Physics Objectives Exam Reviewer Finals PDF

PRELIMS(OBJECTIVES) PHYSICAL QUANTITIES: 1. SCALAR - magnitude only 2. VECTOR -- magnitude + direction 1.NAVIGATIONAL 2\. CARTESIAN PLANE METHODS OF ADDING VECTORS: RESULTANT (R) -- sum of all vectors 1. TRIGONOMETRIC METHOD 2. GRAPHICAL METHOD (tail to tail) MOTION is a fundamental ob...

PRELIMS(OBJECTIVES) PHYSICAL QUANTITIES: 1. SCALAR - magnitude only 2. VECTOR -- magnitude + direction 1.NAVIGATIONAL 2\. CARTESIAN PLANE METHODS OF ADDING VECTORS: RESULTANT (R) -- sum of all vectors 1. TRIGONOMETRIC METHOD 2. GRAPHICAL METHOD (tail to tail) MOTION is a fundamental observable phenomenon. MECHANICS - deals with motion 1.KINEMATICS - description of motion 2.DYNAMICS - forces that affects motion BASIC MOTION TERMS: 1. Distance (d) (scalar) 2. Displacement (d) (vector) 3. Speed (v) (scalar) 4. Velocity (v) (vector) 5. Acceleration (a) (vector) PROJECTILE MOTION \- motion of an object thrown or projected into the air. VERTICAL MOTION or FREE FALL \- affected by gravity, gravitational acceleration FORCE - defined generally as an agency of change DYNAMICS - deals with factor affecting motion KINDS OF FORCES: 1.Applied (F) 2\. Tension (T) 3\. Weight (W) 4\. Frictional (f) 5\. Normal (N) NEWTON'S LAWS: 1. LAW OF INERTIA -body at rest remains at rest 2. LAW OF INTERACTION/ACTION & REACTION \- change in motion is equivalent to a change in velocity. 3. LAW OF ACCELERATION \- Forces always occur in pairs FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD) -are diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. ANGULAR MOTION -When objects rotate about some axis, they follow a circular path. ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT -a point or line has been rotated about a specified axis. ANGULAR VELOCITY -object rotates, or revolves, about an axis, or at which the angular displacement between two bodies changes. ANGULAR ACCELERATION \- time rate of change EQUIILIBRIUM -- equal balance 2 CONDITIONS: 1. LINEAR - it must be experiencing no acceleration. 2. ROTATIONAL -net torque acting on the object must be zero MECHANICAL WORK, ENERGY, & POWER WORK - work done on a system by a constant force ENERGY - is the ability to do work POWER - rate at which work is done TYPES OF ENERGY: 1.Kinetic Energy (KE) \- energy an object has by reason of its motion. 2\. Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) \- energy an object has by reason of its position WORK ENERGY THEOREM there is a net force doing work on an object THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY energy can not be created or destroyed IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM MOMENTUM -- resistance to stopping IMPULSE - net force acting on an object IMPULSE MOMENTUM THEOREM -change in momentum of an object equals the impulse applied to it COLLISION OR IMPACT \- sudden, forceful coming together in direct contact of two bodies ELASTICITY -Property of a body to return to its original size and shape when the forces that deformed it are removed STRESS -combination of forces distributed throughout the whole of an object STRAIN -how much an object is stretched or deformed YOUNG'S MODULUS -ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain TENSILE STRESS \- is the normal force that causes an object to increase in length. COMPRESSIVE STRESS \- is the normal force that causes an object to decrease in length. SHEAR MODULUS -The shear modulus or rigidity modulus is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain. SHEAR STRESS \- causes one face of an object to become displaced parallel to the opposite face. SHEAR STRAIN -tangent of the shear angle. BULK MODULUS \- ratio of the increase in pressure to the relative decrease in volume. FLUIDS \- substances that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress PRESSURE - ratio of normal force to area HYDROSTATICS PRESSURE -pressure that is exerted by a fluid at equilibrium BUOYANCY (also known as the buoyant force) \- is the force exerted on an object that is wholly or partly immersed in a fluid. Archimedes\' Principle: "The magnitude of the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces". VISCOSITY \- informally as the quantity that describes a fluid\'s resistance to flow HEAT TRANSFER HEAT -transfer of internal energy from one region to another CONDUCTION - is the flow of internal energy from a region of higher temperature to one of lower temperature CONVECTION - is the transfer of heat by the flow of a fluid RADIATION - is the transfer of internal energy in the form of electromagnetic waves OSCILLATIONS AND WAVE MOTIONS WAVE MOTION -transferring energy from one place to another without the transfer of matter MECHANICAL WAVES -disturbance in matter that transfers energy through a medium 1\. MECHANICAL WAVES -Matter is the medium. (air, liquid and solid) \- Sound is a mechanical wave. 2\. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES -Electric and magnetic fields are the media. -Light is an electromagnetic wave. 3\. GRAVITATIONAL WAVES The gravitational field is the medium. TRANSVERSE WAVES -The disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of propagation, usually in strings, cables and ropes. \- All electromagnetic waves are transverse. This includes light. \- A crest is a point of maximal change in the positive direction. LONGITUDINAL OR COMPRESSIONAL WAVES -disturbance is parallel to the direction of propagation, usually in columns \- Sound is a longitudinal wave. PERIODIC WAVES -periodic wave is one that repeats as a function of both time and position CHARACTERISTICS OF PERIODIC WAVES: 1\. AMPLITUDE (A) \- The maximum displacement of a wave. 2\. PERIOD (T) \- The time between successive cycles of a repeating sequence waves 3\. FREQUENCY (f ) \- The number of cycles of a repeating sequence of events in a unit interval of time 4\. WAVELENGTH (λ, the Greek letter lambda) \- The distance between any point on a periodic wave and the next nearest point 5\. SPEED (v) \- Waves propagate with a finite speed (sometimes called the wave speed) PERIODIC MOTION \- Oscillatory motion is repetitive and fluctuates between two locations. SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (abbreviated SHM) \- is a motion that obeys Hooke's Law. \- is both oscillatory and periodic. SOUND \- is a mechanical, longitudinal wave. \- As a mechanical wave, sound requires a medium. \- Sound cannot propagate through a vacuum. \- There is no sound in outer space. \- Sound is produced by small and rapid pressure changes. \- Vibrating objects produce periodic sound waves. THE DOPPLER EFFECT \- is the apparent change in the frequency of a wave caused by relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer. ELECTROSTATICS 1. ELECTROSTATICS- the study of the forces acting between charges LAWS ON ELECTROSTATICS Like charges repel, opposite charges attract ELECTRIC FIELD -- imaginary region in space surrounding a charged object ELECTIRC POTENTIAL - The electric potential is the same as voltage ELECTRICITY VOLTAGE (V) \- is the difference in electric potential between two points **-voltmeter** is a device that measures the voltage or potential between two points. RESISTANCE (R) \- is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit CURRENT (I) -is defined as flow of electrons in wire ELECTRICAL POWER (P) \- is the rate of work done per unit time ELECTRICAL ENERGY \- is the work done by moving electric charges OHM'S LAW (BY GEORGE SIMON OHM) "Current is directly proportional to the voltage, but inversely to the resistance." SCHEMATIC OR ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS are a graphical representations of an electrical circuit. SERIES - in this circuit connection the components are connected end-to-end in a line to form a single path through which current can flow. PARALLEL - all components are connected across each other's Leads COMBINATION CIRCUITS These circuits combine the characteristics of both series and parallel. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS (BY GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF) used to analyze and solve circuits that cannot be reduced by the rules of combining resistors in series and in parallel CURRENT LAW (KCL) OR JUNCTION RULE "The sum of all currents entering a junction must be equal to the sum of all currents leaving the junction" VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) OR LOOP RULE states that the algebraic sum of potential differences, including voltage supplied by the voltage sources and resistive elements, in any loop must be equal to zero. MAGNETISM exerting an attractive force on iron or other ferromagnetic materials \- exerting both attractive and repulsive forces on other magnets \- deflecting the path of a moving charged particle MAGNETIC POLES -Regions on a magnet where the forces are the strongest. Combinations of dipoles are called MULTIPOLES. \- Magnetic monopoles do not seem to exist **magnetic field** is the area around a magnet in which there is magnetic force. MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH \- Magnetic fields exert forces on moving charges LORENTZ FORCE force experienced by a Particle of charge q moving with a velocity v in an electric field E and a magnetic field B. MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE \- A charge moving through a magnetic field experiences a force due to the field. ELECTROMAGNETISM \- a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force TORQUE \- When a magnetic field exerts a force on a straight wire carrying current LIGHT AND OPTICS WHAT IS REFLECTION OF LIGHT? \- It is simply the bouncing back of light as it hits a surface LAWS OF REFLECTION 1. "The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection." PLANE AND SPHERICAL MIRRORS \- Mirrors are smooth surfaces that reflects light at specific angles ane Mirror 1.PLANE MIRROR \- Are mirrors that form images which are virtual, upright 2\. SPHERICAL OR CURVED MIRROR \- mirror that has the shape of a piece cut out of a spherical surface. CENTER OF CURVATURE \- The point in the center of the mirror that passes through the curve of the mirror and has the same tangent and curvature at that point. RADIUS OF CURVATURE \- It's the linear distance between Pole and the Center of curvature. PRINCIPAL AXIS \- The imaginary line passing through the optical center and the center of curvature of any lens or a spherical mirror. d\. POLE \- The midpoint of the spherical mirror. e\. APERTURE \- An aperture of a mirror or lens is a point from which the reflection of light actually happens f\. PRINCIPAL FOCUS (REAL FOCUS) \- Principal Focus can also be called Focal Point. CONCAVE MIRROR Are spherical mirrors that form inverted real images of objects placed beyond the principal focus CONVEX MIRROR Are spherical mirrors that produce upright virtual images of objects placed in front of them and appear smaller in size REFRACTION OF LIGHT Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another SPEED OF LIGHT (C) \- The bending of light is caused by the change in speed experienced by a wave when it changes medium. INDEX OF REFRACTION \- We define the index of refraction of a material to be the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in the material SNELL'S LAW \- This law gives the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction and the indices of refraction of the two media