Physics Chapter 2: Motion and Forces

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Questions and Answers

What is the key difference between scalar and vector quantities?

  • Scalar quantities have direction, while vector quantities do not.
  • Scalar quantities have only magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. (correct)
  • Scalar quantities are used in physics, whereas vector quantities are not.
  • Vector quantities can be negative, while scalar quantities are always positive.

Which of the following correctly defines the term 'displacement'?

  • The rate of change of position over time.
  • The total path length traveled by an object.
  • The distance traveled over a period of time without direction.
  • The shortest distance from the initial to the final position with a specific direction. (correct)

What does Newton's second law state about forces?

  • The net force acting on an object is always zero.
  • The force applied to an object is directly proportional to the acceleration of that object. (correct)
  • Forces always occur independently.
  • An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net force.

Which term describes the motion of an object thrown into the air?

<p>Projectile motion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of force is weight considered to be?

<p>Gravitational force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of equilibrium, what does linear equilibrium require?

<p>It must be experiencing no net forces acting on it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes kinetic energy from potential energy?

<p>Kinetic energy is energy of motion while potential energy is stored energy due to position. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of dynamics in mechanics?

<p>Understanding the forces that influence motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding convex mirrors?

<p>They produce upright virtual images. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes gravitational potential energy (GPE)?

<p>Energy an object has by reason of its position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the law of conservation of energy?

<p>Energy can change forms but not be created or destroyed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines impulse in terms of momentum?

<p>The average force applied over a time period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Young's modulus measure?

<p>The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes buoyancy?

<p>The force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of mechanical waves?

<p>They transfer energy through matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately defines shear stress?

<p>The displacement of opposite faces in parallel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of heat transfer through conduction?

<p>Direct contact between objects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does resistance measure in an electrical circuit?

<p>The opposition to current flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Ohm's Law, current is inversely proportional to which of the following?

<p>Resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of circuit connects components end-to-end to form a single path for current flow?

<p>Series circuit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Kirchhoff's Laws?

<p>To analyze circuits that can't be reduced simply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the Lorentz force acting on a charged particle?

<p>It changes the velocity of the particle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the area around a magnet called where magnetic forces are exerted?

<p>Magnetic field (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about magnetic monopoles?

<p>They are theorized to exist but not observed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about electromagnetic waves?

<p>They are composed of electric and magnetic fields. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Doppler Effect?

<p>Apparent change in frequency due to motion between the source and the observer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of periodic waves indicates the time taken for one complete cycle?

<p>Period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about sound waves is correct?

<p>Sound is a mechanical longitudinal wave requiring a medium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the amplitude of a wave represent?

<p>The maximum displacement of the wave from its rest position. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following scenarios does sound not propagate?

<p>In outer space. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between voltage and electric potential?

<p>Voltage measures electric potential difference between two points. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about oscillatory motion is correct?

<p>Periodic motion is a type of oscillatory motion that repeats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scalar

A physical quantity that has only magnitude.

Vector

A physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

Resultant (R)

The sum of all vectors in a system.

Distance (d)

The total path length traveled by an object.

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Displacement (d)

The change in position of an object from its starting point.

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Newton's Law of Inertia

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

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Newton's Law of Interaction/Action & Reaction

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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Free Body Diagram (FBD)

A diagram showing all the forces acting on an object, including their relative magnitude and direction.

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Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)

The energy an object possesses due to its position in a gravitational field.

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Work-Energy Theorem

The work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy.

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Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

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Momentum

A measure of an object's mass in motion. It is the product of mass and velocity.

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Impulse

The change in momentum of an object caused by a net force acting over a period of time.

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Elasticity

The ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed.

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Stress

The force per unit area distributed throughout an object.

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Strain

The deformation of an object in response to stress.

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Angle of Incidence

The angle between the incoming light ray and the normal (perpendicular) to the reflecting surface.

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Angle of Reflection

The angle between the reflected light ray and the normal (perpendicular) to the reflecting surface.

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Plane Mirror

A flat mirror that creates virtual, upright images.

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Spherical Mirror

A curved mirror that can be either concave (curved inward) or convex (curved outward).

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Center of Curvature

The center of the sphere from which the spherical mirror is a part.

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Electrical Current (I)

The flow of electrons through a wire.

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Electrical Resistance (R)

The opposition to the flow of electrical current in a circuit.

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Ohm's Law

The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit (V = I * R).

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Series Circuit

A circuit where components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow.

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Parallel Circuit

A circuit where components are connected across each other, offering multiple paths for current flow.

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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

The total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving it.

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Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

The sum of voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit equals zero.

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Electromagnetism

The study of the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

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Electromagnetic Waves

Waves that are produced by the oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. Light is an example.

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Gravitational Waves

Waves that are produced by the movement of massive objects, like stars or black holes, through space.

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Transverse Waves

Waves where the disturbance moves perpendicular to the direction the wave travels. Light and waves on a rope are examples.

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Longitudinal Waves

Waves where the disturbance moves parallel to the direction the wave travels. Sound is an example.

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Amplitude

The maximum displacement of a wave from its resting position.

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Frequency

The number of wave cycles that occur per second.

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Wavelength

The distance between two corresponding points on a wave, such as two crests or two troughs.

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Voltage

The difference in electric potential between two points. Measured in volts (V).

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Study Notes

Physical Quantities

  • Scalars have magnitude only
  • Vectors have magnitude and direction

Types of Vectors

  • Navigational
  • Cartesian plane

Adding Vectors

  • Resultant (R) is the sum of all vectors
  • Trigonometric method
  • Graphical method (tail-to-tail)

Motion

  • Mechanics deals with motion
  • Kinematics describes motion
  • Dynamics concerns forces affecting motion

Basic Motion Terms

  • Distance (d) - scalar
  • Displacement (d) - vector
  • Speed (v) - scalar
  • Velocity (v) - vector
  • Acceleration (a) - vector

Projectile Motion

  • Motion of an object thrown or projected into the air
  • Vertical motion (free fall) affected by gravity and gravitational acceleration

Force and Dynamics

  • Force is an agency of change
  • Dynamics examines factors affecting motion

Kinds of Forces

  • Applied (F)
  • Tension (T)
  • Weight (W)
  • Frictional (f)
  • Normal (N)

Newton's Laws

  • Law of Inertia: A body at rest stays at rest
  • Law of Interaction (Action & Reaction): Change in motion equals change in velocity
  • Law of Acceleration: Forces always occur in pairs

Free Body Diagram (FBD)

  • Diagram illustrating forces acting on an object

Angular Motion

  • Rotation about an axis
  • Circular path

Angular Displacement

  • Rotation about a specified axis

Angular Velocity

  • Rate of change of angular displacement

Angular Acceleration

  • Rate of change of angular velocity

Equilibrium

  • Equal balance
  • Linear: No acceleration
  • Rotational: Net torque is zero

Mechanical Work, Energy, and Power

  • Work: Work done on a system by a constant force
  • Energy: Ability to do work
  • Power: Rate at which work is done

Types of Energy

  • Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy due to motion
  • Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE): Energy due to position

Work-Energy Theorem

  • Net force doing work on an object

Law of Conservation of Energy

  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Impulse and Momentum

  • Momentum: Resistance to stopping
  • Impulse: Net force acting on an object
  • Impulse-Momentum Theorem: Change in momentum equals applied impulse
  • Collision/Impact: Sudden, forceful contact between bodies

Elasticity

  • Property of a body to return to its original shape/size after a force is removed
  • Stress: Combined forces distributed throughout an object
  • Strain: How much an object is stretched/deformed
  • Young's Modulus: Ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain
  • Tensile Stress: Normal force causing object to lengthen
  • Compressive Stress: Normal force causing object to shorten
  • Shear Modulus (Rigidity Modulus): Ratio of shear stress to shear strain
  • Shear Stress: Force causing one face to displace relative to another
  • Shear Strain: Tangent of the shear angle
  • Bulk Modulus: Ratio of increase in pressure to relative decrease in volume

Fluids

  • Continuously deforming substances (flows) under shear stress
  • Pressure: Ratio of normal force to area
  • Hydrostatics Pressure: Pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium
  • Buoyancy (Buoyant Force): Force on an object immersed in a fluid
  • Archimedes' Principle: Buoyant force equals weight of displaced fluid
  • Viscosity: Fluid's resistance to flow
  • Heat Transfer: Flow of internal energy
  • Conduction: Energy flow from higher to lower temperature areas
  • Convection: Heat transfer through fluid motion
  • Radiation: Transfer of internal energy as electromagnetic waves

Oscillations and Wave Motions

  • Wave Motion: Transfer of energy without matter transfer
  • Mechanical Waves: Disturbances in matter transferring energy
  • Mechanical Waves (Medium): Solids, liquids, or gases
  • Sound: Mechanical wave
  • Electromagnetic Waves: Electromagnetic fields
  • Light: Electromagnetic wave
  • Gravitational Waves: Gravitational field for medium

Longitudinal/Compressional Waves

  • Disturbance is parallel to propagation direction
  • Sound: Longitudinal wave

Periodic Waves

  • Repeats as function of time and position

Characteristics of Periodic Waves

  • Amplitude (A): Maximum displacement
  • Period (T): Time for one cycle
  • Frequency (f): Number of cycles per unit time
  • Wavelength (λ): Distance between points on a wave
  • Speed (v): Propagation rate

Periodic Motion

  • Repetitive motion between two locations (oscillatory)

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

  • Motion obeying Hooke's Law
  • Oscillatory and periodic

Sound

  • Mechanical longitudinal wave
  • Medium needed for propagation
  • Vacuum prevents sound transmission

Doppler Effect

  • Apparent change in wave frequency due to relative motion
  • Motion of source and/or observer

Electrostatics

  • Study of forces between charges
  • Electric Current: Study of energy associated with charge flow
  • Electromagnetism: Study of forces between charges in motion

Charged Bodies

  • Positively charged (more protons than electrons)
  • Negatively charged (more electrons than protons)
  • Methods of charging: Conduction (contact), Induction (no contact)
  • Classification of Materials: Conductors (easy charge movement), Insulators (difficult charge movement)

Electricity

  • Electric field: Imaginary region surrounding a charged object
  • Electric Potential: Same as voltage
  • Voltage (V): Difference in electrical potential between two points
  • Voltmeter: Measures voltage/potential between points
  • Resistance (R): Opposition to current flow in a circuit
  • Current (I): Electron flow in a wire
  • Electrical Power (P): Rate of work per unit time
  • Electrical Energy: Work done by moving charges
  • Ohm's Law: Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance

Circuit Diagrams

  • Graphical representation of electrical circuits
  • Series Circuits: Components connected end-to-end
  • Parallel Circuits: Components connected across each other

Kirchhoff's Laws

  • Rules to analyze circuits (junction and loop rules)

Magnetism

  • Attractive and repulsive forces on magnets
  • Magnetic Poles: Regions of strongest force
  • Magnetic Dipoles: Combinations of magnetic poles
  • Magnetic Monopoles: Do not exist
  • Magnetic Field Strength: Magnetic field influence on moving charges
  • Lorentz Force: Force on a charged particle moving in electric/magnetic fields
  • Magnetic Force: Force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field
  • Electromagnetism: Branch of physics studying electromagnetic force
  • Torque: Force causing rotation

Light and Optics

  • Reflection: Bouncing of light off a surface
  • Reflection Laws: Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection
  • Mirrors: Smooth surfaces reflecting light
  • Plane Mirrors: Create virtual/upright images
  • Spherical/Curved Mirrors: Surface cut from sphere
  • Center of Curvature: Point through which curved surface passes
  • Radius of Curvature: Distance from pole to center of curvature
  • Principal Axis: Imaginary line through optical center and center of curvature
  • Pole: Midpoint of spherical mirror
  • Aperture: Point of reflection
  • Principal Focus (Focal Point): Light convergence point
  • Concave Mirror: Inverted, real images beyond focus
  • Convex Mirror: Upright, virtual images
  • Refraction: Light bending when entering different medium
  • Speed of Light (C): Light's propagation speed
  • Index of Refraction: Ratio of speed of light in vacuum to material speed
  • Snell's Law: Relationship between angles of incidence and refraction, and indices of refraction

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