelt believed these should be regulated, not destroyed. Bad Trusts – Monopolies that used unfair practices like price-fixing, crushing competition, and exploiting workers. Roosevelt sought to break these up. 7. What is the difference between a conservationist and a preservationist? (Progressive Presidents) - Conservationists support using resources wisely for long-term benefit. - Preservationists believe in leaving nature untouched. 8. How did human activity affect the environment in the 19th century? Give examples. the natural environment throughout the 19th century? Provide specific examples. Human activity in the 19th century significantly impacted the natural environment through industrialization, urbanization, and westward expansion. Deforestation – Large areas of forests were cleared for agriculture, railroads, and urban growth (e.g., logging in the Midwest and Pacific Northwest). Mining and Resource Extraction – The California Gold Rush (1849) and coal mining in Appalachia led to land destruction and pollution. Pollution – Factories and railroads increased air and water pollution, especially in industrial cities like Pittsburgh and Chicago. Overhunting – The near-extinction of the American bison due to hunting and westward expansion disrupted Native American cultures. 9. How was William Howard Taft’s presidency similar to and different from Theodore Roosevelt’s? Similarities: Both were Progressive presidents who pursued antitrust lawsuits and government regulation. Both supported conservation (Taft expanded national forests and parks). Differences: Trust-Busting – Taft broke up more trusts than Roosevelt but lacked Roosevelt’s public charisma. Conservation – Taft’s policies were weaker, leading to a rift with Roosevelt (e.g., the Ballinger-Pinchot controversy). Relationship with Progressives – Taft leaned more conservative, which alienated Roosevelt and split the Republican Party. 10. Why was the 1912 presidential election unique? (Progressive Presidents) a. What major political party split?: The Republican Party (between Roosevelt’s Progressives and Taft’s Conservatives).  b. What new party emerged, and who was its candidate?: The Progressive (Bull Moose) Party, led by Theodore Roosevelt. c. Who won?: Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) won due to the Republican split d. Why do historians say that "progressivism was the real winner" of the election?: All candidates supported some form of Progressive reforms, ensuring that progressive ideas influenced U.S. policies regardless of who won. 11. Match each group of leaders to their organization, then explain their goals and strategies: (Women’s Suffrage and the 19th Amendment - Viewing Guide and Notes) a. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns: National Woman’s Party (NWP) Goals: Immediate passage of the 19th Amendment. Strategies: Picketing the White House, hunger strikes, and protests. b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Goals: State-by-state suffrage before federal amendment. Strategies: Lobbying lawmakers, public speeches, and petitions. c. Mary Church Terrel and Ida B. Wells-Barnett: National Association of Colored Women (NACW) i. Goals: Voting rights for Black women and racial equality. ii. Strategies: Community organizing, anti-lynching campaigns, and education. 12. Explain the progress in civil rights for Black Americans made during the Progressive Era. (Progressive Presidents) - Limited Progress – Most reforms focused on white Americans, while Black Americans continued facing segregation and disenfranchisement. NAACP Founded (1909) – Worked for anti-lynching laws and civil rights. Booker T. Washington – Advocated for vocational education and economic progress. W.E.B. Du Bois – Pushed for immediate civil rights and equal opportunities. American Imperialism 13. Identify and explain the three major factors that fueled American imperialism. (American Imperialism) - Economic Interests – Desire for new markets and raw materials (e.g., U.S. sugar plantations in Hawaii). - Military Expansion – Establishment of naval bases (e.g., Alfred Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power). - Cultural Superiority – Belief in spreading democracy and civilization (White Man’s Burden). 14. What industry was the U.S. heavily invested in in Hawaii? (American Imperialism) - Main Industry: Sugar – U.S. planters controlled much of Hawaii’s economy. 15. How was the U.S. acquisition of Hawaii different from its acquisition of Alaska? (American Imperialism) - Hawaii – Annexed by overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani (1893), later annexed by the U.S. (1898). - Alaska – Purchased peacefully from Russia (1867). 16. Identify and explain different viewpoints about the annexation of Hawaii. (Annexation of Hawaii) - For Annexation: U.S. business interests, military strategists (Pearl Harbor). - Against Annexation: Native Hawaiians, Queen Liliuokalani, and some U.S. anti-imperialists. 17. Identify and explain reasons why the the U.S. declared war on Spain. (Yellow Journalism and Warm Ups) - Cuban Revolt Against Spain – U.S. sympathized with Cuban independence. - Yellow Journalism – Sensationalized news about Spanish atrocities (e.g., New York Journal and New York World). - USS Maine Explosion (1898) – U.S. blamed Spain, fueling calls for war. 18. What was yellow journalism, and why did it develop? (Yellow Journalism) - What it was: Exaggerated and often misleading news to increase sales. - Why it developed: Newspaper competition between Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. - Impact on the War: Stirred public anger against Spain, pressuring the U.S. to declare war. 19. How did yellow journalism contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War? (Yellow Journalism) - Impact on the War: Stirred public anger against Spain, pressuring the U.S. to declare war. 20. How did the Roosevelt Corollary expand the Monroe Doctrine? (America Emerges as a World Power) - Monroe Doctrine (1823): Warned Europe not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere. - Roosevelt Corollary (1904): Expanded this by stating the U.S. wouldxcxsx intervene in Latin America to maintain stability. 21. Match each president to their foreign policy and explain it: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson. (America Emerges as a World Power) a. Big Stick Diplomacy: Theodore Roosevelt: Use military power to enforce U.S. interests (e.g., Panama Canal). b. Missionary Diplomacy: William Howard Taft: Promote U.S. business investments in Latin America.  c. Dollar Diplomacy: Woodrow Wilson: Spread democracy and opposed oppressive governments. 22. What happened to each of these places after the Spanish-American War? (Outcomes of the Spanish-American War): a. Cuba: Became a U.S. protectorate (Platt Amendment limited its independence). b. Philippines: U.S. gained control, leading to a brutal Philippine-American War (1899-1902). c. Puerto Rico: Became U.S. territories. d. Guam: Became U.S. territories. 23. (a) What is the official political status of Puerto Rico and Guam in relation to the United States? (Outcomes of the Spanish-American War) - Both are unincorporated U.S. territories (not states). (b) What rights do the people there have and not have? (Outcomes of the Spanish-American War) - Puerto Ricans – U.S. citizens, but can’t vote in presidential elections. - Guamanians – Also U.S. citizens, with similar limitations. 24. How did the Platt Amendment shape Cuba’s independence? (Outcomes of the Spanish-American War) - Allowed U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs. - Restricted Cuba’s foreign agreements without U.S. approval. - Granted the U.S. a naval base at Guantánamo Bay. - This ensured Cuba remained under U.S. influence, limiting its full independence.