Oral Agents for Diabetes Part 2.docx

\#\#\# \*\*Slide 11: Metformin - Dosing and Administration\*\* 1\. \*\*What is the maximum recommended dose of extended-release (ER) metformin per day?\*\* \- A. 500 mg \- B. 1000 mg \- C. 1500 mg \- D. 2000 mg \*\*Answer:\*\* D. 2000 mg 2\. \*\*How should metformin be initiated in patients t...

\#\#\# \*\*Slide 11: Metformin - Dosing and Administration\*\* 1\. \*\*What is the maximum recommended dose of extended-release (ER) metformin per day?\*\* \- A. 500 mg \- B. 1000 mg \- C. 1500 mg \- D. 2000 mg \*\*Answer:\*\* D. 2000 mg 2\. \*\*How should metformin be initiated in patients to minimize gastrointestinal side effects?\*\* \- A. Start with the maximum dose immediately \- B. Begin with 500 mg twice daily and increase by 500 mg every 1-2 weeks \- C. Administer a single large dose once daily \- D. Administer only at bedtime \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Begin with 500 mg twice daily and increase by 500 mg every 1-2 weeks 3\. \*\*Which common side effect of metformin often resolves with slow titration?\*\* \- A. Hypoglycemia \- B. Metallic taste \- C. Gastrointestinal disturbances \- D. Rash \*\*Answer:\*\* C. Gastrointestinal disturbances \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 12: Metformin - Contraindications and Precautions\*\* 1\. \*\*In which of the following scenarios should metformin be contraindicated?\*\* \- A. eGFR \< 30 mL/min \- B. Pregnancy \- C. Mild renal impairment \- D. Hypertension \*\*Answer:\*\* A. eGFR \< 30 mL/min 2\. \*\*Why is metformin contraindicated in patients receiving iodinated radiocontrast dye?\*\* \- A. Increased risk of lactic acidosis \- B. Decreased effectiveness \- C. Risk of acute pancreatitis \- D. Potential for hypoglycemia \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Increased risk of lactic acidosis 3\. \*\*How often should renal function be monitored in patients on metformin, particularly in those at risk for renal impairment?\*\* \- A. Every 6 months \- B. Annually \- C. Every 3 months \- D. Every 5 years \*\*Answer:\*\* C. Every 3 months \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 13: Metformin - Clinical Pearls\*\* 1\. \*\*Which of the following is an additional benefit of metformin beyond glycemic control?\*\* \- A. Weight gain \- B. Reduction in LDL cholesterol \- C. Increased triglycerides \- D. Increased insulin levels \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Reduction in LDL cholesterol 2\. \*\*Which of the following conditions may benefit from metformin therapy aside from Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) \- B. Hypothyroidism \- C. Type 1 Diabetes \- D. Cardiomyopathy \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) 3\. \*\*What is the typical reduction in HbA1c achieved with metformin monotherapy?\*\* \- A. 0.5-1.0% \- B. 1.5-2.0% \- C. 2.5-3.0% \- D. 3.0-4.0% \*\*Answer:\*\* B. 1.5-2.0% \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 14: Stimulants of Insulin Release - Sulfonylureas\*\* 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a second-generation sulfonylurea used to treat Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A. Tolbutamide \- B. Glimepiride \- C. Chlorpropamide \- D. Acetohexamide \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Glimepiride 2\. \*\*What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?\*\* \- A. Inhibits hepatic glucose production \- B. Stimulates insulin secretion from functioning beta cells \- C. Increases glucose excretion in urine \- D. Slows gastric emptying \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Stimulates insulin secretion from functioning beta cells 3\. \*\*Which common side effect is associated with sulfonylurea use?\*\* \- A. Weight loss \- B. Hypoglycemia \- C. Diarrhea \- D. Rash \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Hypoglycemia \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 15: Stimulants of Insulin Release - Meglitinides\*\* 1\. \*\*What is the primary difference between meglitinides and sulfonylureas in terms of insulin secretion?\*\* \- A. Meglitinides act independently of meals \- B. Meglitinides stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner \- C. Meglitinides are longer-acting \- D. Meglitinides work exclusively in the liver \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Meglitinides stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner 2\. \*\*Which of the following meglitinides is commonly used in Type 2 Diabetes management?\*\* \- A. Tolbutamide \- B. Repaglinide \- C. Glyburide \- D. Glimepiride \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Repaglinide 3\. \*\*What is a common clinical consideration when prescribing meglitinides?\*\* \- A. Take only with meals \- B. Administer at bedtime \- C. Avoid use in pregnancy \- D. Take before exercise \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Take only with meals \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 16: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)\*\* 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?\*\* \- A. Increase insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and fat tissue \- B. Inhibit insulin secretion \- C. Increase hepatic glucose production \- D. Block glucose absorption in the gut \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Increase insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and fat tissue 2\. \*\*What adverse effect is commonly associated with TZDs?\*\* \- A. Hypotension \- B. Weight gain and fluid retention \- C. Hyperkalemia \- D. Hypertension \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Weight gain and fluid retention 3\. \*\*In which condition are TZDs contraindicated?\*\* \- A. Chronic kidney disease \- B. Congestive heart failure (NYHA Class III/IV) \- C. Hepatic dysfunction \- D. Mild renal impairment \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Congestive heart failure (NYHA Class III/IV) \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 17: Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors\*\* 1\. \*\*What is the mechanism of action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?\*\* \- A. Delay the breakdown and absorption of complex carbohydrates \- B. Inhibit insulin release \- C. Increase insulin sensitivity \- D. Stimulate beta-cell function \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Delay the breakdown and absorption of complex carbohydrates 2\. \*\*Which gastrointestinal side effect is most commonly associated with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?\*\* \- A. Constipation \- B. Diarrhea and flatulence \- C. Nausea and vomiting \- D. Peptic ulcer disease \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Diarrhea and flatulence 3\. \*\*What should be monitored in patients taking alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?\*\* \- A. Renal function \- B. Liver function tests (LFTs) \- C. White blood cell count \- D. Hemoglobin levels \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Liver function tests (LFTs) \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 18: Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors\*\* 1\. \*\*What is the primary mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A. Increase insulin secretion \- B. Inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidney \- C. Stimulate beta-cell function \- D. Inhibit hepatic glucose production \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidney 2\. \*\*Which of the following adverse effects is associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?\*\* \- A. Hyperglycemia \- B. Genital mycotic infections \- C. Hypertension \- D. Weight gain \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Genital mycotic infections 3\. \*\*SGLT2 inhibitors are contraindicated in patients with which condition?\*\* \- A. Mild hepatic impairment \- B. eGFR \